 Ok, dweud o amdano. Mae gwasbeth i'r clywed o'r bydd y gynhalau geneddodau a chyfnod yma yn 2018. Mae Dynys Lindbeth yn gweithio ar y cwrs yma o gyda'r gen. Rhywb i'r gwybod, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio atroedd ac felly mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n ddysgu'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. A yw'r cyffredin cyfnodau ar hyn o'r cyfnodau ymlaen i chi yn ei wneud, ac mae'r cyfnodau ar y cyfnodau ar y teimlo. Yn hyn ar gyfer y byddai'r drwy fwrdd, o gwahanol yma. Yna'r ddona'r cyfnodau sy'n gweithio'r cyffredin, ynglyn â'r cyffredin yma, a'r cyfeirio'r cyfraddag yma, ac yn gwybod i'r cyfraddag yma, mae'n co-administraryniadau ym Gwyrddig Reddwyr, mae'r cyfraddig ym Gwyrddig Reddwyr yn gwneud, a jy'n gweithio at y SNF, bod yma'r ysgolion gwnaeth i Gwyrddol yn gyflym awthigolion... Gwyrddol yn gynyd... Gwyrddol yn gynydol yr UK? Gwyrddol yn gynydol yr UK am fel Gwyrddol, yma'r ymwneud ar gwasgaf. Felly, geisio bod a fawr bwysigol yw Dawmid Rutherford. Rwy'n defnydd i gael, ran~]'r gwnaeth i'r gwaith am y gwaith, ate Hywbeth i gael'r gwnaeth i'r gwnaeth i gael. Bydd yn cyflwynt ar y cyflwynt hynod, I just want to tell you that I am not a scientist or a geneticist as Morris has just said I'm an accountant, I worked in technology for years. If I lived on Westeros, unfortunately you wouldn't find me at the Citadel of Sam World Tali studying all those magnificent books as much as I would prefer to be there. You'll find me over on the pre-putting of Braavos working behind the scenes accounting money. Mae rhaid o'r amgylch yn dweud y ffrôr yn ffordd hwnnw, ac George R. R. Martin yn ystod oedd wedi'u'n cyhoffaeth y warchfod rwy'n dweud y ffrôr yn Ffraith. Mae ffrôr yn dweud yw'r rhôr yn Glandryff, a'r rhôr yn Y Llyfrgell, a'r rhôr yn Llyfrgell, ac yn dweud yw'r rhôr yn Llyfrgell, ac yn dweud yw'r rhôr yn Glandryff. We know that that was a really bloody war, if we're all decided for the throne. No-one thought that anyone else should be on the throne. People were marrying to keep the throne in the family. These are fantastic utils for the war of the roses in three minutes. If you watch those it's exactly like going with the throne. Everybody was getting killed, people are going missing, people were marrying other families to try and get to the throne. But there's lots of other characters within going with the throne that also has killed parts in our history. Rhaid i gael ynghylch gyda John Abarth, ond yn y ddechrau'r llunig yma. Peter Baelish yn ystod, Pwysig Cromwell. Stanis Berafian yn ystod, gofyn yn y cwyddaeth yn y tîm, a'r oedd yn ymdwyllfa'n oedd yn y tro, So Jaufferin, Tomlin, shant mylion ythrym, so very much like how it took a beard. Robert Baratheon, our bigot king, looks a bit like Henry VIII. Mynna Sandray, the red witch, very much like Arnwys Fudon, that someone who thought was bringing sorcery to help people, help a royal family keep the throat. John Snow, William the Conqueror, or William the Bastard. Locations within Westeros as well, so you've got the Wall, like Hadrian's Wall, and going to Florence, we've got those wildlings behind the wall that like the Scots, the Celts and the Pecks, or these wildlings hiding behind the Wall. The Iron Island, so all the Ironborn people stand for at the end of this house. There are very much city-going families, a bit like Vikings. The Citadel, so like the University of Oxford and Conebridge, the Iron Bank and Braavos are very much like the Mavishi Bank, and Braavos himself is very much modern on Venice, and there's lots and lots more to the Dothraki, very much like the Mongols under Genghis Khan, very nomadic. So we've got Tyrion. Tyrion reminds us that he always says, these I drink and I know things. So there are some things that we do need to know as we start following this little journey of genetics, and these are things that you would want to know when you're doing your DNA testing as well. So first of all, DNA is our genetic code. It gives us all the instructions that makes us the way we are. If all our DNA is tied up on our chromosomes, we know we've got 23 chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, one from our mother, one from our father. A chromosome 1 to 22, according to our autism, hence why we have autism DNA testing, because it's about the DNA that's on our autism. We have one more pair of six chromosomes and gender defining chromosomes, and for males we have an X and a Y chromosome and Y comes from the father, and for humans we have two X chromosomes, and we get one from our father and one from our mother. And genes, the actual genes which are a sequence of DNA that perform specific functions, those are on various locations on our chromosome. The other thing you hear us talk a lot about is DNA testing of centimorphins, often abbreviated as C, capital M. Centimorphins is the amount of DNA we share with someone. The more DNA we share, the closer the relationship someone is to us. So here's Samuel Tully in the Citadel, possibly studying a book about genetics. He's probably looking at all the DNA tests that have come in and trying to figure out how the hell he's going to sort this all out. And again, just to repeat very basically, a gene is a sequence of DNA that makes something happen. As I said, I'm not a geneticist. We're going to cover some complex topics, but I'm going to talk about them in a very simple term. I might not pronounce things properly, that some of that is because I have a New Zealand accent, and some of it is I just can't pronounce some big words, right? So we have the DNA, here's the double helix, and within our DNA these are the results. So we're looking at our code, and our code is either A, T, C or G. We have thousands of genes on our