 We will have five presenters this morning. We'll try to keep the presentations to 50 minutes so there'll be time for questions. We will not be cut off at an hour but nevertheless we are kind of hopeful we can keep this to an hour. The first presentation will be by myself. I'll be followed by Steve Dvorak who will talk about the benefits of Winter Wheat. We'll then hear from Blake van der Borst. We'll talk about winter wheat establishment. John Lukas will talk about nitrogen phosphate fatality and finally Marcia will address the issues of winter wheat disease management. Well let me dive in then talking about winter wheat and prevent plant acres. As you know we have a lot of prevent plant acres out there and there seems to be a great deal of interest in planting winter wheat this fall. One of the obvious advantages of doing so is that you'll have a crop that will be there in the spring. If our spring is going to be wet it's difficult to get into the field like it's been the last few years at least there's a crop there. I've heard a lot of farmers this year say their best crop was winter wheat because of that very issue. So what are some of the issues then we need to be aware of with regard to planting winter wheat on prevent plant acres? First of all and say that winter wheat does meet the requirements of a cover on prevent plant acres whether it is planted with or without what we call a residue crop. If it is planted it cannot be hayed or grazed prior to November 1st. Now you know normally we would think that's not an issue but you know if someone was planting winter wheat now and wanted to use it as a fodder to graze it it would not be acceptable until after the first of November. One maybe disadvantage of a winter wheat crop as a cover crop is that there will be limited summer water use. I think as we look at the situation at the moment that may not be much of an issue because it might be difficult to plant any kind of cover crop until later in the year anyway. What do we want to consider when we're planting winter wheat on prevent plant acres? I think first of all we we want to use site selection that will favor winter wheat. We want to consider previous residue management planting date, weed and volunteer control and management practices that enhance winter wheat survival because in many cases we will be planting into a situation that is probably suboptimal for winter survival. Talk about site selection. Number one if you've got fields that have standing stubble I would say that's our number one choice because standing stubble is going to catch snow, insulate winter wheat and just reduce the risk that we have of winter kill. So select fields that have the most direct previous crop residues either small grain or canola and I know there are some no-peel situations out there where there may be some reasonable standing stubble still after this summer of heavy rains and you might as a second option you might consider fields where volunteer crops such as small grains, canola or flax are stabbly sufficiently dense that if they are terminated that they could catch snow through winter months. I know there's a lot of volunteer canola fields out there and not exactly sure what time you need to start the termination process to get ahead of any seed set but you know that could be an option for establishing a residue or planting into a residue. The next one I would say consider fields without standing residue that have some protection from winter winds either adjacent to shelter belts, avoiding hill tops and those kinds of things. Well for those how do we manage the residue I would say we want to minimize wheel tracks if you are going to plant into an existing residue that's probably beat up a little bit already trying to do most of your spraying based on the same tracks that have already been there. Another option is that we consider establishing a residue crop we've had a lot of discussion about what might be a reasonable residue crop small grain seemed to be an obvious option because it's relatively cheap seed and I think if we did plant towards the end of July the period we're entering into we could probably develop a reasonable stubble. I think the concerns that I have is that to be in compliance with prevent plant provisions it cannot be wind road prior to that November 1st date and so you are going to be left with a pretty tall heavy residue to plant into. I think the other issue with a small grain crop is that breaking the grain bridge will be problematic. The most commonly recommended residue crop would be flax strips or flax solid seeded and the planting date for those is fast approaching I would say that we'd want to have that in by the 1st of August in most parts of the state. You can use a solid seeded three to four foot wide rows or strips that are three to five foot apart that have a spacing of about 15 feet. You want to keep the seeding rate relatively high if you're going into strips but for the most part want to be as economical as possible in your seed cost. The next option is planting date you want to select the date that it seems to be critical. The normal delicate balance of planting either too early and having problems or planting too late and not having a sufficiently strong plant to carry it through the winter. In the northern tier our recommended planting dates that kind of that 1st of November to 1st of September to 15th of September. If you've got a lot of grain tissue around that may you may be just kind of in the middle of that would be recommended. Too early will predispose crops to winter injury and it may also increase it will definitely increase the risk of wheat streak mosaic. Earlier are there's just more grain tissue around more opportunity for that might to fly into the area or be carried into the area. Of course planting too late you end up with a small plant that may not develop well and our recent research we found that planting date you know and being in that earlier range of a planting date certainly helps provide some winter hardiness. You want to have good weed and volunteer control because you want to break the green bridge and Marsha will talk a little bit more about wheat streak mosaic but certainly a two-week break is minimal making sure there's no green grasses or volunteer cereal plants. They will there's a high risk that they will have the wheat streak mosaic and if they are green when the winter