 great so that's good to go so if you want to move it backwards and forwards you just do that and if you want to use this okay excellent I always prefer to point sure I react it gives me a great pleasure to introduce our next speaker and our next speaker is professor Jim Mallory from Queens University Belfast who has written a wonderful book called the origins of the Irish and spent much of his career researching migrations into and out of Ireland from the earliest times imaginable and that's quite a long time ago so here to talk to us about the origins of the Irish please welcome or professor Jim Mallory thank you as just mentioned in 2013 I published a book called the origins of the of the Irish asking the critical question of where do these guys come from and in the book you needed besides them you need sort of a census date for a definition of Irish because obviously you couldn't play with the thing anybody born in Ireland today that would take me to pretty well every country in the world drawing arrows and things like that so I selected actually an archetypal Irishman on the border between pseudo history and history and his Nile of the nine hostages reputed to live around the fifth century many dynasties trace their ancestry back to him he was early enough I felt to avoid historical immigrants that is people whom you would have then said well they weren't really Irish they were actually Normans or Vikings or something like that but also at least at a period in which the Irish language was known to be spoken in Ireland which is going to be a critical point as you'll see as I go through this lecture and if you consider the past of Ireland when I was trying to avoid were all the historical emigrations be it Vikings Normans the Gallagley Plantation Huguenot and so forth from this you can obviously see from the historical period that Ireland is a was a composite of a series of migrations and the population continually being increased and diversified by later covers such as myself if we go to the prehistoric period even though they're going to be anonymous the archaeologists can recognize in the archaeological record various periods in which we believe there at least is a case sometimes with absolute certainty other cases well possibility of population migrations into Ireland from the initial settlement of Ireland in the early Mesolithic around 8000 BC all the way up to the Romano-British period in which we find Romano-British material in Ireland and clear instances of at least occasionally people coming across and being buried in Ireland so prehistoric Ireland also is probably a composite of different migrations now we could go through virtually all of these and talk how you build ultimately an Irish identity but for this lecture I only want to focus on one main thing for me and that is how and when did the Irish language come to Ireland if you've read my book you know that I played a bit of a game here anybody that I couldn't be sure spoke Irish I called an Irelander sort of a neutral German term for a person who occupies the country which would later come to adopt the Irish language now you may ask the question is the language really that important and needless to say despite my accent I didn't just float up the lagoon in a bubble and I'm not going to walk into that trap I'll simply do this as a rhetorical question is language important well do you believe that this monument is really an example the epitome of English craftsmanship Stonehenge and if I use the word English in this case if you have any linguistic or historical sense to yourself whatsoever you should probably be choking on it because this was erected at least two and a half thousand years before Horsa Hengist and the rest of the Anglo-Saxons brought the English language to England therefore the monument if I'm trying to define it with an English thing as a linguistic term it's completely inappropriate and we have to ask ourselves the questions about the past and the use of ethnic terms particularly when they also imply perhaps a linguistic identity as well so we begin with Irish and as everybody knows it is one of the Celtic languages in the British Isles they're divided into two groups the Gaelic or Gredelic group which is Irish Scots and Manx and the Bretonic group which be Welsh Cornish and Breton which is a result of an immigration from southern Britain to France and the continental Celtic languages and that would be Gaulish which occupied most of France La Pontic a Celtic language spoken in northern Italy in the vicinity of Milan and a very large proportion of the Iberian Peninsula which also spoke a Celtic language now the thing about this is is that we have to see this in even a wider perspective and I'm going to use a wider perspective in this lecture for reasons that will become quite transparent later on think of 9th century Ireland and here's a depiction of an Irish warrior and Irish monks and move four and a half thousand miles to the east to the western province of China and Xinjiang and there you would also find warriors so decorated here on cave paintings and monks not Christian but Buddhist and these people are Tokarians that would be the name we traditionally give to them and if you compared old Irish earliest evidence of the Irish language and Tokarian be you don't have to be a linguist to see similarities and some of these basic basic words and the similarities are because they both belong to the same ultimate language family the Indo-European language family that stretches on the west from Ireland to the east Tokarian and eastern China and all of the languages in between this is simply a general diversified map of the Indo-European languages you can put the languages into a family tree for example and see the Celtic languages here then the Italic languages which would be Latin and the descendants of Latin all the Romance languages the Germanic languages which include English and as long as we are in Ireland the Baltic languages which