chromosomes, and we talk about them from times of mutations, and mutations doesn't necessarily mean something bad. We have good genes, so we have things like there's a eye colour, a ear colour, and our traits, and we do have bad mutations and bad genes as well. That can cause diseases. Specific genes are at specific locations on our chromosomes. So a gene for some specific trait or an instruction is always on specific chromosomes. And something really worth mentioning, this is on the FTDNA website as well, and we're looking at genes. Ewan behaviour is very complex, and it's influenced by our genes, so our DNA code that issues the instructions, but also we've got our environment and our circumstances. So nature versus nurture. Just because we have a gene that may create a bone with the function C, that doesn't mean something you're going to get it, and if that sometimes our lifestyle can help, and if none are pre-responsive of them, have a look at our lifestyle and that could bring in some benefit to health. So we're going to have some of the characters, have a bit of fun. We're going to start with Brina Tarr, because pretty much she's my favourite. I think she's absolutely awesome, and I really love what she says to Jamie here. All my life, mean like you've sneered at me, and all my life I've been knocking me like you into the dust. She's... Sorry guys, sorry. Brina has described as a warrior from the house of Tarr, who we're all thinking quite right. She's very much as a warrior. She's the only daughter of Lord Selwyn Tarr, and I think that if we looked at her, she may display what we know as the warrior gene, and you've probably heard people talk about the warrior gene. There's some studies, there's a lot of conflicting information. Some of it's a little bit controversial, but studies have linked this warrior gene with warrior gene to possible aggressive and maybe anti-social behaviour. But it's actually unusual for a woman to display the warrior gene, and I don't know if anyone knows why, but a bit of a hint is because of the chromosome form. If anyone doesn't know which chromosome the warrior gene is on. No, it's only X chromosome. Did I skip this one? Yep. So men and women both have... both can have the warrior gene, but if men only have one X chromosome, they get a Y chromosome in their father and an X from their mother, because the warrior gene is on the X chromosome, if it's present in men, they've only got one copy of it, so it is present, whereas women have two X chromosomes, and it's possible if one of the chromosomes is the warrior gene, that one might be bad and one might be good, and the good might be dominant and stop the bad one from happening. So there hasn't actually been a lot of study on the effect of the warrior gene of women who actually have it on both X chromosomes, but I think Rhina should put herself forward for some study, because I'm pretty sure she's going to display the warrior gene on both her X chromosomes. You can get tested for the warrior gene. This comes off the FTD and A site, they have a test for it. It's actually not rare, it's possible that they think that up to 30 or 40% of the population carry the gene, so that means a lot of warriors coming around out there. This is why it can be quite controversial and why genes are very complex. It's tricky to explain behaviour based on just one specific gene. So this does get to be really controversial when people are telling that is one gene actually going to make a difference to your behaviour. There is a test for it, as I said, and some of the companies test for it. You can actually go and have a look yourself. There's a couple of markers. As I said, it's very complex. But there are a couple of markers in our files that are tested that may give us a hint as to whether we have the warrior gene. And if you've ever opened up your raw file, I know if you've ever downloaded your raw file from your test company to put it on Jetmatch, for example, quite a few people say, you don't open it, it's full of golden decals. Well, it's not full of golden decals, it's full of your DNA. So go ahead and open the file, you need to open a tech editor or sales and spreadsheet, something like that. And it actually will list the name of the location they've tested, and then next to it, it will tell you which cream it is, it will tell you what your variant is, whether it's an ATC or gene. Now, there's a couple of markers here that are part of the warrior gene. And if you have a TT, if you're a woman, or just a T, if you're a man, because you're only going to have one of the X chromosome, you most probably have the less aggressive version of the warrior gene. So I had a look at mine. I'd like to think I was TT, but I'm not. So I actually have one version that's not, that is aggressive from one of my parents. So just before we move on free in, just a subject we've touched on here is the X chromosome. When you're doing your own research, because of the special inheritance pattern of the X chromosome, it can be useful to know this. So specifically if you're a male, with a male match, and you've got a big X chromosome match, then you're only going to get that through your mother's side of the family because you didn't get an X chromosome from your father. So you can actually start to learn about the X inheritance patterns and use that in your own research. So we've touched on our X binary inheritance chart for wine. You'll find there's a lot of charts. Create your own or fill them in. Just be aware that X matches can be a bit tricky at times and you're looking for a decent match before you reach much into it. So let's get on to the couple that we all know and love, Jamie and Cersei Lannister. They're twins. They're brothers and sisters and here's a