 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we continue studying the Swadi Sandhi. We have studied what is a Swadi Sandhi. We said that Swadi Sandhi is that Sandhi which substitutes the Swadi suffixes. In the specific environment of deriving a powder that is embedded in the derivation of a sentence. Remember we are talking about the derivation of the entire sentence with all the building elements placed side by side and the rules applying and the simultaneous derivation. So we have here the sentence template, we have studied this before but let us review this. So this particular sentence consists of three padas. This is one pra plus sup, this is second pra plus sup and this is third dha plus thing. According to the definition of the sentence namely Ekating Vaakyam there has to be one thing for this unit to be called a sentence and that is why this thing is there. The prakriti of this thing is dhatu that is why this dhatu is also mentioned here by the initial sound dha. The remaining padas they are all subhanthas ending in sup and the prakriti for the sup is pratipadika which is mentioned here by the initial sound pra. So pra plus sup plus pra plus sup plus dhatu plus thing. This is the sentence and when these elements are placed side by side the first thing that happens where rules apply are internally and the words get derived and once these are derived then these elements they come into contact with the other padas and then these contacts or these combinations result in the sandhi which is what is described here as svadi sandhi. So this is a pratipadika and this is a sup, this is a pratipadika and this is a sup and this is dhatu and this is a thing. So when this padar comes into contact with this padar and this padar comes into contact with this padar obviously this sound of the pratyaya is coming immediately before this particular initial sound of the next padar and they are in uttered in close proximity. Similar is the case with this particular final sound of the sup pratyaya and then in place of these sup pratyayas there is the sandhi that is happening. Each sounds get replaced by these other substitutes and that is the reason why these are called sandhis, these are called svadi sandhis because they substitute the svadi suffixes and we have seen svadi includes the 21 suffixes stated in 412 as well as the other suffixes also. So we have seen this what is a svadi, svadi is referring to the suffixes which are termed vibhakti defined by 1, 4, 1, 0, 4 where sup and thing both are termed vibhakti. Sup suffixes are 21 suffixes added after a pratipadika or a nominal route stated by 412 in the astadhyayi and things suffixes are the 18 suffixes added after a verbal route stated by the sutra 3478 in the astadhyayi. So to give you a specific example once again this is what is a svadi sandhi. If we have ramas plus gramam plus nayati of course ramas, gramam and nayati these are derived internally by adding the suffix sir to ramam, am to gramam and ti to ni and this internal derivation has happened and now ramas and gramam and nayati they come into contact. So this sir comes immediately before this gh and this sir appears at the end of a padha. So this sir gets substituted and there is a chain of substitution which results in finally us getting this particular form ramam, ramam, gramam, gachati or nayati. So this o is termed as the result of the svadi sandhi. Similarly ramayana, grammas and gamam, nayati. So this sir becoming o this is what is the result of the svadi sandhi. Here are the sutras and we have studied some of them in the previous lecture namely sasa jishoruhu, atorora plutada plute and hashicha and we also noted an important feature of these sutras namely that as far as 6113 and 114 are concerned they are having an input which is an output of 8266 which is generally prohibited in the ashtadhyayi. Now in this lecture we shall study the two more important sutras which substitute year in place of ru and they are bhobhago agho apurvasya yoshi and hali sarvesham. Let us take up bhobhago agho apurvasya yoshi 8317. This sutra has got three padas bhobhago agho apurvasya yaha and ashi roho is continued. So bhobhago agho apurvasya is 6 slash 1 of bhos, bhagos and aghos and apurva is an adjective so apurvasya where a is purva, a stands for all 18 varieties of a. The sixth case in bhobhago agho apurvasya means part of yaha is 1 slash 1 of year which refers to the sound year and so this 1 slash 1 refers to the substitute. She is 7 slash 1 of ash, ash means all vowels plus her plus semi vowels plus class consonants 5, 4 and 3, ash means immediately before ash. Roho is 6 slash 1 of ru which is sound r, so roho means in place of. So here we have roho as the substitute year as the substitute and this ru has to be a part of bhos, bhagos and aghos and this ru should have a immediately preceding and the right hand side environment has to be ash. So the meaning of bhobhago agho apurvasya yoshi is the following. Immediately before ash in place of ru which comes immediately after a and which is also a part of bhos, bhagos and aghos is substituted by year. I repeat immediately before ash, ash in place of ru, roho which comes immediately after a apurvasya and which is also a part of bhos, bhagos and aghos, bhobhago agho. This is substituted, this ru is substituted by year. These are the examples, these are the template examples. So we have bhos plus ash and this sir first of all becomes ru, so bhoru plus ash and then this ru is substituted by year. Since this ru is part of bhos and ash is following immediately, so this ru gets substituted by year. The derivation process does not end here as we shall see next. Then we have bhagos plus ash, sir is substituted by ru, by the sutra sasajusho ruho and we have studied this sutra before. Now this ru gets substituted by year by the present sutra 8317 bhobhago agho apurvasya yoshi. Similarly aghos plus ash, sir is substituted by ru, by sasajusho ruho 8266 and this ru is substituted by year by the present sutra 8317 bhobhago agho apurvasya yoshi. Similarly, you have this ur coming before sir, so as plus ash and sir is substituted by ru. Now is this ru is such that it is preceded immediately by ur. So this is apurva ru followed by ash, so this