would include Lithuanian the Slavic languages which include Polish and certainly for Kerry Alps and fighter restaurants Indo-Iranian languages which would include the ancient languages of Sanskrit or the ancient languages of old Persian and need to say all of their modern descendants and all of these are members of the Indo-European language family that go back to a common ancestor whoop sorry and this means the origins of the Irish in time and space is to some again to some extent is going to be mitigated by the position of Celtic and its origins in time and space and Celtic is being part of the greater story of the expansion of the Indo-European language family and as I indicate here there are two major competing models of Indo-European origins and dispersals there are a lot more than two but we'll stick with two major competing ones one sometimes called the early farming dispersal hypothesis or the Anatolian homeland hypothesis particularly championed by Colin Renfrew believes that the Indo-European languages began in Anatolia that's the fancy ancient name for Turkey Anatolia is associated with the spread of farming the beginning of the Neolithic economy to Europe and in this particular argument farming and the spread of farming is looked upon as the only event sufficiently large sufficiently great important to explain the spread of a language family as large as Indo-European and the logic of this is fairly transparent before farming you had hunter-gatherers who would there by be basically sparse on the landscape because the carrying capacity for hunter-gatherers is much much lower than it is for farmers once farming began you got a lot larger families and you got an explosion of population growth so farmers could always outcompete hunter-gatherers and therefore the expansion of farming is a basically a population spread and a population increase and it is put into the context of a number of other major language families of Eurasia and Africa that have also been attributed to the spread of agriculture so basically an Anatolian homeland basically argued to be sort of a general area between Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia saw Indo-European languages spread to the east the into Iranian languages for example and the European languages spreading to the west and farming spread across Europe we're doing this from the mind's eye of somebody in Ireland by the way of two different routes one of them from Anatolia into the Balkans and then along the Danubian drainage so that's the northern arrow it's pointing towards Ireland it leaves Anatolia about 7,000 BC and the farmers get to Britain in Ireland about 4,000 BC the other route is across the Mediterranean across the central Mediterranean than the Western Mediterranean and then around and coming up Atlantic Europe towards Ireland and about the same period as the as the northern route there we go the second model the so-called step model most prominently championed by Maria Gimbutas argues that the great event was not farming but the great event was the expansion of a mobile pastoralist society that occupied the area north of the black and Caspian seas this is the area of Ukraine and South Russia it argued that this was a later phenomenon occurring about 4,500 to 3,000 BC or so and that this region is the region that best accommodates the type of society that linguists seem to recover from comparing the Indo-European languages which suggests that they had the horse they had domestic they had real vehicles and a few other items and therefore we have a Pontic Caspian Indo-European homeland located as you see in the upper picture that over a period of around 45 to 3,000 BC is argued to have expanded right across Europe to the Atlantic into the British Isles and as well to the to the east to India and also into to Eastern China carrying real vehicles domestic horse and a pastoral economy and what are the cultures cultures major cultures of this expansion is the Amnaya culture the dates to around before 3,000 BC well known for having burials with wheeled vehicles for example and exploitation of domestic horses now when I wrote my book in 2013 I tried to indicate a hit list of potential invasions that may have occurred throughout Irish pre-history from the early Mesolithic down to the Romano-British period and the more serious invasions or migrations are indicated there in red so you would have got the early Mesolithic the initial settlement of Ireland the early Neolithic the bringing of farming grooved where a period around 3,000 BC when a basically a cultural horizon that may very well have emanated in northern Scotland spread right across Britain and Ireland the beakers who will hear much more about a little bit later on the Latin the Iron Age culture that is associated with Celtic art if you use that word on the continent and then of course Romano-British and if you put these into the context of these Indo-European homeland theories then the the Neolithic theory would have Irish or the ancestor of Irish coming in in the early Neolithic and the steppe hypothesis a bit vaguer as to precisely when but it would have begun maybe as early as the beakers or any time after the beakers at around 2,500 BC well when I was writing the book it was against the background of the disputed genetic origins of the Irish every few years newspapers magazines came out with new origins for the Irish as you can see Irish eyes are English not Celtic it has the same genes as the next island therefore nothing special about that no said the French as you can see there the Irish come from the Levant they're coming from the Near East bullshit says the independence the culture descended from Spanish fishermen steady fines and you know there's a plethora of stuff based on taking a look at modern DNA and so I go into writing my chapter of the evidence of genetics genes blood types and things like that and this is basically what I was operating with we knew the main I'm gonna just deal