 Mae bwyddynau ichi rhai i'r bwysig o'r dysgu sy'n gweithio gyda'r cyfliffydd ar yr acmu. Rwy'n gwineud y gallwch yn bwysig i Josef Sera o Sao Paolo, y Lyfr i Sao Paolo, y dyfodill ar gael a Sunday, bod wedi bod wedi'u gyfweld o ei beth, erbyn am hyn yn ysgoff ddechrau ar y dyfodill y gallwn cyhoeddi, ac o amser, that he was our previous host and has come a long way from Sao Paolo. I'm going to give you a little bit more time than the others. So, Jose, over to you. Let me start by thanking the London School of Economics, the Alfred Hellhaus in Society and the Urban Age team for this continuing diversify and oral study of what is the urban experience in our age. It's for me a privilege really to be a part of this project and to be in Istanbul for the second time in my life and be a witness of all the normal changes the city has been through. I shall make some remarks of the international economic crisis and the urban question being especially in mind of course the Brazilian Sao Paolo experience. During its peak, the present crisis is affected in a greater or lesser degree, all major cities in the world. London and Sao Paolo, for example, Sao Paolo has a larger industrial dimension than London and less leveraged real estate market. But in the peak of the crisis, both cities were similarly affected and the dark or cats are grey. Nevertheless, in this moment of the economic recovery, Sao Paolo is faring better than London. But this is due to the fact that Brazil is faring better than United Kingdom and not due to a difference in urban policies. It is different performance of national economies that is causing stability or worsening of living conditions in the larger urban centers. And that means bad news, in my opinion, for the city regions of developed countries. Since the current crisis will lead to a new dynamics of the international economy as Mr Carmel Davis data show here very clearly. The overall growth in the world world will be subdued for next years, but it may be said that growth in the advanced market economies will be quite lower than growth in emerging economies. Of course I am talking of average since both emerging market economies and advanced economies do not constitute a single block. There are exceptions in Latin America, Venezuela for instance, in Eastern Europe, in Asia and even in Western Europe where Germany's performance will be quite better than the British one. One of the factors that explain the difference between advanced and emerging economies is that the anti-cyclical fiscal policies adopted during the peak of the crisis will lead to higher public adapting relation to GDP. This is in the entire world, but in a more dramatic way in G7 economies. The net, just to give two examples, the net depth of United States and United Kingdom, for instance, will increase to around 70% of GDP by the end of 2010, almost twice the pre-crisis levels. As a consequence, market perceptions of a relative risk will change in favor of emerging markets. We face then two main challenges in my opinion for central countries, how to redefine policies for large urban centers in order not only to avoid the dramatic deterioration but also to transform then in recovery factors for their economies. Second, for emerging ones, how to take advantage of so important opportunities, new opportunities to promote an important gain in the quality of urban life to reduce social cleavages and correct past mistakes and mismanagements. Unfortunately, the anti-cyclical policies adopted have not so far as a rule included larger and better planned investments in greater urban centers where unemployment and social problems are bigger. In a number of cases, these investments were even cut or slowed down. That's the case of Brazil, where state governments and municipalities care out more than 70% of public investments. That was in Brazil, of course, a strong national short-term fiscal anti-cycle policy, but centered on seller increase of federal public servants and on a cut on federal taxes on durable consumer goods despite the fall of overall tax revenues. Those measures avoided the economic slump, but brought about a decrease on the constitutional transfer from the federal government to states and municipalities, whose own tax revenues, by the way, had also fallen due to the crisis. But unlike the federal government, they are illegally unable to issue local or state public bonds to finance their deficit. Thus, the federal government deficit could increase to finance consumption, but local and state governments could not increase their deficits and had to sacrifice their investments. Most of it then in urban development. It's a paradox. We all know that a time of increasing globalization, issues related to competitiveness, becomes central. Urban policies have been forced to go beyond the measures addressing traditional urban problems. It is necessary now to take proactive action to foster competitiveness and attractiveness. The old industrial policy is being replaced by new urban policy, and that is especially relevant in times of a world economic crisis. Sao Paulo, which is my city and my state, has no competitor in Latin America as a financial center, but the increase in the dimension of business will demand more sophisticated and encompassing policies, too. That's why we developed policies of great urban impact, expansions of subway and metropolitan trains, about $20 billion of investments in six years, new highways, regeneration of the old city center and the metropolitan area, urbanization of slums with regularization of proper titles. And a strong expansion of the technical and technological schooling for young people provided by state government. Also more safety. The data that has been presented is not the real data now. The murder rate now is about 11 in Sao Paulo, not 21 as was presented here in 206. On the other hand, I must say that we have about 50% of the prison mates in Brazil having 22% of the Brazilian population. And also investments in health care. Health care is a very sharp complaining by the population. Now all of these improve the living conditions of the pool, create a healthy environment for business, generate more jobs and opportunities in a