wheat comes and emerges that that that means that there's a bridge they might can go directly from one green plant to another carry the virus with it. So I think in the area where we've got lots of volunteers out there and weeds scrappy weeds want to do a good job of weed control prior prior to planting. So what are some other options we might have when we're planting it to stubble into a field that does not have stubble. We want to certainly manage to increase winter survival. As I mentioned go on the earlier side of the planting date choose varieties that are at least as winter hardy as Jerry and I think in following speakers we'll talk about some of those options are available. Applying some phosphorus with the seed can improve survival not and so that might be another option that you might consider. So I think with that I just again recommend that I believe that winter wheat does provide a great option for some of those prevent plant acres that needs to be managed in a way that we enhance winter survival and I did in this presentation offer a few suggestions that would help us in that regard. Thank you. Good morning everybody. Hope everybody is doing well. Steve DeVore here with DU. Just wanted to before I get into answering some of the why questions as to reasons that growers would consider planting winter wheat or incorporating that into your rotation. A couple housekeeping things I did notice there's not a lot of questions coming in. We are going to save questions to the end but if you've got questions on your mind and you want to make sure you get addressed we can start logging those now. So on the lower left if you want to enter in some questions in the box there I would encourage you to do so and we'll keep track of those and address those at the end. So that's sad I'll move along. First of all you know there's there's multiple reasons to consider winter wheat and hopefully we'll touch on some of the highlights. I think I've got five focused reasons but obviously are more than what we've got here. The number one reason most growers will tell us that they've included winter wheat in their crop rotation is the benefits they see in spreading the workload. Being able to get a portion of your crop seeded in the fall certainly is attractive and beneficial and brings sanity back to our springs hopefully when we're battling the calendar and and Mother Nature that doesn't always cooperate. Not only on your planting operations but also your harvest schedule is started earlier in the summer so we can spread the workload when it comes to harvest time as well. And then lastly I would point out that there is an opportunity depending on your situation to improve your capital use efficiency. In theory you should be able to do more acres with the same equipment or do the same number of acres with smaller or less equipment. But anyway spreading the workload is is the most common and the most common cited reason that most people will include or like to have winter wheat in their rotation. You will not see crop rotation benefits is one listed here. I would like to mention that one of our key growers says that winter wheat does rotate very well with Arizona in the winter. So maybe that's something else to consider. Secondly not only does it spread your workload but it reduces your workload. If you look at the estimations with the North Dakota Farm and Ranch Business Management Program as far as how much labor is required per acre by crop winter wheat is one of the least requirements for labor according to their estimations averaged over the last seven years. 1.1 hours of labor per acre for winter wheat versus 1.1 and a quarter hours for soybeans and 1.6 hours for corn. If you do the math a 6,000 acre farm corn soybean rotation if you would diversify and go to a third corn a third soybeans and a third wheat with half of those wheat acres being winter wheat the workload actually on an annual basis would have been reduced by about 600 hours. So that's like 10 weeks of vacation for somebody. So it's not just spreading the workload but oftentimes will reduce the workload. Third reason that and maybe most important is profitability and I think that's a question that a lot of people have or believe that winter wheat is not profitable or not competitive relative to the other choices you might have. And so what I did going back to an unbiased source of information with real numbers from real producers looking at the farm and ranch business management programs from both North and South Dakota and both of them showing that winter wheat is very competitive and I'll show you those numbers in a little bit but basically to summarize it before I show you the numbers and overwhelm you when compared to the big three corn soybeans and spring wheat winter wheat on average over the last seven years has been more profitable than spring wheat in both North Dakota and South Dakota and all three crops in South Dakota. So here are those numbers just looking at net return on labor and management and having the North Dakota numbers separate out from South Dakota you'll you'll see how they compare. I would note that the North Dakota numbers are only from cash rent acres and in South Dakota they don't make that distinction but in North Dakota it's it's the cash rent reported acres in that program trying to make sure we have a represented land charge in the cost. But you look at the variability over years from 2004 to 2010 you see that some years one crop is the most profitable and next year something else and I think that's part of the message is that in the old days when grapple was farming and you didn't have a lot of the risk management tools and government programs and insurance that we have today he managed his risk by by diversifying and not putting all of his eggs in one basket and I think that that message is still true today and it's still a viable risk management approach and we'll point out if you look at the the red circles in the lower right or the right side of the tables that winter wheat was the most profitable crop of the four in North Dakota two out of the seven years and in South Dakota four out of the seven years. Now fourth reason to consider winter wheat is risk management and I'll go through several issues or or sub topics within risk management the first one being exposure risk if you look at the same database from from the farm and ranch guide or the farm