little hint. Incest. Don't go down to your local coffee shop with your laptop open. Start googling brothers and sisters having sex. Because the pictures that come back shouldn't really be in the public in a local coffee shop. So yes. I finished that bit of research at home. So actually Cersei Lannister, very much like Anne Bolyne, Anne Bolyne was accused several times of sleeping with her brother George. And of course there is word on the street in King's Landing that Cersei and Jamie have been sleeping together and possibly having children. And interestingly we call this incest right but actually we find it quite unacceptable for siblings to be having children or to be sleeping together. But actually our incest rules are more socially based than genetically based. And in our own family tree specifically we come from a rural community. We probably do have first cousin matches and we call this as we get them in our family we call them pedigree collats or Morris's Barnais and also known for them which are now forgotten. Socially acceptable in breathing. Socially acceptable in breathing. But actually with the first cousin our first cousins having children the risk of passing down diseases is actually only 2% or 3% higher than it is for unrelated people having children. And the reason for that is what we're talking about before we have two copies of every chromosome we have one from mum and one from dad. If we get a bad chromosome from mum and a good chromosome from dad the good chromosome will be the one that works the bad chromosome won't. So there are some cases where the bad chromosome might be dominant we'll go into that in a minute but in most cases the bad chromosome in some cases it can be considered recessive or in fact that people get called a carrier because they're carrier of a bad copy of the chromosome. And that's fine if you're unrelated and someone might have one bad copy but they've got a good copy to compensate. Related people may have some bad copies of this gene of chromosome in their DNA and those related people then have a bigger chance of passing that bad gene down to their children but it isn't immediately first cousins aren't going to suddenly create some sort of deformed creature there's only a slightly higher risk that they may pass down a genetic a bad chromosome and that's because it's possible that that is in both their DNA. So Cersei and Jamie do have greater chance of passing down a genetic disorder because they are very closely related and they've both got a bad copy they may pass it down. Jamie and Cersei are non-identical twins we know that because they're brother and sister so they can't possibly be identical. So they're just like any other sibling their DNA is just like sibling being a cousin make no difference whatsoever and we're doing our research we do have problems with identical twins because they look like the same person but with other twins they just look like brother and sister or brother brother sister and so we can have a look here here's Jamie and Cersei's chromosome 21 and chromosome 22 and we can see how sibling don't necessarily have exactly the same DNA we look at chromosome 1 this is in GEDMATCH so Jamie and Cersei have both uploaded to GEDMATCH and we've done a match between them and we can see here where it's grey means there's no match where it's blue we're looking at a match of over 7 centimorgans which is the default on GEDMATCH so if we have got chromosome 21 we can see that actually this huge bit long section of chromosome 21 Jamie and Cersei actually don't match each other at all so they've both got different they've both got different DNA from their parents if we look at chromosome 22 it's very different and we see a huge long scripture green here and what green means is that it's a fully identical region and a fully identical region means that the paternal DNA and the paternal DNA match on both copies so it means that they both want exactly the same DNA from their parents on this chromosome we see it's yellow that's just called a half match so it only matches on one copy of the chromosome where it's a big block of green and we see a fully identical region and that means they've got the same copy so the great the fight between the Lannisters and the Starks so Jamie and Cersei and Cersei are quite highly let me have a look at your X chromosome as well and when we have a look at Jamie and Cersei's X chromosome we know that Jamie only has one X chromosome from his mother and that's been recombined and their mother was Joanna Lannister Cersei has two and she's got a recombined one from her mother and then one from Taiwan Taiwan Lannister and you can see here then we'll compare their X chromosome that's called chromosome 23 you can see that there's parts of it that match and parts of it that don't match but then when I look at Sansa and Arya they're like well what does our chromosome look like and we can learn here whether they have the same father or not and quite clearly Ned Stark is both their their father to both of them because we can see they've got some fully identical regions along their X chromosome but we can see they're a match the whole way along because they've got a net chromosome from their father and it's exactly the same copy because he only has one to give them so we talked a little bit about genes and I want to repeat again genes are very very complex and I'm really skimming over the surface of some of this so if we have a look at a chromosome we've got a paternal one from our father a paternal one from our mother and this is how some genes can be dominant from some genes and recessive when we look at the gene which is the instruction, it's the DNA instruction for eye colour we can see here that we've got the instruction to have