kind of a virtual cycle of development. But the main difficulty to put the circle, circle, emotion more rapidly is not the lack of political will or coherent ideas as one is usually tempted to say at least in Brazil. But the real budget restriction. We suffer there from a paradox. For instance, the Brazilian financial system is concentrated in Sao Paulo, more than 75%. But it pays very little taxes to city and none to the state. The main taxes it pays and high ones are all federal taxes. Very little of these federal tax revenues is transferred back to larger cities and almost nothing to more developed states. So we have the development of very important economic activities without tax revenues from them. Finally, the federal government contributes moderately in urban investments and traditionally nothing to the rail, urban transport in Sao Paulo. Although there is in Brazil a ministry of cities, urban problems are not real dealt with as if they were a federal issue. And I think it should be. This is our crucial problem now. Well, but these are all specific problems of one city region. I would say city region, the most important for Brazil. But we share the problems with the whole city regions of the country. But every country has its own problems in their city regions. And everyone has a lot to learn with each other's experience, mistakes, successes and peculiarities. This is one of the best qualities of urban age. Thank you. Thank you very much. And we're now going to move north but stay in the American hemisphere and go to Anthony Williams, who was mayor of Washington D.C. for eight years until 2007 and has also been closely linked with the urban age program right from the start. Thank you, Howard. And let me also thank all of our friend and my friend, Governor Sarah, for his remarks and for traveling so far to be with us today and thank him. I'll be very brief in recognition of the time and really just pose some questions in response to what I've heard. One general question I would pose as a former practitioner is someone who continues to be involved in local issues around the world and certainly in the United States is, I think necessarily so, our presenters were descriptive and they implicitly had some prescriptions for what we should be doing generally and implicitly on what we've got to be doing locally. But a question for all of us is how does this really affect what we're doing on a local level? What steps should we be taking to put some of these observations into reality? And that's kind of my point in general. I thought Kamal's presentation was interesting to me, one because he's an economist and had a clear point of view so I thought that was interesting just to begin with and that's a compliment. And number two I found it, well it was very powerful to hear the relationship between, what I heard was there is a clear relationship between growth and the acceleration of this growth and urbanization and that was great to hear. It was also particularly important for me to hear, I had a real effect on me to hear that there was a flattening of inequality and I think a question for me and I think for all of us is what does this mean certainly generally? What does it mean on a local level? What steps can we be taking to try to take advantage of that flattening? Because clearly in our cities that is a huge issue. You could look at Washington DC as an example and look at the tremendous growth in the economy, the tremendous investment, the tremendous prosperity in the city along so many indicators that it remains as Bruce would certainly recognize from his work across the United States a city in a region divided. Finally a couple of questions for Kamal in looking at this relationship of growth and urbanity. What does that say about the relationship between the formal and the informal economy? And what does that say about the relationship between large businesses and small businesses? And again what steps should we be taking? Looking to Bruce, you know in the United States our notion of cities really has been impoverished over the years. The United States has a wonderful understanding and appreciation of the public realm when it comes to something like public spaces and national parks and a very impoverished, narrow, stingy, horrible view in my perspective as a former mayor when it comes to public space, public responsibility in urban places. And so if we look at the future of the economy of the United States as one example it's going to be an innovation based economy, a carbon based economy and so on in this relationship to local governments more broadly defined as metro areas. Again what does this mean for us as local areas putting this into practice because I can tell you from personal experience as a mayor going to these metro councils you know this Bruce this is a dreary business right now. So the debate and the energy that's happening up at the national level and I applaud the president for taking these initial steps has to now percolate down to the local level to have lasting traction and lasting impact. And lastly the presentation when it went to the economy and capital markets and their expectations for cities. Again what are the local steps necessary to produce this transparency and this accountability at the local level where capital markets and the investment is invited and the returns are generated and further investment is justified. I would just say that at the local level we so often hear bankers coming saying we want this and that and this ABC from the local level in terms of accountability. But we get mixed messages. We hear that we want major investments in our workforce but then we hear another group of people representing the capital markets and I certainly have heard them loud and clear saying we want major investments in stadiums and this and that and do the two go together. And understanding that creating this transparency and accountability at a local level is creating really a system but understanding that a system exists in a management control environment which really exists in this larger ecology of the city. We're talking about not just systems hardware and software but also people organization and process and in