and ranch business management programs when it comes to total input costs spring wheat winter wheat soybeans are all similar from 200 to 250 bucks an acre to put the crop in relative to corn which is 400 bucks an acre now there's much less cash outlay and much less exposure risk with with winter wheat especially relative to something like corn secondly environmental risk when I talk about environmental risk I'm talking mostly about our year to year climate variability and not being able to forecast with any measure of much confidence what kind of the year we're going to have when it's when it's crop planting time some years the row row crops the row crops the full season corn and soybeans are favored some years the small grains the cool season crops are favored not being able to know what the year's going to bring again not putting all of your eggs in one basket tends to make some some sense I will note that when it comes to the weeks spring wheat versus winter wheat there are different environmental risk spring wheat is susceptible to the heat that comes in the summer it becomes too early the heat that pollination time will put a lid on the yield potential of that crop whereas winter wheat has primarily in large part already got a lot of yield made on the converse side winter wheat is is prone to winter injury and I think that's a big concern a lot of people have and I think it's a little bit a little bit over over overly feared if you look at just the mass numbers the national ag statistics service on their abandonment rates over the last 10 years the average abandonment rate for winter wheat and you assume a large part of that is because the winter kill is about 10 percent but nonetheless spring wheat still has about a 5 percent advantage rate from flooding from hail from drought who knows so it really is not as big of a deal as as most people think and with aggressive management making sure the residue and the stubble is addressed and a good winter hardy variety is is chosen the risk of winter kill is much much lower than most people think thirdly under risk management need to consider crop insurance benefits and this may be true in North Dakota for certain but in North Dakota spring wheat and winter wheat classes are combined when improving your yields and because of winter wheat's higher yield potential the benefit not only for the winter wheat acres is applied to the spring wheat and improving up your wheat yields and increasing your level of coverage and protection for not only your winter wheat acres but also for your spring wheat acres and here here is a mass numbers again as far as yield spring wheat versus winter wheat over the last 20 years in North Dakota you can see the trend both both yields of both of both crops are improving but winter wheat probably at a faster pace and the gap tends to be or trending to widen even as time goes on and again largely a lot of that yield advantage from the winter wheat is because of it avoids a lot of that early heat that puts a lid on on the yields of spring wheat and lastly under risk management and the hot topic of this year is all the pre prevent plant frustrations that we're dealing with and and again just better odds of getting the ground that is prone to getting too wet seeded in the fall then in the spring and the last thing I'd mentioned would be environmental benefits reducing soil erosion most of our erosion whether it's wind or water occurs either late fall and more so early spring when we don't have a lot of actively growing crop or plants out on the landscape and that's a nice benefit the winter wheat provides is that it does provide that cover that actively growing crop when others are yet to be seeded and the reduction in in overland water erosion reducing sedimentation and nutrient movement over the landscape and secondly improving water quality from that benefit also since we have an actively growing crop in the fall and early spring when a lot of water is moving through the profile we can capture some of that nitrogen and sulfur that is prone to leaching with an actively growing crop like winter wheat another thing that I'd like to mention environmentally that is a big benefit and I think a growing issue is the saline affected soils most winter wheat have some level of salt tolerance but generally we see that in the fall when we're seeding winter wheat the salt accumulation on the surface oftentimes isn't as great as early in the summer or some rainfall events in the late summer can can leach it deeper and we just don't have as much problem getting a crop established and then lastly because we have an actively growing crop early in the spring again when most of our salts are accumulating because the water is just evaporating off the surface the crop is actually using the water instead of being allowing it to evaporate and lastly winter wheat is wildlife friendly both ducca and pheasants find it very attractive for nesting and nesting success because there's little spring disturbance uh is greatly improved for post pieces so with that I think I'd use more than my share of time I'll turn it over to Blake. Thank you Steve and I'd like to thank NDSU and Dr. Ransom and Dr. Mullen for hosting this webinar and utilizing NDSU facilities to do so so thank you very much. I'm going to cover some of the similar things that Dr. Ransom covered but more from a continuous cropping perspective planting winter wheat into canola stubble, fox stubble, piece stubble, spring wheat stubble and so on so the the angle will be slightly different but but very similar and so I'll probably be able to shape a little time off here. I just want to talk a little bit about again that importance of prior crop for and why it is important. One is you want to select the prior crop that hopefully we'll have early harvest that will allow you to have a seeding date that's compatible with the winter wheat to to have proper plant development and with also with that prior crop then you want a crop that has standing residue following harvest and you want to manage that standing residue so you have the adequate height to ensure winter wheat survival with adequate snow catch. Take for example if you are using a small grain as a prior cover crop you know the minimum they say is you need six inches my preference would be is that you probably had 10 to 14 inches of wheat stubble or oar stubble or barley stubble if that's