with why chromosomes not going to make it any more complicated than that but the white chromosomes by and large it was seen that we've got maybe two different origins for the primary white chromosomes that are found among the population of Ireland today among males I've listed the the ones that were regarded as indigenous to Europe and believed to have spread after the last Ice Age from Spain and southern France as human populations filled up northwest Europe when the ice sheets had retreated and then in red you're given the few why chromosome haplogroups that were basically associated with the Near East or believed to be associated with the Near East that indicated farming so what you basically got if you were looking at the modern DNA and it was being back projected into Irish history is that the initial settled settlers brought in the basic DNA of the modern Irish population and it was augmented somewhat during the early Neolithic about 4,000 BC by farmers whose ultimate origin was in the Near East and this would therefore give you a story that ran something like this 95% of the modern Irish population are descended from original colonists who spread from the glacial refuges about 5% carry the genes of farmer colonists who spread from the Near East at about 4,000 BC and there was minimal or no evidence for any migrations during the bronze and iron ages according to the evidence of genetics and the why chromosome and therefore you would see maps that would easily explain what was going on in Ireland. Stephen Oppenheimer's book on the origins the British for example shows you the spread of R1B the main why chromosome males in Ireland as a generalized expansion right across northwest Europe or the national geographic in the same year as I was producing the book showing you that the population of County Mayo overwhelmingly descended from Mesolithic or Neolithic people about 98% and about 12% from later Incomers 2017 four years later they decided to do a smaller fun-sized paperback edition of the origins of the Irish and they allowed me 4,000 extra words to be tagged in at the end in which I had to explain why the chapter I wrote in 2013 was absolute shite and get away with it and so four years in DNA is a long long time so what had happened since then in 2015 is the publication of the first bit of ancient DNA from Ireland it has the burial the DNA came from one individual from the Neolithic and three from the early Bronze age the Neolithic burial is an old excavation if you were to call it an excavation at Ballina Hattie it's a giant's ring outside of the giant's ring a tomb long since it disappeared reported on in the first series of the Ulster Journal of Archaeology by none other than Robert McAdam the founder of the journal himself and bones had still been preserved she dates to around 3000 BC but before that her mitochondrial DNA indicates that her background is Mediterranean and that ultimately from the Near East genetically she would be most similar to modern Sardinians and Sardinians are basically regarded almost as the gold standard of what the remnants or the relics of Near Eastern farmers would appear appear alike so I give you a picture of a Sardinian there below and so it would suggest that the first farmers in Ireland came up along the Atlantic from the Mediterranean and ultimately from the Near East and had the genes for dark brown hair and eyes so that's sort of what your your earliest Neolithic Irelanders would look like this would then suggest that the Neolithic route to Ireland on this sample of one but it is actually it is actually confirmed by other studies in between makes this still the the preferred route was the the Mediterranean route rather than the Balkan Danubian route this would take archaeologists to some extent by surprise because the Balkan Danubian one in some ways is actually closer culturally that but we'll go we'll go with the DNA here now if you you accept this then you are looking to the background of the early Neolithic settlement genetically in archaeology to the central and west Mediterranean archaeologically this belongs to what is known as the Cardio culture named because they use a cardio shell to decorate their pottery and it involved farming farmer colonists moving along the coastal areas from the former Yugoslavia along the Italian it's Talak coast cross the all the islands of the central west Mediterranean all the way as far as Iberia and then all the way up around the Atlantic and the interesting thing about this is that linguistically when we get our earliest written records from this area it is the one area of Europe where we seem to be finding relic non-Indo-European languages one of them it still survives that is Basque but it was known to the ancient Romans as Aquitaine in north of the Pyrenees in southern France it's clearly Aquitaine is clothing is simply an early form of Basque all along the shores of the eastern shores of Spain we have texts in Iberian clearly a non-Indo-European language we have some still relics in Italian inscriptions and in Sardinia this is remember our gold standard for Near Eastern we have the remnants of what is normally called Paleo Sardo and if we take a look at Sardinian linguistic history for example starting most recently it was only in 238 BC that the Romans conquered Sardinia and introduced the Indo-European language of Latin before that during the Iron Age we know that Phoenicians and Carthaginians had established colonies there and they had introduced their own language which is a Semitic language still survives in Malta that's Maltese this had very little impact however on later Sardinian language and on its place names but if you look at the Sardinian language and its place names it contains clearly an element of a non-Indo-European language some argue that it has elements that we could also find in Iberian in Basque and the general theory proposed is that a Sardinia did not really have any Mesolithic population before farming that