thinking of all these steps you know broadly answering the question how do we make all of this description at the kind of broad general strategic level reality down at the task nitty gritty local level. Thanks very much Anthony. Maybe in order to get the salience of public space in cities to rival that of national parks you need a kind of urban equivalent of yogi bear. Maybe that's a task for Bruce at the Brookings Institute to invent one. We're going to move straight on to NASA Munji but there's quite a good link because you ended up by talking about financing picking up air since points and he's the chairman of the development credit bank for India. Thank you very much Mr Chairman. Let me just make a few very personal comments on how I see this space of activity and I'll go and follow the presentations made. I think really the 20th century was about urbanization. When we turned 19 to the 20th century we had about 12 or dozen cities with a million plus population. As we turned into the 21st century we have 450 million cities, million plus population. So clearly the problems we're going to face in the 21st century are going to be about managing cities, living with cities, building institutions for these cities. And I think that is the sort of agenda that we are facing. The telecommunications industry has networked a lot of these cities in a very dramatic way. So technologies have changed the way cities are linked together. I like to think about the global environment in a sense what Kemal was saying in terms of the world growth in the 20th century links to this creativity that people getting together into cities and I think that's not a part of the reason why we had growth in the 20th century. But in terms of this global environment I like to sort of classify it into the three Cs and the three Ls if you like. The three Cs being, we are now because of these revolutions in technology and movement in a realm of competition, comparative advantage and connectivity. Very critical for the future of cities. And the three Ls that I like to think about is location, location, location, location, very important for cities. Logistics which is something that you mentioned really about how logistics are going to work and livability. In Bombay some years ago I had a survey and I asked top CEOs what are the top elements that determine your choices of location? And the top of that list was the cost of doing business. Very critical. Two, the labour market. What sort of labour market do I face? Third, what is the social infrastructure that the city offers? And fourth was crime and safety and governance. These are the broad issues that most CEOs were looking at. Now you're seeing in terms of the application of these concepts in terms of cities, at least in Asia, that I've been sort of watching. One is the global city through financial centres. That's obvious. We've seen London, Tokyo, Paris etc. merge. We've seen cities use sports as a major transformation element. We've seen this in Beijing. You're seeing it in London. You're seeing it in Mexico City. You saw it in Barcelona. Iconic buildings. The Guggenheim Museum actually transformed Bilbao and put it on the world stage. There's also an economic argument in terms of gateway cities. Cities that realise that they become gateways to regions. You're seeing this very much in our region, which is Dubai and Singapore. Singapore being a gateway city to the Far East and to India. Dubai becoming a gateway city to Central Asia, Africa and India. And they've used it very intelligently in terms of how they might build a future on this. Moving on to the real problems that we are really facing in, let's say, the developing world and what cities are facing the developing world. And all of us, Sao Paolo, India face the same problem of fiscal centralisation. And clearly finance has to be locally raised revenues for local expenditure should be the way to go. Normally central governments don't encourage that system, but it's a system that we're going to have to move in. Property taxes are a very important element of city revenues. And can they be revived? You can't just talk about capital markets. The second issue really is on finance. The use of land as a resource. Land is the most valuable resource in a city. And we could use land as a resource in the hundreds of ways in which that can be done. And it makes the most dramatic impact. Bruce mentioned infrastructure. Infrastructure for cities is absolutely crucial. How do they get financed? In fact today the developing world has a great opportunity of building its growth on infrastructure drivers. In fact today is the cheapest time to do infrastructure. You can get construction equipment, you can get logistics as cheap as possible. You can get the inputs for infrastructure development. Normally nations can raise the finance. I don't think finance is a problem in India for example. If you want to do the infrastructure investment programme so it is entirely possible. But I think very critical for us and I think this wrap up is really the institutional elements of city growth. The institutions that the city has for its own development. The governance structures. The intellectual inputs that are required in cities. And the nature of partnerships because I think most developing country cities require partnerships to develop. In a sense we need public-public partnerships. Partnerships within the public sector. I think you can synergize that in a number of very creative ways. We need public-private partnerships which is something that as mentioned in terms of how you can get private capital to move in. The British PFI is a great example of how social infrastructure can actually be put together through output based contracts. Where the government actually pays for services but the services are provided to citizens. So there is a whole range of partnerships that we can look at. The whole citizen government partnership is how can citizens be brought into the agenda setting exercise for cities. Because after all cities are about people and it's not planning for people but planning with people. And I think that paradigm has to change. People have to be very much part of that planning process. The