the crop you choose to seed into if you're planting into a piece stubble or a lentil stubble or something like that then you need to take into consideration your variety selection and then obviously your coltons because you have very little snow catch or soybean stubble is another example of that and then conversely if you have the less dense residues in terms of stems per square put such as canola and flax there you want taller stubble generally you you like to see a a 12 inch or eight or stubble height on on those particular crops but those two crops make make for good rotation for for a number of reasons also if you have an early harvested crop prior to the winter wheat you have an opportunity for soil water recharge and for for better establishment of the winter wheat crop and that winter wheat seedling for all the winter survival you've heard a lot about wheat streak mosaic and you'll hear it probably from almost each of the speakers it's a really critical issue but the prior crop can have an impact on that if you if you have volunteer grains coming up in your prior crop small grain stubbles you enhance your opportunities for contracting the wheat streak mosaic virus because of the wheat pearl mite and so again the canola flax rotation thing is is desirable from that standpoint also if you have that break between the prior crop harvest and winter wheat seeding data gives you opportunities to to do some weed control and those things are all critical components of of selecting that prior crop this is some data from from Dr. Ransom and Dr. McMullen's trials at prosper North Dakota back in 2003 and 2004 year and it's the effect of the crop residue and the variety on winter survival if you look at the top four varieties the Seward Alcorn Falcon and Jerry they're all considered to have good coal tolerance and then if you look at the Jagalain Millennium New Plains and Harry they're considered to be you know fair to poor coal tolerance then if you look at the two residue crops that he has their soybean residue and wheat residue you can see that those four less winter hardy crops rolling in that 20 to 30 percent yield level and you can look at the more winter hardy ones that having a 60 to 70 survival rate and so if you look at the yield graph which I did not bring here today but the yields are considerably higher obviously for those that had good survival or if you look at the wheat residue you can see they were all in that that 50 to 70 percent range and you pretty much negated any yield differences when you you look at the yields in the wheat residue from those varieties so one of the things that we kind of noticed over the course of the years is you can get 45 to 50 percent survival and generally that negates the survival issue differences in terms of yield the other thing that I just wanted to mention from a survival standpoint is is to try to avoid harrowing fall following the prior crop harvest seems like once you go through those fields with a harrow it has a tendency to lay the stubble down once you go through it with a drill has a tendency to weaken the base of that that prior crop residue so the top two photos are actually from Wells County and the road dividing them was right there so they're right across the road from each other both were jerry variety and and both hadn't had to start your treatment so everything was pretty similar with exception one had harrowed in the other one and not and the residue was down after seeding on the one field the other shot is close by that same field the same year it was in a pea field and you can see the importance not only a standing residue but of a little bit of surface residue just to simply delay some of that snow mountain spring of the year and to stop the breaking of the dormancy too early Jill mentioned we talked a little bit about varieties obviously the characteristics probably are the primary concern but there are others as well one is grower obviously is yield two is winter hardiness and when we talk with growers before we we even start talking varieties about the first question we ask is what are you going to be planning into you're planning into pea or slaving stubble versus planning into weed or canola stubble it opens up a whole different selection of varieties that you can choose from based on winter hardiness so that's one of the first questions we ask and then quickly narrows down varieties and and then you can get into the straw length and strength which is is critical the disease and the quality and the maturity issues and many of the growers are if they're looking at managing intensively for high yields adding additional nitrogen and using fungicide programs will have a desire to go to the shorter straw and stronger straw varieties we look at those varieties broken it into kind of three groupings by colors the group with the yellow are considered to be our good coal tolerances you get into the expedition balkan herding limo striping yellowstone they're they're just a notch below that and then as you get into the older than the west leaves millennium hawkins are it's jagalins that was sort of where you where you probably only have fair coal tolerance to to minus fair type coal and tolerances so keep those in mine and then please keep in mind what the conditions are that the grower will be seeded into as you select these varieties just going to mention two of these these releases actually that are currently that are current or within the last year sci-wolf is being released this year by agro coal and will be going only to your seed associates this fall and so seed will not be available till a year from now but it's a short variety similar to jagalins if you're familiar or hawkin and it has very good straw strength probably the best straw strength of any varieties we're testing in our plots right now has high yield potential very good these disease package again most of these varieties are susceptible to scab and so those will be some of the things you'll need to consider decade is a new release a joint release from the montana state breeding program being joined to release by nbsu looks very good again very susceptible to scab is also very susceptible to to the leaf rust and straight plus complex so girl need to manage for those things we're a little have some questions yet as to the coltons of the sci-wolf we haven't had a good read on the last two years so it'll be another