blue eye colour from our father and on our copy of the chromosome from our mother we've got the instruction for green eyes now the dominant colour for the dominant gene is green so if you've got genes for blue eyes you've got a paternal one out and you will have very nice some dominant traits are not always actually the most common thing so the ability to roll your tongue who can roll their tongue if I can't if you can roll your tongue that is the dominant gene so if you've got one gene that means you can roll your tongue the one that means you can't then the one that means you can will actually win so obviously I have two that I can't shortness is also a dominant trait so if you've got if you tell death that is more dominant than the opera singer hearingness and I always think of the hound here he's quite hairy hearingness is actually a dominant trait so if you're quite hairy then your children will probably be quite furry as well and interestingly having six fingers anyone got six fingers? having six fingers is dominant as well and the gene instruction for earlobe shape has been undergone through studies and this is interesting for me because it's thought that unattached is the dominant gene for earlobe shape mine are actually attached but every time I see this come up on some of the fights when they test the traits mine says they should be unattached and I'm presuming that's because I probably have one gene for unattached and the sites say that's dominant and for me it isn't my own but there's a lot more work going on with earlobes at currently so other genetic mutations now dwarfism and we come back to Tyrion I think everybody loves him he's just such a fantastic character on the show and apparently a real character in real life as well and we know he has dwarfism and dwarfism is created by a genetic variant most of the time it's a new mutation so it happens it happens as the child is created it's on chromosome 4 and it causes the mutation on chromosome 4 and certainly it's the dominant gene so if you've got chromosome 4 that has developed the mutation it is the dominant one and the good gene won't undertake it or fix it so it's called chondrymplasia I'm not sure if I've pronounced that right an interest in a real life the actor if I have it on Wikipedia and the actor in real life actually has the common form of this so he has this genetic mutation on chromosome 4 studies say that it's actually an inherited gene that it comes from the father so time and medicine is what I want to know about that so we sent all the tests out to Westeros and we gave everyone their DNA tests and they all spat on the script for us and here we've got we've just delivered John and Daenerys don't yet there's a surprise coming up right we've given John and Daenerys their results and you can see John's having a look at us his and his really puzzled so he's got his results he's having a look on family find when the first person he sees at very top of this list didn't he? he was Targaryen he's like what the hell's going on and he sees that he sees about 1700 70 orphans with her and family finder's telling him that she's either his half sister his grandparent or his grandmother his grandchild or an aunt or a niece now he's gone to I don't have any use this is a brilliant tool on dnapainter.com developed by Johnny Poole and he's got on dnapainter.com you can click on the tools for the shared centimorgans project and you can go and put in the centimorgans that you've been given on your result and see what relationships come up he's so possibly going to go and have a look so he's typed in 1700 centimorgans and it's come back it's 100% likely to be these exactly the same relationships so he said to Daenerys Targaryen can you have a look at your results and she's had a look at hers and at the top of her list is Jon Snow so right now I need to figure out what's going on now actually in reality Jon and Daenerys would share more than just 1700 centimorgans that somebody actually on Reddit has calculated it and they think it's more likely to be around about 40 or 50% probably in reality look more like I don't know why we talk about reality but in reality they would look more like siblings so Jon's going to have to figure out well what is this relationship I've got with Daenerys because you know I've got fancy hair and I kind of she's my grandmother I don't want to think about that and you'll come across this in your tree someone turned up the 1700 centimorgans and said what are they they're your niece, nephew, grandparent half sibling what are they sometimes you can go off ages but with the several examples of it during the last couple of days that ages can be may not tell you the right thing sometimes you can have someone who's further up a tree that is younger and younger a generation than somebody who's further down the tree and actually in my tree my uncle was closer to my age than he is mother because there was kind of a big world war in the middle and one was born at the end of it and so he's actually closer to me and if you just went off ages you would think he was my half brother rather than my uncle but when you start investigating how siblings you would only match on one side of their family and be the side of the parent that you share whereas if it's an art nephew relationship as it is with Jon and Daenerys then he would actually find that he's going to have matches to all the Targaryens and he's going to know that she's not just his half sister she is actually his aunt so we'll leave them to think about that for a while because it probably needs to set in and we'll talk about the dire wolves so Jon, back before he got his DNA test still thought he was a bastard and he got the run to the litter from the dire wolves but