 Dear students, in this module, we are going to talk about one of the most important aspects of components of culture that is the values. So values are the beliefs about what is good, right or wrong and important or unimportant within the culture. So based on the values, we would be able to determine the rightness versus the wrongness. To perform any action, we need to have desirable social standards. These desirable social standards are called values. For example, what is desired for a student in a Pakistani society? So values, their grades are considered very valuable. Their position in the class is considered very valuable. So values in a sense, they give you those standards based on which you would be able to perform within your daily life. Examples are respect for the elders. We consider elders to be very valuable behavior. In comparison to that, we see those who are disrespecting the elders are considered the bad people who are respecting the elders are considered the good people. So norms are defined according to which respect is considered. So norms are the process through which you are respecting your elders. For example, if you talk to them with respect, they will be your norms. And what is the purpose or purpose of these norms? Achieve that value. So what is value for you? Respect for the elders. Similarly, honesty is in comparison to dishonesty. We do value the honesty. Now, how should we achieve the value of that honesty in the society? So the society has developed specific norms for it. There is social equality in the society. We should treat people equally in the society. Responsibility is considered less valuable to those who are more responsible are considered more valuable people. So what is the importance of these values in your culture? Value guide the individual behavior and helps us in the process of decision making. For the ACB individual, in the society, in the group activity, in the institutional structure, to perform their role, these values are needed. They are standard for you. To achieve them, we perform our actions or behaviors. Value shape the way people interact and relate to one another. The standard for all our relationships is seen through the same value system. So values do shape the way people interact. And the way we talk, the way we make relationships with each other, this value system is formed behind it. So values help to define and reinforce the cultural identity. The most important aspect is that they not only define your cultural identity, but also reinforce it. For example, if money is considered value in your society, those who would be achieving the high financial status would be considered more valuable in your society. So examples from the Pakistani society, so values that importance of family and community, respect for elders, religious beliefs and practices are also considered valuable.