issue we'll have to to watch out for planning day I'll approach it just from a little different angle and Joel did I agree with Joel's listing so um something jokin version and I talked about from the University of Minnesota is is it should be early enough to have a two or three leaf seedling before dormancy but it should be late enough to allow effective control of winter annual perennial weeds and it should be late enough to avoid the green bridge and problems will hessify and wheat street was like virus in the bar the olivore virus um wheat chrome light spreads the wheat street and the aphid spreads the bar the olivore and as you move your seeding date later into september though the activity of both of those insects decreases and so your risk of infection really decrease decreases one thing I just highlighted in white there was do not seed in august and please communicate that message to yourself as a grower or to you as a synagogue and again that seeding date depends on breaking the green bridge and the geography of what you're in uh seeding depth one to one and a half inches that's what I call the zone and you can see by looking at the chart there those plants that were seeded at two inches or less have a fairly visible crown or excuse me a crown yes crown and uh with substantial size and that's your overwintering mechanism for the winter leaf plant and so you can see those plants that were seeded at four or two and a half inches uh you can barely observe the crown on either of those and both of those plants died in this circumstance in the field setting so get that seeding depth up there at one to one and a half inches is that crown this desire is to set up at three quarters of an inch to about an inch in the soil depending on the seeding depth and that initially then as soon as the plant breaks the surface it will initiate the development of that crown seeding rate research shows that 900,000 to 1 million pure lives seeds per acre can attain the maximum yield however our environment and our seeding conditions aren't always ideal and we do recommend a 1.2 million pure live seed seeding rate and possibly increasing that as you move into the latter part of september the reason for that is obviously winter wheat can at winter kill uh your late seeding dates will have a less developed plant and a more poorly developed crown you can have dry soil conditions at seeding and a number of other issues and and so we've uh slowly increased that that rate we recommend seed treatments you look at some of the vision data over a three-year period at five locations and four of those five locations showed a very nice response to seed treatment in winter wheat we also heard about phosphorus and we'll hear some more from John about that I just look at the first three bars of zero p 25 pound p and 50 pound p from three years or excuse me five locations over the last year of research with ducks on limited trials and you can see that winter wheat responds very well and those sites range from very low to very high tests for the phosphorus so just in summary make sure you you look at your prior crop and you manage that prior crop harvest so you keep adequate standing residue and you spread that residue and chat with the combine and try to avoid the harrow variety selection is critical and it starts with with standing residue and and winter hardiness of the variety managed for wheat street mosaic break that green bridge planning date is is based on the wheat street mosaic virus and the geography within which you live and the conditions which you have so the planning rate again 1.2 million pure live seed planting depth one to one and a half inches and we encourage you to use seed treatment and phosphate starter and be sure to check out our website www.winterserials.us you might notice from indecision on picking that's my first time on this type of deal there with that i'm going to give you a little bit on fertility it needs to be fast and brief so i skipped over a couple things there with that i'm going to skip the nitrogen fungicide interaction i think you know it's a tremendously important part of winter wheat if you want to raise the high yields i'm going to talk a little bit about a couple things that aren't quite as obvious that's with the starter phosphorus this is some data from 85 86 from up in manitoba we're working with phosphorus across the bottom scale there with the low to medium soil tests nitrogen on the bars as you move back take a look at that without nitrogen on the the phosphorus rates in the front here you see a five bushel yield gain on the low testing soils there from phosphorus without nitrogen and you get the huge increase in yield from the first increments of nitrogen but you still see a five bushel per acre increase due to the phosphorus and you take the nitrogen up to where you should be managing it and you get some more yield increase from the nitrogen but suddenly that five bushel increase moves to a 17 bushel yield increase from the phosphorus they complement each other if you want to raise high yield there work it as a package um this is some data there from the du agronomist there the locations are on the bottom north coated south coated five site average in 2010 and again we're looking at phosphorus this time we're working with medium and high testing soils and the responses to the phosphorus aren't quite as big there or dramatic i should say but this compares them to no fungicide and with fungicide and again you see that that increase even with the phosphorus there when you're picking up some additional yield from the phosphorus or from the fungicide there the higher rate of phosphorus will complement it so just trying to emphasize that package deal there in terms of pulling in the highest profitability you can um this is some of the data from eight location average northeast north Dakota 2009 and 2010 there with its nitrogen rates there from no nitrogen and 30 pound acre months up to 150 pounds of nitrogen the with that all this was put on early spring there with streamer tips in uam there and it shows basically what they've showed for the for the spring weeks there in terms of the increasing yield curve with increasing increments in nitrogen there on up to 150 and extending on beyond there like the spring wheat there the protein increases are coming in there what's critical here is we're up to 150 pounds of nitrogen and we're