when they came across the dire wolves in the very early episode they all got a dire wolf to take home dire wolves are actually real dire wolves did walk with a very long time ago about 250,000 years ago and they're close relatives of what we now know as the grey wolf they have found some remains they found a dire wolf in 1858 and they did attempt in 1992 to extract some metacondrial DNA on it and metacondrial DNA it's not DNA on the chroma zone it's a different type of DNA that only comes from mothers so males and females can have metacondrial DNA but they only get it from their mother so they did try and extract metacondrial DNA for the stylus but unfortunately it wasn't successful if you haven't been to Kansas and go to the standard museum of natural history they actually got a skeleton there of a dire wolf but once we don't have dire wolves anymore we have lots of dog remains in the world and actually scientists are using the dog remains to find out more about human migration patterns because it's a lot easier to get permission to work on dog remains but it is to dig up and it's human or even to get access to human remains so scientists have been doing a lot of work on dog dog breeds can help us understand our own new migration and there's clues in their genomes of their revolution to have dogs come about and there's a couple of good examples gum dogs for example so golden retrievers and iris setters their origin were actually in Victoria and England so before that we didn't have gum dogs but then we looked at some of the herding dogs they're much more diverse and that shows that the herding isn't something we've been doing recently so humans have been herding for a long time and the herding dog are much more diverse in their run and their DNA now there is actually the National Human Genome Research Institute do actually have a dog genome project that I'm not kidding they do actually do that I love this picture because the doggy with a bone and the bone is the double helix and you can go and look at your Facebook page as well which is absolutely fascinating you're doing a lot of work in dog genomes you can actually go and get your own dog tested this is something I've liked because I love a dog but my friends might have a dog that I love to pieces and I'm actually thinking of going to do some dog DNA has anyone tested their dog? Awesome, I'll come and talk to you guys later Excellent, oh brilliant oh that's awesome so dogs are really interesting and you can just go to Amazon there's doggy DNA kits there the dogs have a 78 chromosome so imagine that at GenMatch trying to manage 78 chromosomes but I think this would be awesome wouldn't it be awesome if we all go and ask the GenMatch guys to create a doggy database and we could all upload our dog DNA as well I just think it would be awesome but also here's a picture of all the chromosomes that dogs have and here's the human chart of all our chromosomes and this is a list of all the different species and the number of chromosomes they have hedgehogs have 90 chromosomes and a kittenfisher have 132 so I'm not going to start DNA testing Kingfisher but I'm sure there's plenty of studies that go on I know universe is really interested in DNA of various species in fact my cousin in New Zealand they track the DNA of seals as they migrate in New Zealand never a big database of sealed DNA so we'll go now to the Mad King because I think John Snow might be wanting to learn a little bit about what happens as we start in breeding and George R. R. Martin probably deals with madness in a unique way and in real life of course wingo and mental illness is actually something that's very complex it's not as simple as it may be so Eris II Tygarion has insanity was attributed to years and years of interbreeding in the Tygarion family to keep their dragon blood pure their silver hair and their violet eyes and they were something like 300 years of marrying brothers to sisters to keep the bloodline pure now we do have some instances of this is just a bit more about inbreeding and again as I said earlier with Osgring of related couples there is a possibility of congenital birth defects through defective genes if they get those two copies of them from their parents and this is definitely increased when the biological parents are related and again if everyone gets two copies of each chromosome or each gene so we get one from mother, one from father if we get two bad ones which is more likely with related parents then we can have a problem so here's some more things this is a mad king in our history and you probably recognise these ones the first one is Charles VI of France he was known as Charles the Mad so he's obviously quite mad he reigned from 1390 to 1422 he started to suffer episodes of insanity at 32 he killed some of his knights he attacked his brother and from then on he had these repeated bouts of madness and they became more frequent in the lasting but it's actually they're going to look at to see why he may have had this madness and it's possible that he'd previously had typhus or encephalitis and they think that may have contributed to this bizarre behaviour that he was displaying it's also possible he had profuria and again I might have announced in that role but it's a disease that causes confusion it is a hereditary it is a mutation on one of the genes they do believe that it had been diagnosed amongst his ancestors so he may have inherited some bad genes from both his parents King George III he reigned 1760-1820 now actually he was always known as the Mad King as well but more recent findings are actually saying his bad display has been due to the side effects of his medication and nothing to do with him breathing at all this is my favourite Mad King so this