it was settled it was filled by farmers and the so-called non-Indo-European elements that we're finding are relics of the original farming language that spread from the Near East across the Mediterranean so in this area where we have associated with the cardio culture a series of non-Indo-European languages and it said to argue that the Indo-European languages come later such as Celtic or in Portugal Lusitanian and if you follow the logic then the Irish first farmers should have introduced a non-Indo-European language related to the languages that we are finding in the Mediterranean that managed to survive up until the Iron Age that means they would not have been introducing the Irish language and so if I take a monument like New Grainge and say a monument of Irish craftsmanship and if I mean Irish in the linguistic sense I'm afraid that the logic I've given to you means that if someone dropped one of those large quartzite stones on your foot while they were building the thing it is highly unlikely that they would have said Tobrone Orham or Gamal Escul or something like that they would not have been speaking Irish at Celtic it would have been done in a non-Indo-European language so what about the second theory the second theory is the step hypothesis and that intersects earliest with the beakers the beaker culture is an enormous cultural phenomenon it goes actually beyond some of the colored areas of this map from southern Scandinavia all the way to North Africa it goes from the far west of both Ireland and Iberia as far east as Hungary and it is primarily known and called the beaker culture from the shape of its vessels it is also associated with things such as barbed and tangled arrowheads so called wrist bracers for archers copper daggers sometimes the introduction of copper metallurgy and copper axes now when I wrote my book I went through the history of beaker studies in Ireland and I talked about how R.S. McAllister back in 1949 came up with a fairly lurid description of their impact on Irish society the beakers exterminated them in or at least reduced them to slavery as for the women they met the usual fate of women in warfare so every man a damsel or two as the savage old Hebrew pain expresses it it was the only catastrophe of ancient times subversive enough to have affected such a complete change of language so as you can see McAllister who was also a linguist believe it the beaker horizon represented a massive migration an invasion of Ireland that brought the Irish language and I held this up as the type of bizarre nonsense that they were writing back then because in the menu in which I was writing if we go to the standard textbook of Irish archaeology by John Waddell for example we'll read about the hypothesis of a distinct population group the beaker folk has been replaced by large invasion was out you can have a handful of people come in you do not have invaders anymore or Alistair Moffat's description of Scotland regarding invasions this interpretation is now largely discredited or we can take heaths on Britain the idea of a beaker invasion is now rightly treated with scant respect and today the concept is largely defunct with few of any archaeologists continuing to believe in it so beaker folk beaker invasion had been completely replaced among archaeology discourse I came through my beaker chapter saying I still think there was some evidence for you know population movement in the beaker period it was not my prime idea over to suggest that this is where the Irish came in okay we have ancient DNA from three male burials discovered when expanding a extending a car park on a pub on Rathland Island they date to about 2000 BC they were associated with food vessels this is a sort of a later descendant of the beaker culture but related to it the individuals had light hair and brown eyes looking at their Y chromosome it's good old R1B M529 I also give you your mitochondrial DNA there two of them had the mitochondrial DNA of what were called indigenous Europeans goes back to the Paleolithic or Mesolithic and one of them had near Eastern that had been picked up along the way where else can we find this in the ancient DNA record earlier Kvalinsk is a cemetery on the Middle Volga River this is a burial here from the Copper Age copper curse here much earlier and he has got precisely the same ancient DNA type as you're finding in Ireland and two major studies in 2015 came to the conclusion on the basis of large surveys of ancient DNA from Central Europe from Russia to Ukraine and further East that sometime at least before 3000 BC that Yamnaya culture or the culture earlier than that spread from the Black Sea region the Caspian region both westwards into Europe and eastwards into Asia in terms of the ones who came westward into Europe they came into the area of the corded ware culture and enormous culture and of the samples there at least 70% carried the genes of step ancestry that they had brought there and that step ancestry continued not only in the corded ware culture but if you look over here into the following Bell beaker culture as well so what you have here is a corded ware culture and I give you a map to show you all the way from the Netherlands actually to the Euro mountains and this is an area that linguists would have generally been comfortable of saying this is probably where the ancestors of the Germanic the Baltic and the Slavic speaking peoples came from and we also find the R1B among the beakers of northern Europe not of southern but in northern Europe and I've sort of indicated distributions there is south far south actually is northern you know as France Germany the Netherlands in particular and Britain and now in Ireland so the ancient DNA tells an entirely different story that I gave that I gave initially what it suggests is that the early and later Mesolithic was probably occupied by certain number of why chromosome haplogroups then we have our Neolithic and that does represent another migration