still having reached that 12 percent level of protein where the discounts start there and the discounts can be quite severe i think you know that so i want to talk a little bit about what to do there and yeah i did make it okay this is that same data chart with a bunch more wording and and a couple things added to it the first is these green triangles those are a split nitrogen application there were 30 pounds of nitrogen was applied in early spring and 30 pounds of nitrogen was put on at five leach stage there you see in this case across eight locations i'm actually picking a little yield bump up over that 60 pound rate and a little bit of protein as well i don't know if i quite believe that what you really should expect from in season applications is equal to if you put it all on that assumes it got rained in and that you you really needed it and where the advantage is is if you do have that wet spring and you have nitrogen available from either fall applied or early spring applied or high nitrogen test levels from prevented plant there you can get away with delaying a little bit there so springs like last spring you can still get that nitrogen on there but you've got to have some to start with the other part of this is the red circles and that's the 30 pounds of nitrogen early spring 30 pounds of nitrogen post flower for a protein application and like you would expect there's no difference in yields there but there is a whole percent increase in protein in this case there and with that the thing that bothers me is if we take in this 30 pounds put on post supply post flower and put it on the spring we would have got an additional seven bushels and the proper stability would have been better so you need to take a couple of management practices here and you need to transfer them up to the higher spring nitrogen or all nitrogen rates there to bump that 12 percent protein level and get everything you can out of the yield okay the other part of that with the nitrogen and winter wheat is preventing the end loss the long-term standard is the application of urea on the surface for winter wheat and long-term we know it works great if you get rained right after application but if you don't get rained right after application you're going to take some losses with that the end volatilization there from that it's really hard to estimate we know we don't lose it all in any case there but I think pretty often we're losing some of it there and there's no way to estimate an average independent there to each situation one thing to remember is the end loss increase potential increases as your surface residue levels increase there with that it's a urease activity enzyme activity that volatilizes the nitrogen more surface residue contact with the with the urea increases the losses and what you can do about that is agertain I don't have time to go into detail on it but it does work in terms of stopping those losses from urea for 10 to 14 days there and basically all you're doing is allowing more time for that rainfall event to occur there the other part of that is there's more and more of the producers are putting on nitrogen either some there a few guys are going to all the nitrogen at seeding time and fall application it too works but you're at the same or worse scenario for losses there then if you're putting on the fall anhydrous there anhydrous harden urea it's going to be nitrate you've got potential from leaching on sands there heavy rain spring and fall and last spring I think you experienced the some serious denitrification when you have the saturated soils when it's wet so I am out of time so I'm going to stop there and I'll turn it over to Marsha. Well good morning everybody this is Marsha McMullen from the extension service and I'm going to talk a little bit about the diseases that are a challenge to winter wheat production and there are a number listed here similar to spring wheat as well but some of the challenges are that winter wheat has less resistance to these diseases but first of all I'm going to speak about the viruses wheat streak mosaic and barley elidor there are a number of rusts that will attack winter wheat the fungal leaf plot complex includes tan plot and septoria cesarium headlight is also a threat to winter wheat production and finally I'll just mention bacterial leaf streaks Joel and Blake already talked about wheat streak mosaic virus but I think this is going to be one of the biggest challenges this year to make sure that we don't have opportunity for this disease to get established in your winter wheat crops and I think winter wheat streak mosaic is a very devastating disease this is a picture of volunteers infected with wheat streak mosaic virus and also a picture of the wheat curl might it is only one hundredth of an inch long so you can't detect it in your volunteers or your crops and it does not have wings but it crawls up to plants that are infected or are maturing and positions of body perpendicular to the surface so that winds can carry it to adjacent crops and of course this year we've had a lot of wind and so those might may have moved a little further than their traditional half mile or so so we need to as Joel and Blake mentioned we need to break the green bridge there are a lot of opportunities for the the wheat curl might to survive wheat is its favorite host but it can also survive on corn grassy and certain grassy weeds and a few other small green crops and so we are looking at breaking the green bridge this fall preventing grassy weeds or volunteers in those fields that winter wheat is going to be planted to and I guess the trick is to not have any dirty fields that you're planting into and by dirty fields we don't mean noticeably dirty from the road we mean walk into those fields and if you see any surviving grassy weeds or volunteers that probably isn't good enough and they have to be controlled two weeks prior to planting and then Joel and Blake also talked about the planting date so this is the key this fall because this is disease control there are no rescue treatments that have to be managed through these strategies the other yet virus disease which came quite a bit this year in spring and winter weeds is the late season symptoms you see here on the left of barley yellow dwarf virus and earlier we saw some pale yellow to golden yellow of the flag leaf before the crop had fully developed and this is a