is King Charles II of Spain he was a complete fruitcake he was born in 1661 he died in 1700 he was only 38 when he died actually it is quite sad he ranged from 1665 now they had married over and over and over and I don't know if you can see this but all the different colours are the different levels of inbreeding so this is an uncle and a knee second cousins these are first cousins another first cousin an uncle and a knee second cousin married over here and Charles himself his father the uncle and the niece were the parents of Charles II now he actually was I think they knew King Carlos for the witch he was considered a unsound minded body so he was actually quite mentally disabled and thankfully he was infertile apparently the only activity he liked and of the thing that really defined him and they used to talk about is this chin if you see his chin up here and they said that came from all the inbreeding and apparently it was so familiar that he couldn't even eat a breath properly so I think he was actually very sad apparently the only activity he really liked to participate in was shooting now we know another King that likes shooting things maybe another King Joffrey and he likes shooting things particularly prostitutes so talking about pedigreek alat and I mentioned before that we might all see this in our trees specifically if we come from quite small remote areas and I have it in my tree so this is my great-grandparents over here John Dring and Alice Longstaff and they are actually first cousins and so when I go up my tree I've actually got two less great-great-great-grandparents over here because this couple here and that couple up there is actually the same people and we it does cause a bit of confusion because over here Alice Dring married James Longstaff so she became Alice Longstaff and then their daughter Alice Longstaff married John Dring so we had Alice Dring became Alice Longstaff and Alice Longstaff became Alice Dring so they just swapped names but it was a love story here's a photo of them when they were in New Zealand she came out to New Zealand as a late teenager with her parents he was in love with her he was in the Navy, he left the Navy he got a job on the ship came out to find her and they got married and they lived together to quite old ages so in comparison to just pedigree collect by the way if I get any DNA that's just on this branch they look about one generation closer to me than some of my other matches so if you are seeing a custom marriage you will see more DNA on that branch in comparison in Dogami is something else in Dogami is the custom of marriage within the community or the clan over many many many generations and a good example of that is Ashkenazi Jew now in our DNA group there's two of us who have been in the DNA group myself and a guy called Seth Seth is 100% Ashkenazi Jew so I said Seth can you tell me how many fourth cousins in closer your mother has and he said well Donna I stop counting at 7,900 I don't have a look at my mum my mum's four cousins in closer 188 so 188 is a lot easier to deal with than nearly 8,000 fourth cousins in closer so for anyone who would become a dogamist background is going to find this really difficult Seth's dad has something like 12,000 fourth cousins in closer so we get to the scary bit so the white walkers an old man used to tell brand about the white walkers in that darkness the white walkers came for the first time they swept through cities and kingdoms riding their dead horses hunting with their packs of pale spiders and bigger pals and no one ever believes in the withdraw that there is actually white walkers that they are up there behind the wall but we know them there they are an ancient race of human we know they were born from humans the children of the forest captured a human man and they stabbed him in the heart with a piece of dragon stone and that was the first white walker they are taller than humans they have got long wispy white hair often a white beard and they are much stronger than humans as well now we are actually somewhat of a hybrid human as well because modern humans still have from the antital DNA in our genome so like the white walkers we are also a hybrid mix of humans and very ancient species the antital were okay at humans they became extinct about 40,000 years ago and they are kind of like a subspecies of homo sapiens now in the antithogs interest we have blue eyes so do the white walkers and blue eyes are a genetic we know blue eyes are recessive right so blue eyes get passed down because blue eyes actually filter out their slide so in icy conditions winter conditions blue eyes are much better to see with and the antithogs have blue eyes as doing the white walkers on the winter side the icy side of the wall you can get Neanderthal DNA tests then so a few tests with 23V do the evidence where these screenshots come from doing the antithog tests then a few other companies are starting to look at it as well now I actually have 285 Neanderthal variants which have been quite high on the a high percentile of Neanderthal to the other people that have tested in my matches and again as I've said before you can go and have a look at your royal DNA you've downloaded your royal DNA file it's your DNA go and have a look at it and we've got these variants I've got them again on the next slide that this is where they're looking for the Neanderthal variant so if I have a look at the top one I've got a Neanderthal copy from both my parents so I've got C on that particular location and I'm really pleased I've got the Neanderthal variant here because this trait is having less back here so I thank my parents for passing down my Neanderthal traits there but there's several things they look at straight here straight here