ru by this particular sutra is substituted by year and so we get i plus ash as the output generated by this particular sutra. Similarly, because there is the mention of apurva, this ur as we said before is all 18 varieties. So let us look at the dirgha variety of ur namely r, so we have r plus ash and this sir is substituted by ru, so we have r ru plus ash. Now this ru is such that it is preceded immediately by ur, long variety of ur. So this ru now is substituted by year by the present sutra bhobhago agho apurvasya yoshi. Now once we reach this particular stage where the output is generated then the other sutras apply. The first of all this sutra Lopasakalyasya applies. Let us study what this sutra has to say. This sutra has got two padas Lopah and Shakalyasya, Lopah is one slash one of Lopah that is deletion. This is stated as a substitute, Shakalyasya means in view of the grammarian Shakalyasya. Those continued are apurvasya whose previous sound is a jvoho six slash two of jva in place of year and ver and ashi seven slash one of ash thereby meaning immediately before ash. So now here we have year and ver stated as the substituents Lopah or the deletion or the zero substitute stated as the substitute in the environment of a preceding an ash following. This in view of Shakalyasya and therefore the option. So the sutra means immediately before ash in place of year and ver which come immediately after a substitute zero or deletion in the view of the grammarian Shakalyasya. So let us look at the meaning of the sutra Lopah-Shakalyasya it means immediately before ash in place of year and ver which come immediately after a substitute zero or deletion in the view of the grammarian Shakalyasya. So here we have a plus year or ver and this year or ver comes at the end of the p other followed by ash and then in place of this year or ver substitute zero optionally. So this a plus year or ver plus ash this is the input and A319 applies and returns a plus zero plus ash as the optional output. The other output would be this but Lopah-Shakalyasya says this could be the other output. So the meaning of the sutra once again is immediately before ash in place of year and ver which come immediately after a and which are also at the end of the p other substitute zero deletion in the view of the grammarian Shakalyasya. Then there is one more sutra which applies in this particular environment which is Hali-Sarvesham. Hali-Sarvesham now Hali-Sarvesham is A322 this has got two paddas Hali and Sarvesham. Hali is seven slash one of Hul which means immediately before a consonant Sarvesham is six slash three of Sarvesham which means in view of all. The words continued are bhobhago agho apurvasya which is six slash one of bhobhago apurva and this six case means part of. Yaha is six slash one of year sound year this means in place of and Lopah that is one slash one of Lopah or deletion and this is stated as the substitute. So the sutra means in view of all grammarians in place of year which comes immediately after a and which is part of bhos bhagos aghos substitute zero. I repeat in view of all grammarians in place of year which comes immediately after a and which is part of bhos bhagos and aghos substitute zero. So this can be put in the form of an equation like this bhobhago agho or a plus year plus Hul in this case we refer to only hash because that is part of the Pratyahara ash as well which is the condition for the year substitute to occur in the first place. So now when we have bhos slash bhagos slash aghos slash a plus year plus Hul and the output generated by this particular sutra in such a condition is bho slash bhago slash agho slash a plus zero plus Hul that is hash. So this is the template example if you have bho slash bhago slash agho slash a plus year plus hash. If this is the case then you have bho slash bhago slash agho slash a plus zero that is deletion plus hash this is the optional derivation lopashakalyasya and if you have bho slash bhago plus agho plus a slash a plus year plus Hul then bho slash bhago slash agho slash a plus zero plus Hul this is the generated output by the sutra hali sarvesham. This is the end result of the meaning of these sutras namely lopashakalyasya and hali sarvesham which operate on the output generated by the sutra bhobhago agho apurvasya yoshi. Remember the input for bhobhago agho apurvasya yoshi is ru and the output for the same sutra is year. This year becomes the input for lopashakalyasya and also hali sarvesham. So as far as lopashakalyasya is concerned ashi is continued and there is optional deletion of year and then as far as hali sarvesham is concerned in front of Hul the deletion is obligatory accepted by all. So therefore the end result of application of both these sutras which state the substitution for year is this. If there is bho slash bhago slash agho slash a plus year plus H then year gets optionally deleted but if you have bho slash bhago plus agho plus a slash a plus year plus Hul then this year is permanently deleted. Let us look at the example. In this lecture here after let us look at the first examples of the output that is generated which is stated on the left hand side of the slide and we shall focus on the output generated by hali sarvesham stated on the right hand side of this particular slide in the next lecture. So let us study this first. If you have us plus H and then sir coming at the end of the pada so sir gets substituted by ru so aru plus H is the output this aru plus H is the input for bhobhago agho apurbashya yoshi and so I plus H is the output this output I plus H becomes the input for lopashakalyasya and also hali sarvesham so lopashakalyasya first of all applies over here and then we have the deletion of year optionally. This is the further processing that happens on in the environment of H immediately following. Let us study some template examples first and then we shall take up the specific examples. So we have us plus a as the first case and then this sir will be substituted by ru so we have aru plus a now in this case we have already studied the sutra ator or aplutha would apply and then substitute this ru by u so you have aru plus ar and then this ar and u they would become o by the guna sandhi so you have o