virus disease transmitted by grain aphids and this year they came into North Dakota quite early and transmitted the virus the barley yellow dwarf virus into the crop the primary method of management for barley yellow dwarf is a foot control with scouting and determining if there is a risk for this disease the other one of the other problems with a lot of winter wheat varieties is that they are half some susceptibility to the rust the fungal leaf swaps and also cesarium headlight and as we get more information and improvement in varieties we hope to manage these diseases with variety resistance but we also think that at this time fungicides are very key to managing these diseases and of course early season applications of fungicides are used for early tan spot control and then flowering applications are fungicides are used to manage late season leaf spots and scabs there is some question about a flag leaf application as well last year when we had a lot of stripe rust I thought this may have been beneficial but without severe rust pressure which we are not seeing this year I think the early season and the flowering applications are adequate and some of the data I'm going to show has information about those two treatments and as was mentioned earlier we have a lot of susceptibility to some of these diseases in the varieties that are there that you have available and this is some information from Carrington in 2010 where they evaluated winter wheat varieties for susceptibility to tan spot and you can see there is a variation in variety response decade did not have a lot of tan spot susceptibility for example but when we would go to leaf leaf rust susceptibility decade is one of the most susceptible so there is very few varieties that have good response or good tolerance to all the diseases and so fungicides are always of a benefit for winter wheat and of course we know that fusarium headlight or scab is also a problem in our winter wheat crop currently we hope that crop rotation will help reduce the risk and overland is one of the better winter wheat varieties and I've also been told Lyman is quite good as well but I also think that fungicides are required for helping reduce the risk of fusarium headlight. This is some of the information provided to me summarized from Joel Ransom's work in 2007 and 2008 and he was comparing the response to fungicides among 20 spring wheat varieties versus 20 winter wheat varieties and you can see that in 2007 he had a much greater response in the winter wheat than he did in the spring wheat and in 2008 almost no response among the spring wheat varieties but oh approximately 18 bushel response in the winter wheat so we know that fungicides are very beneficial for winter wheat production. Excuse me I couldn't see what I needed to do next. Okay I'm going to skip this slide but I'm going to show a summary of some data from last year provided to me by Blake Vanderhorst and this is a summary of some ducks on limited locations of winter wheat in North Dakota and South Dakota and it shows how varieties responded to the use of fungicides. It was an early season application of strutigo plus herbicide at four to five leaf stage and then prosaeroa early flowering and you can see all the varieties performed quite well in response to fungicides a few better than others and then there was also an economic analysis done with these studies comparing economic return at six dollars per bushel wheat versus nine dollars and all of them were profitable and certainly some were more profitable than others at both wheat prices but there was never a non-profitable response to fungicides and finally I just wanted to mention that there is another disease of leaves and heads of wheat called bacterial leaf streak and black chaff and this year we're seeing quite a bit of this as well because we've had so many rains and winds associated with those rains creating wounds in the leaf and head surfaces that allow these bacteria to infect and we have to remind our growers that fungicides do not work to control the bacterial leaf streak but I do think that the response to fungicides will still be there even in the presence of bacterial leaf streak and so our breeders have our new breeder winter wheat breeder has quite a bit of challenges ahead of him with an opportunity to make vast improvements I think in disease tolerance and resistance and now I think we have an opportunity for a question we're going to turn on the lecture mode so you don't actually have to type your question if there's we have any questions out there lecture mode is now off okay so marcia we have a lot of late seeded corn and spring grain meaning that we have green host plants well into september is there any data indicating whether conditions where my activity is reduced so producers have a better chance of deciding when to plant to avoid wheat streak mosaic seems temperature in the fall are still high at least in the early part of the planting window yes we're going to have a challenge this year because there's going to be so much more green corn and perhaps some green spring wheat nearby as well as far as the environmental conditions that might help reduce the risk of might development movement into winter wheat we need cold and dry just warm warm temperatures are not not going to they would allow a mite reproduction and movement more rapidly at least cooler temperatures would be more beneficial and that's why we wait until later part of the september to plant is because the might might not nearly as active when the temperatures start to drop so far that's the only question we see on our question box are there there certainly must be other questions if you want to just press the if you want to ask a question rather than type it you got to press the talk button and hold it while you talk i think if you're on a pc you can do that with a control or with the mouse with the control key and talk okay we have a question from chris uh i have a bean and corn rotation but would like to add winter wheat i own land and rent to renter need help in selling the value of adding winter wheat to rotation for soil health and profitability i am set in south central south dakota you want to take that as far as needing help in selling the benefits if you're looking from an economic standpoint i can send you all the data that i've summarized chris just dropped me an email as far as the improvements