comes from the Neanderthal variant and I do actually have very straight here height actually there's two for height this one I've only got human copy so I wouldn't have expected that I would have the Neanderthal shortest trait and this one here is less likely to sneeze after eating dark chocolate they'll be doing a lot of research for that one so if you've not tested with a Neanderthal site you can go and have a look at your royal file and here's just a copy of what that royal file looks like it's not gobbled you do because people tell you here's the variant and here's the idea of what you're looking for so this particular one is on chromosome 2 this is the map here one so it's probably a cool one to look at chromosome 2 here's the position and here's my two alleles so I've got the T variant on both my variants and you can go and see if you're a white walker or a hybrid human and visit these files and just open up the notepad or for itself this is one of my favourite shots from going thrones I came quite late to going thrones I binge watched it but one thing that I'd always seen that really captivated me was this image and I just think it looks amazing these faces and columns and when I got to the episode where Aria was with the faceless assassins and they were walking through that huge huge building with all these faces and the columns I was just amazed and because I've always liked this I never get this into my presentation and I didn't think I would and then I was on the tube one night reading the evening standard as you do and I saw this I'll flip page as you can see over here I actually saw this hem and it's two faces and I was like well where did this this reminds me of Game of Thrones these faces and this all comes from DNA phenotype thing so this is a forensic forensic science and it predicts the appearance of a person just by looking at their DNA and here they looked at Chelsea Manning and here's another article about I think Debbie, Kenneth posted this one in some of the groups a few weeks ago and it's like here they are 3D printing faces using the DNA to see what the face looked like and of course we've had a huge piece in use last week with Shadow Man and that's exactly how they've worked at one of his faces so we've got a DNA code and Gene to see what he would look like and create in his face and because we know our DNA code has all the instruction for our eye colour and the colour of the ear in our face and last but not least Morris, we Morris first I don't know how I'm going for time I'm sorry but when Morris asked me if I'd do this we were brainstorming a few things to talk about talking and I was quite excited and then he said now dragons I've got a line of dragons for us I cannot for the life of me think how I can do anything about DNA or DNA or genetic about dragons well I was a little bit wrong because as I started to research it according to some academics by using some of the more cutting edge genome editing techniques that we've had it could be within the realm of possibilities and you've probably heard about some of the genome editing techniques that we have a one that you quite often read about is CRISPR you want to know what it is it scans for clustered, regally, interspace short paladrolic from a piece and CRISPR is where we can go in and edit the gene so we might have a T we might want to replace it with a C so we want to edit that code and for diseases like cystic fibrosis which is a well known genetic disease if we can go and edit with thousands of people isn't that a really good thing for all of us so that of course it then brings people thinking about ok so if we can go and edit out diseases can we make this out of babies and so there's a whole lot of moral and ethical issues behind CRISPR, behind gene editing but I think well you know whether these designer babies I want a dragon I want to go and start working on this dragon now we have Komodo dragons we've lived in them so not very pretty but actually if we can go and start editing the genes of the Komodo dragon and figure out what instructions what DNA instruction is required for a wing we might get closer to having some dragons so in summary what have we learnt well in reading doesn't necessarily cause birth defects right so we have two chromosomes one's another one's a father John Snow really should thought out those DNA results because he's much further with Daenerys Jack and Higar so the faceless men of Ravos they were probably out the back doing some sort of DNA thingo typing and that's how they had all those amazing faces the warrior gene might be able to change your behaviour remind you again that genes are very complex and with script over a lot of scientists at these times genes are very complex you can DNA test your your devil and test your doggy I'm still really keen to get a gene matched doggy sight we all carry some white walker variant we all have hybrids most of those carry from some of men and one day dragons might exist so thank you for listening I just want to remind you to be careful tonight because we all know that the night is dark and full of terror thank you so much Donna I think it's absolutely amazing how doing a presentation like this taking a TV program which has nothing to do with reality it really stimulates your outer box thinking and I think some of the topics you've touched on here have never actually been touched on by any of our genetic genealogy island conferences for the last six years so it was a very useful exercise I think in actually generating some ideas we've never talked about dog DNA to map human migrations there and we've never talked about the warrior gene and there's quite a few other things we haven't talked about either but stay on your feet for a moment because