from the Near East but R1B which had originally been imagined to have begun in the early Mesolithic in Ireland does not appear in Ireland until the beakers and it runs from then onwards and so the new history based on ancient DNA is that of among the modern population about 12% are derived from original colonists who spread from these glacial refuges when the the ice sheets retreated about 4% of Irish males come from farmer colonists who spread from the Near East bringing agriculture to Ireland around 4,000 BC and 84% of Irish males are descendants of this movement of bigger populations into Ireland at around 2300 BC that genetically transformed clearly the Irish male population now one of the things you might ask is that it really was it a sudden event or was it simply a migration stream that is at around 2400 BC they would begin to get some R1B and that because anybody coming to Ireland is going to have to be coming from continental Europe the direction of R1B they're going to be carrying R1B with them as well and therefore over time Ireland has gradually developed and built up a population of R1B carriers and well that would seem to be the most logical however in a publication just last year on the beaker culture and looking at Britain where they've collected considerably more ancient DNA evidence it looks so far as they can tell that at around 2400 BC before the beakers hit Britain there was no R1B and within 400 years something like 93% of the males were R1B and that is indeed an incredibly rapid cultural and genetic transformation and if you take a look at the British beakers their ancient DNA the the main segment here red means beaker and blue means Neolithic by and large we're dealing with a population that is either purely continental and carrying the step genes in with them or as you can see a little bit of picking up of Neolithic genes along the way and in a general scope right across Europe the green that you see there is the step gene you see it on the the left there in Samara this is a Russia and the Amnaya culture and then the Corded Ware culture and it goes right over to the beakers and so you see it not in southern Europe or just barely there's about two of them known from Copper Age Spain but the rest fairly uniform right across Britain the Netherlands and according to the evidence that we have so far more than likely Ireland I apologize RAS McAllister I may have taken the piss out of you in 2013 but the bloody geneticists have come back and they're pretty well saying exactly what you were saying in 1949 which is a pretty remarkable thing that's the joy of all of this so this is the conclusion the Irish language arrived in Ireland around 2300 BC so you can forget ideas if they came over 300 BC and things like that well I've always found that any problem if you look at it just the right way is even more complicated than you thought it was and so some further comments then she has not yet sung first some really big problems about this story indicating that it's not all over we had we have a model now that suggests that around 3000 BC if family DNA were going out there and measuring DNA 100% of the population would either be carrying local mesolithic DNA from the original settlement of Western Europe or Mediterranean farmer genes Ireland filled up during the Neolithic its population increased it built its monuments it settled it cleared the landscape the whole thing logic and logistics would have basically predicted that no migration after 3000 BC should have been anywhere near as large as the host population of Ireland at the end of the Neolithic it should have been you know much less it's going to be a minor group of plantation or something like that but if you take a look at modern Ireland according to DNA only about 15% is local mesolithic and Mediterranean farmer genes and 85% comes from steppe or central European genes well you've got the macausters you know description or if you go into Eupedia you can find this taken even further technologically superior Celtic warriors equipped with bronze weapons and riding on horses massacred or enslaved indigenous men while taking their women or they established a ruling elite that passed on more white chromosomes through sustained polygamy over many centuries really well wasn't quite like that we can do illustrations of beaker bowman because they clearly were very much into the idea of archery we find full archery kits routinely in male burials but if you wanted to sit there and contrast the Neolithic with the beaker period well during the Neolithic if they wanted to kill you from afar they could have javelins but they could also use arrows and throughout the most of the Neolithic it would have been laws and shaped arrows that you see there by the broodware the final period we have but we call petite tranche tranche derivatives in any event there is evidence be it in Britain or on the continent of all of these found in human beings as a cause of death so we know that it could be used in warfare as well as in hunting for the beaker period we have abundant evidence of these barbed and tanned arrowheads barbed and tanned arrowheads also of course clearly found individuals and used as weapons so you've got to stand off you've got a hundred beakers fighting up against a hundred locals barbed and tanned arrowheads are not weapons of mass destruction when the other guy is firing arrows back at you and as for the other type of weapon you have copper axes which would be gradually introduced over the course of the beaker period in Ireland and the development of copper metallurgy yes being hit over the head in close combat with the copper axe would certainly do a lot of damage kill you etc obviously however not killing you really any much better than being clubbed over the head with a polished stone axe from the Neolithic in short it's awfully difficult to see weapon superiority between the beakers and the population they came in and supposedly wiped out at least in