to soil health and goes i can give you a whole list i can generate one but as far as science documenting improvements over optional crop rotations that don't include winter wheat i'm not aware of where that data may be i don't think it exists but you know i can make i can give you a whole list of benefits that actually we've got the document set up so chris or anybody else if you want to request information in more detail than what we're shared you should be able to send any of us an email and make those requests and we'll respond and again all of our contact information with du is is found at our website www.wintersherials.us and then of course the ndsu folks you know how to find find them and get a hold of that but i would i would suggest chris that you just send me a request and i'll i'll flood you with information in detail that i can't share right now the top of it can i get a question the one thing i would i would comment on there chris just to follow up to steeves would be is that if you're in a corn bean rotation there there should be data available at universities and possibly through ars regarding adding wheat to a rotation to that type of rotation and i think we could probably find some things on organic matter soil carbon and some of those types of things out there in those archives we might have to do some digging to find that i know the rs station at mandan north coast for example did a a rotation that included wheats and the row cops versus some of the other things and and i know they've done a great job of pulling together some of that that soil type data i think i was just going to comment on rogers comment and i don't want to hit on this a little bit on the wheat street issue and and having the the neighboring crops green crops there and and that is an issue and and and we do need to be cognizant of what is around that field you're planning to plant to winter wheat and maybe another reason for delaying that seeding date uh further into september so so please keep that in mind and i think the other thing within that field that you're planning to winter wheat as well uh if you sprayed the roundup burn down in late august or early september and you're waiting the two weeks for the volunteers to die let's say it's it stays cool and wet like it has the last two septembers it takes a long time for those volunteers to die and and if you've had a couple more inch hours you've probably got some more volunteer wheat if you're in a wheat stubble crop for example coming up and you may not have done an adequate job of breaking that green grid and so if you have not done that that's a situation where you need to delay that seeding date into the latter part of september and possibly even do a second burn down application consider second application one thing that that we have done on some of our plots and we've ended up doing seeding late in september each of the last two years because of that issue we will take that second application to just small plants and use a grimoxilum type product that will take the volunteers out in a two or three day period if you have sunshine but the sunshine is critical part of making grimoxilum work so that'd be one option to consider instead of the second application round but yes thanks for that comment Chris Steve and I've talked about this quite a bit to our tours and their educational opportunities and your comment about adding winter wheat to the rotation gives the the producer an opportunity to plant a cover crop or a manure crop following the winter wheat and that's particularly true in southern South Dakota but would would be more critical even here in North Dakota because our choices are much more limited with our shorter growing season. Blake, do you touch again on the flak seeding rates if people want to put that in the next week? Well I'll have I'll have Blake follow up but as I recall that a typical full seeding rate is 40 pounds sound about right? So if you're solid seeding a normal crop you set it 40 pounds so if you're going to do strips you'd want to keep that rate at 40 pounds that's a full rate but you know as you tape over or whatever you might do to shut off the other openers you're obviously going to put a lot less than that 40 pounds out and if you are going to solid seed then I would I would say a half or a 20 pounds kind of maximum oh sorry six to eight pound solid if you're if you're going to do it solid I was thinking if you skip a couple of rows in that kind of scenario then you could go with kind of set it down to 20 but if you're doing the strips that we talked about where you're doing a couple of rows and then skipping 10 and then I think that full rate and then taping over or closing off those others but maybe you can add anything like that. Well Joel's right if you're going to do the solid seeding where you're using all of the openers on the drill you want to be at that six to eight pound seeding rate if you're doing the strips where you're doing one row or say two rows right together then you're leaving a three to five to 10 foot gap or whatever I kind of prefer the five foot gap with a single row then you should be at that 40 pound rate and then what you'll need to do is you'll want to try to see that either this week or the first week of August particularly in North Dakota as you get into South Dakota you can probably push that into the you know the second week of August particularly in the central and the southern parts of the various and then you'll need to be make a determination call once you get to seeding the winter week is that plaques reach the the early bloom or mid to late bloom stage so that it will stay erect have enough lignin in that stem to catch some snow or if you need to break that green bridge in that plaques cover crop you may need to use something like a shirt to take out the grasses if you want to leave that plaques continue to grow after you apply on the winter week so it'll be some decisions you'll have to make. Joel, do you expect the plaques to use much water? Joel asked the question do we expect the plaques to use much water and I would say no. Well what was your feeling day Joel? Well probably not but is that a bad or a good thing you know this year I think we want to use water but you know in a typical year maybe we're we want to conserve it but you know I think I think we don't we can't expect it to use a lot of water. Any other questions?