there may be some questions I see some people from Maestros in the audience and they may have some questions as well so any questions for Donna some people have done this it was a great presentation it was just Jim and stimulating the imagination so some people have actually done dog DNA you did Tracy why did you actually have her dog DNA tested now tell us that did the results prove interesting I was one of those people who gave information and did it get it back so I'm not the only one that you know I tested a dog DNA tested yes Suzy you did what happened there no sorry I was also at UC Davis and I didn't do it somebody had it done to the dog and the dog I don't know if it was the dog a lot of problems part German Shepherd and part Chihuahua wow how did that happen I just want to have it I don't know okay did anybody else get their dog DNA tested no you might have a good word she said why would you want to get it what it would be interesting I think whether it matches or not what did they actually do with the dog DNA can you say a few words about that I don't know I haven't had a good look into it it's something I want to do because I really want to test my friends dog my friends dog is a rescue dog and it's a real mix of breeds and if I want to do the DNA test the rescue can best be kept the dog it could be the DNA and not try to find it on the breed so I haven't done anything yet and I'm not sure what's actually going on on the project but the Facebook group can see it I think the presentation also raised some very important ethical questions because we will find from time to time in our matches somebody who is very closely matched either with ourselves or with one of the people whose kits we're managing and the question arises is it a half sibling is there some incest in the family and that is something that we do have to address as genetic genealogists have you actually come across that on the Facebook group or? I have come across it for my matches obviously I can't say too much because somebody who matches me and you could see in the way they were telling the story in the family tree that maybe something was a bit weird and they were matching the other line way too close so when I tracked back we could see some of the things they did right I had kind of drawn a conclusion that was probably a child of some incest and it probably wasn't something that nice and they weren't really communicated to them because I think they told their stories and they did I don't want to go and say it's more as long as it's not real women but it's tough and it is something that we will have to deal with in time to time because we're not trained in that kind of counseling and what do you say? and a lot of people were thinking about putting their DNA into health sites now and just looking at results and all sorts of conclusions please don't self-diagnose from health reports if you've got a problem you think you've got a problem please go to your genetic health lab in the UK the NHS doesn't have genetic health laws I think it is getting a lot more it's becoming a lot more available and it's going to need to be a lot more available in the future so please don't self-diagnose yourself Absolutely We have a question here from Claire I'm just going on from that answer People who had got into relationships with people in their sex plan have spoken with people They didn't go into too much science it was more about the thing with God than I expected was from my brother sort of not marishes but they were saying that the genetics that people who are closely related are more likely to be attracted to a child so told you what's going on in the NHS a journey in seriously right? No, not with my family I've been even watching No, not with my family I've been in the hospital and there is no more time and the process of being raised with recipients means that you are automatically repelled But if you're not raised then you're more likely to be attracted But it's true and that's why our NC is small so in some places it's illegal to marry a cousin it's not in the UK that everyone sees and some countries but in some parts of the UK it's illegal to marry a cousin but that's just the socially acceptable law it's not necessary based on genetic it's perfectly legal here This is one of the reasons why donor conceived children have access to their donor conception number so that they can identify siblings that they might be dating Deputy, do you want to say a few words about that? That doesn't apply to everyone because not in the case of majority of countries do not let donor conceived it's only from 2000 so this is something that could be I know there has been one but there is a special support group Rianna Cymru, Michael Gouldershed, DNA and she can see some more who may run a special secret group on Facebook for people when they go to GEDMATCH to run that bonus of photosynosity feature and find out they are closely related and you can get support in that That's really good and these things we need support for as these things are coming up OK, we have a question here from Brad if I bring you I was just going to say that on the subject of K9BNA there is a company and one of the people who has worked there I'm not sure he is still there but he is Razeed Khan who is the principal author behind your family find your matching algorithm so there you go It's not my origins he does My origins part of it Great, any other questions then? OK, well that was a wonderful presentation to end The two days of our conference we will have an expert panel session up here in about five minutes time but until then ladies and gentlemen please give a warm round of applause Thank you Once I got going it was alright and I was like oh now I'm just talking really fast