terms of males also we don't have any evidence certain evidence of the horse in Ireland until about a thousand BC not at the time of the beakers so what happened to the native male population in Ireland how were the more numerous native males deselected from the breeding population this is an absolute key question how is it we try to solve it these are the suggestions selective slaughter of local male population well needless to say we don't have any archaeological evidence for death pits of local males filled with barbed and timed arrow heads or heads bashed in with copper axes nor is it easy to understand why they would let their cells be wiped out like this way a second is that there is evidence in the corded ware culture that the step populations introduced or at least we're familiar with a pestis virus that is they had to play virus and consequently they may have introduced the debilitating disease in areas that they spread this could reduce the local population however the scenario we're dealing with here wants to reduce the males and not the females and so if they were introducing plague they should have wiped out considerable portion of the entire Irish population the third is that there was some form of social selection by local female populations who no longer thought the Mediterranean look was cool and one of these guys with lighter colored hair and therefore this was the selection basically this means we really have no idea why this genetic transformation was so successful in Ireland from an archaeological point of view we can't see it on the ground we we never saw this invasion coming and once the geneticists put it on our plates we can't quite see how they carried it off in the first place now the language problem there's still a language problem there as well our earliest evidence for Irish in Ireland is the Olmstones which date from let's say 400 AD onwards our earliest evidence for Celtic languages of the continent and I'll choose Gaulish here dates in the first centuries BC there's even some earlier evidence arguably in in Northern Italy but we've got far more evidence here in France generally linguists before the genetic evidence was brought in here believes that the Celtic language is their basic split up into their different groups occurred traditionally maybe around a thousand BC there is a school of thought that argues could have been even a lot later than that the split between goidelic that is Irish and Bretonic which becomes Welsh may have only occurred 2,000 years ago about AD 100 when you compare the Om inscriptions and the Gaulish inscriptions for words in which you have got them on inscriptions in both areas and where they are clearly cognate related to each other they are remarkably similar as you can see from this list here so I get this to you the Om the Gaulish don't be too fussed by the exact endings because the the Om inscriptions so generally or in the genitive case a different case than necessarily the Gaulish and I also give you the reconstructed forms that go back to supposing proto Celtic and which is very close to these when we take a look at these lists and see how similar they are and not only includes just individual words but even personal names I list at the bottom there for example that in in both Ireland and Gaul a person could carry a personal name meaning doghead Kuna Kenny in Ireland or Kuna Penis and Gaul in Ireland Gaul in Iberia you could carry the same name Lug's servant or me to borrow and these are personal names that have carried through the important thing about this is that we are suggesting on genetic evidence that proto Celtic goes back to the beakers at around 2,500 BC we're intercepting Gaulish let's say at 100 BC Om at about 400 to 708 D this is remarkably similar for languages separated by two and a half to 3,000 years one would not have expected this level of similarity take a look at the differences for example even among the modern romance languages this is the beginning of the Lord's Prayer and I give it to you in Latin so that you have a distance between Latin and the beginnings of the romance languages around 800 to 1,000 AD or the current production of the of the romance languages since the occurrence of romance seen in the comparison of Spanish or French or if you want to come closer to home other than prepositions and pronouns which I've tried to indicate maybe the odd verb that I've tried to indicate here in red how much of the opening of Beowulf and you're only about a thousand years away from it in English can you understand when was the last time you from a dawn to Ellen or anything else here and consequently it has changed so much in that time and think back then at Gaulish and Irish after 3,000 years how similar they still seem to have been so the question then is do we still need later migrations to account for the similarity of Gaulish and primitive Irish in other words do we set the clock at 2,500 BC or were there later invasions that we have not yet recovered within R1B that would tell us when the Irish language came in I need to look I can end this here and that would take you to the end or you might prefer some questions I'm going to look at you and you're going to signal to me what to do I'll be talking fast if there is a later invasion it's going to be a small one right it cannot be something that completely changed the Irish male genome as you previously seen otherwise we'd certainly have seen that so it's going to be smaller migration so how would a smaller migration come in this menu and change the language of Ireland and for this what you need to know is basically how language shift occurs how does a smaller language infiltrate a society and spread and so this is a quick model we have here an island Irish has not yet been introduced they're speaking the red language and they speak it in all of their social domains and the social domains it's a concept in linguistics you can certainly understand this one individual the Emperor