plus ar as the next derivation and then this o plus ar since o comes at the end of the pada we will have another sutra applying and substituting both these o and ar by the purva ru per namely o so at the therefore and therefore o will be the resultant output and so this is not the output generated by lopashakalyasya there is no scope and that is why this is put in different colors. Let us now go ahead if you have us followed by a then this sir becomes ru obviously by the sutra then this ru gets substituted by a by the sutra so you have a plus a and then optionally this year gets deleted and you have a plus a then you have us us us plus e as the input and then sir is substituted by ru aru plus e now this becomes input for so you have a plus e as the output then this becomes the input for lopashakalyasya which then delete this year optionally so you have a plus e as the optional output generated by the application of lopashakalyasya a 3 19 then we have us plus o and then aru plus o then i plus o and finally optionally o plus o similarly us plus ru and we have aru plus ru as the next step substituted by i plus ru and optionally the deletion of year so we have aru plus ru then we have us plus lu next step is aru plus lu then i plus lu and finally optionally aru plus lu where year gets deleted optionally similarly us plus a and we have aru plus a then we have i plus a bho bha go agho and then this year gets optionally deleted so we have aru plus a optionally derived then we have us plus o and then we have aru plus o then this ru becomes year i a plus o and then finally this year gets optionally dropped so we have aru plus o similarly us plus i and we have aru plus i then ru gets substituted by year and so year gets optionally deleted by lopashakalyasya and we get a plus i as the optionally derived form then we have us plus o then aru plus o then i a plus o and year gets optionally deleted so we get a plus o these are the template examples and then we have us plus hush and sir is substituted by ru aru plus hush and then we have ru substituted by o by the sutra hashicha and so we have aru plus hush and aru get the substitution o by adgunahan so you have o plus hush as the final substitute final derived form and this is the example of this particular case we have shivas plus khasati where sir comes at the end of the pada followed by her so sir is substituted by ru and ru is substituted by o by the sutra hashicha and then this ar in shiva over here and o then they get substituted by o so we have shivo plus khasati this is the output generated by the application of these sutras. Now let us look at the examples of us plus h being the input and sir becoming ru so they was plus aah and then sir becoming ru by sasa jushu ru hu ru becoming year by bho bha go agho apur vasya yoshi and then finally this year getting deleted by this particular sutra lopasha kallesya so we have deva aah optionally as the output similarly devas plus iti and sir becomes ru ru becomes year and then this year is optionally deleted so we have deva iti as an optionally derived form similarly devas plus utha and sir becomes ru ru becomes year year becomes zero optionally and so we have deva plus utha as the optionally derived form then we have devas plus rishi so deva ru plus rishi then deva y plus rishi then this year gets optionally deleted so we have deva plus rishi then we have devas plus lukaraha and the finally derived form is deva lukaraha optionally after having dropped deleted this year optionally similarly devas plus ekaha sir is substituted first by ru then by year and then finally it is deleted optionally and so we get deva ekaha then we have devas plus om so becoming ru ru becoming year and this year gets deleted optionally so we have deva plus om similarly devas plus idhata and the finally derived form is deva plus idhata this is optionally derived then we have devas plus aushadham and finally we get deva plus aushadham optionally derived then we have bhos plus achhuta where sir is substituted by ru then by year and then finally year gets deleted so we have bho achhuta similarly bho achhuta and agho achhuta are the forms that are also derived the next question is when we have deva plus aahe as the final output why there is no further sandhi like for example in deva plus aahe we can do the savarna dirga sandhi by 6 1 1 0 1 by substituting this a and this a by the savarna dirga of a namely a so we have we can have deva aahe similarly deva plus iti this is the output we can apply guna sandhi we can apply the sutra ad gunaha 6 187 and do the guna sandhi and get the form deveti similarly deva ekaha this is the scope for the vridhi sandhi 6 188 and the resultant output would be deva ekaha similarly deva plus aushadham once again vridhi sandhi and the output would be deva aushadham why this further sandhi does not happen so these forms these sandhis are not explained in paninian grammar the paninian grammatical tradition interprets this as the fact that these forms are not allowed by the paninian grammatical tradition they are not grammatical so why no further sandhi in these cases the answer is very simple the answer is that because users did not use it but then how does the grammar explain this particular fact the grammar explains by arranging the sutras in such a way where the output of certain sutras is said to be not to become the input for the other sutras acidha section the output of the sutra in the acidha section does not become the input for any previous sutra this is what acidha section stands for and here we see that the output of A319 namely 0 in place of year does not become the input for 6 187 and 88 to summarize we studied more substitutes in place of ru which was stated as a substitute of sir at the end of a padha these two substitutes are year and zero several occurrences like dhritarashtra uvacha sanjaya uvacha can be explained using the sutras that we studied so far in the swadi sandhi due to the principle of the acidha using which the sutras are arranged in the grammar absence of sandhi is not explained by the grammarian next we study the remaining examples and other cases related to this particular swadi sandhi this we shall do in the next lecture thank you very much for your attention