Charles the fifth is reputed to have spoken Spanish to God French to his soldiers Italian to his women and German to his horse each one of those represented a different social domain or talk about a Mumbai spice merchant who spoke Gujarati at home speaks Kachi when he is in his own shop but when he's buying spices in the general market has to speak Marathi if he climbs on a bus he's going to be speaking Hindustani but if he wants to take an international trip on a plane he has to shift to English all of those are different social domains and the trick of the trade in spreading a language is that a target language indicated here in blue arrives and establishes some domestic some settlers and non domestic social domains there are certain areas in which their language will be particularly spoken the Reds who are there will be attracted to the new social domains and therefore you can see a little bit of some of the social domains spreading through red territory there the target language begins spreading across more and more social domains until ultimately you get societal bilingualism where the target language is spoken in most of the non domestic domains and in some houses previously read they're growing letting their children grow up speaking blue instead so the whole society becomes bilingual Reds are bilingual blues just shout louder ultimately you get language death finally you have in that one Red House a grandmother red grandmother singing red lullabies to her uncomprehending blue grandchildren as her language dies and the blues have replaced it now when you look at social domains in Ireland throughout the prehistoric period this is tricky because it's difficult to find too many different social domains because it has dispersed settlement pattern in other words there has to be social domains boys have to meet girls somewhere but by and large it has the landscape that you still see today without the cities farms are individual to be scattered across the landscape separated by force so how in the world will a language spread in there where will the social domains the new social domains occur and when I wrote the book this is the theory I'm still clutching even though the genetic evidence is against it is that about a thousand BC we now have over a hundred and five known hill forts and these are central places in Ireland these are places where metallurgy occurs or major ceremony occurs things like that they are the perfect vehicle for spreading a new language or encouraging bilingualism among a population that is completely dispersed so that is still a theory that I that I kind of like the genetic evidence is running against it unless a more refined look at the the R1B indicates something different and the final thing that I will touch on is identity I've talked about Irish genes and everything else but when did the population of this island know they were Irish and this you know for a prehistorian what I'm about to do is impossible but nevertheless run with me we have nearly historical period and it continues even today a concept that Ireland is divided up into five provinces the four traditional ones with me which means the middle the center and as part of what we'll call a political cosmology almost a religious way of looking at how Ireland is organized where each of the different provinces ruled by Tara in the center are renowned for certain aspects Lester for prosperity Connet for learning Munster for music and no change there Ulster for the keyword is cough battle you know and so that's what it's known for a book that appeared some time ago by Nicholas Atchison regarding our ma on the Royal Centers of Early Medieval Ireland argued that the Iron Age capitals of these provinces of which we have excavated or some evidence of excavation on on all of them but what Munster these Iron Age sites are really ceremonial they're not residential or defensive capitals depicted in the in Irish tradition and this whole concept of five province system he argues is built into the political ideology of the email who were rising in the fifth century they created this to convince the rest of Ireland that as they were the high kings of Ireland all other kings of Ireland were below them and and we're owing to them so this was to justify their political aspirations and it was argued that this five province system could not lie in the prehistoric period because its ideological function in political context lies in the early medieval period and this cosmological scheme could scarcely have developed without relating to the well basically the email ideology but what in the world does this mean when the email we're trying to come up with let's make a five province scheme and we'll put a capital in each one of them they could have picked the Henge monuments scattered all over they could have picked the hill forts that a hundred and five of them to choose for a Henge monument would be like the giant's ring but of all the gin joints in Ireland they picked the Iron Age monuments that carry the name of the capitals into the medieval period that is just the way iris tradition said they were be they the capital of Ulster at Navin old Irish Evan Maka or on Waka if you prefer or Donaldina the capital of Lester who have the same architecture by and large throughout two different periods so why pick iron age ceremonial enclosures of a similar date or similar and similar morphology same shape could only conclude that either the email spin doctors were also brilliant archaeologists who had access to ground penetrating radar because all of these sites were completely overgrown by the period of the e-nails or Ireland did adopt a new political ideology in the first centuries BC and if a whole island adopted the same overarching political ideology that saw itself as an island occupied with a ruling center and four surrounding characteristic provinces what you probably had then is the earliest concept of Ireland and the Irish thank you very much for a fabulous lecture we are a little bit over time but I'm going to allow one or two questions from the audience so questions for Jim any particular questions or just rad just over here before the yes your your math is interesting you haven't mentioned the book of invasions and what they first told us about the story and how that fits with the now evolved theories that's right the reason why I haven't talked about that is because if I did you wouldn't go out and buy my latest book in search of the iris dream time in which I take a closer look at the the log wall and things like that if you want to know the book of invasions would say that the Irish began in Skithia which is the area north of the Black Sea and then came through the Near East through Egypt etc there were the children of Israel that came at the parting of the sea children of Israel went across the Irish went back ultimately crossing all the way to Spain and then of course from Spain seeing Ireland and then the sons of mill sailed from there to Ireland to take the land from the to us at the dawn and the the previous occupants of it and there are people who will say my god there is something in all of that because I've just given you a genetic one that begins in the area of Skithia north of the black and Caspian seas and brought you with an origin you know directly across Europe rather than the Securities route unfortunately it is only circumstantially the right answer because anybody writing at the time the Irish were dealing with this would be drawing their population from Skithia Skithia was believed to be the area previously occupied by the sons of Jaffet and when the sons of Noah divided up the world and Shem got the Semitic speaking Ham got the Hemitic everybody else was Jaffetic and that was north of the black sea and therefore the biblical explanation for the old origins of the Irish and Germans and everyone else would take you back to that same area so I don't believe anything about deep skeptic yes I'm gonna ask the last question professor Dan Bradley we know very very well at the ancient genetic laboratory in Trinity College in Dublin did the analysis on the Ballina Hattie and Rathland Island finds he also has he says in the tens of ancient DNA samples from a variety of ancient archaeological digs over the last several millennia and those are being analyzed as we speak so looking into the future for the third edition of your book in 2022 what do you think is going to happen when we have the new genetic data I didn't set you up for this I would have imagined that in the future research first thing we need is genetic profile of female populations through time and with larger samples we should start getting that the standard model regarding migrations is normally migrations are carried out by young males who take local females for wives before you get a genetic stream of local females and whether that is so or not will be determined by some of whatever Dan is up to second thing absolutely critical certainly for archaeologists is knowing what is the contribution the real contribution at the level of ancient DNA between the local population of Ireland who occupied Ireland from 8,000 to 4,000 BC to the Neolithic itself because the big question is to what extent the Neolithic was a product of migration and basically the wiping out of local hunter-gatherer societies or to what extent local hunter-gatherer societies simply adopted and adapted to a new economy and became the basic thing that I hope will be settled by Dan stuff and then we have all types of these other little invasions that once we now have the DNA studied like Lincoln's town kiss or middle Neolithic stuff or grooved where all of these things will be able to see whether these are really just movement of a cultural influence diffusion or are we going to be blindsided again and the one that would get me least surprised about being blindsided and I'm just going to skip through these real quick is the one closest to home before the beakers I mentioned the grooved wear the beakers so far as we can see in Ireland they work metals no question about that we have evidence of their minds beaker copper mines and things like that but other than that all they did was drop pot shirts on the ground or in the pits they didn't seem to build anything unless they were building the wedge tombs themselves and not just simply using them from somebody else the people before them the grooved wear we don't know for sure who built the giant's right since we're in Belfast this is a closest you know monument however just outside of it was an enormous timber structure and that was built by the grooved wear people and we find their their monuments elsewhere in Ireland they built big ceremonial complexes they looked like they originally came from from Scotland actually the Orkneys tends to be the point of origin and that surely what would like to find out do we have actually another transformation of Ireland at that time or not excellent well please give a warm round of applause to Professor Jim Hammond the next presentation here will be me in about five minutes so I'll catch up on the time then see you then Thank you Jim, that was brilliant. Has that muted? Let me just turn it off. There you go you're free. That was the moment I was going to say that other thing was a little bastard. Just as it's broadcast on YouTube. That was done on a children's program in America in the 1930s. Was it really? Okay. Fine, well thank you so much for that. I'll set up my next presentation. Do you want to take these guys outside and ask questions and that's it. Right, now. I've had a word with Martin and I was going to organize a trip around Prone. Let me just do this because I'll have to focus on several things at the same time and I think I might have just ruined his present, a genie out is there. Right okay so I need this and I need MG2 and that is going to go up now and I have to go to the loo so I will be back in two minutes. I'll come with you.