whole issue of urban design. So often planners are just ignoring the whole issue of urban design as they build cities. The urban design agenda is going to be very very large as we move forward. So I think the agendas for cities are the list is long. But I think what we really need are one or two critical items. One is caring to do something. I find the word care doesn't exist. Let me just conclude by one sentence. Let us design what we would like to see built and then find the process and means to achieve it. Thank you very much. Our next three discussants will bring us perspectives from Istanbul. Our next discussion is Mr Mohsin Mengiturk who is a member of the board of directors of Doge Group here in Istanbul. Last night in the award ceremony, the minister of the economy, Mr Ali Babajan briefly mentioned the government's vision to establish Istanbul as an international financial center. And as a former director of the capital markets board in Turkey, Mr Mengiturk is in a very good position to comment precisely on this vision and this project. Thank you, Mr Shenner. First of all, it's an honor for me to participate at such a distinguished panel. It's on. Can you hear me now? I think it's better. I think this government project of making Istanbul a financial hub is a very interesting one to start with. It is very relevant also in the context of globalization and the changing role of global cities in the global economy. As far as Istanbul is concerned, of course it's also very fitting for Istanbul to become a candidate of a global financial hub because of several reasons. First of all, there is, as we all know, a fundamental shift in the role of global cities. And Istanbul is an example from the role of direct manufacturing to the role of running the top running of large companies and large banks. Istanbul is in a good position in that respect because over the years we can see that the manufacturing jobs are moving towards the outskirts of the city, at least or perhaps farther away towards less expensive territories like Gebser or further away to Kocaer. But at the same time, this city is still concentrating large companies and large banks as well as multinational corporations because of several factors. The city, like in other major cities of the world, is abundant in terms of high-skilled manpower. This is very important for the top running of the companies and large banks and for the running of their networks. In addition to that, of course, this kind of a position in the form of a financial hub also requires some specialized services such as legal services, accounting services, IT, business consultancy, and so on. And Turkey is also attracting that kind of services. I mean, Istanbul is also attracting that kind of services to its location. So all these combined, I think, Istanbul has the right setting to become a candidate at least. This is the bright side. There is a downside also. Let me try to summarize the negatives under four points. Point number one, the Turkish financial markets are still rather shallow in spite of the very considerable progress made over the past decade. Still, the market is very shallow in terms of capitalization, trading volume, and the diversity of products. That is my first point, but maybe more important than that is the fact that number two, there is political risks involved, like in many other emerging markets. Number three, which is linked to number one, Istanbul Stock Exchange, our national exchange in Istanbul, located in Istanbul, is very, very much a local exchange. Some regional aspects perhaps, but mainly local. In a world where the largest markets, largest exchanges are merging, for example, New York Stock Exchange purchasing a number of European exchanges. Now, with that in mind, of course, the status of Istanbul Stock Exchange sticks out like a sore thumb. That's another difficulty. Number four concerns regulations, which used to be my responsibility some time ago as a regulator. Again, despite the progress made over time, still the regulations in effect in Turkey are not yet up to par. But to top it off, there is also the problem of uncertainty as to what the regulations will be for the entire world. As we all know, crises are a dime a dozen in the world, financial crises, and some of them are major financial crises. After every major crisis, maybe Sir Howard also will agree with me, what happens is that there are individuals, many individuals and institutions that are in over their head, very much troubled, sentiments rise high, and what happens as a result is that the regulatory structure goes through a major overhaul in order to make it more rigid and more authoritative. This is what happens, but does that stay like that for a long time? No, in time things are forgotten. Markets get the hang of the new regulations and the economic situation, and this is a good thing, of course. But what happens is past troubles and problems haven't been forgotten, rules are usually relaxed again and back to square one. So it's party time once more. This psychic nature of regulations is very interesting, but this is what happens. This time, I think it's different because most everybody is on the same page. They agree that there is a need for a radical change in the regulatory structure because what we have at the present time is a thing of the past. It does not reflect the radically different realities of today, and what we need is probably not another new version of the existing regulations, but perhaps a totally brand new product. Let me say this. Don't get me wrong. I'm not claiming that this is what's going to happen. I'm just voicing my opinion of what should ideally be done. But what will really happen, we're going to wait and see. Well, having said all that, let me wrap up by going back to the original project of making Istanbul a financial hub. Of course, this vagueness about how the markets will be regulated in the future can be a very serious obstacle to the project. But at the same time, it can be an opportunity if the right steps are taken by the government and the market participants. Let me stop at this point. Many thanks, Mr Mengeter, for critically evaluating this possibility, this vision for us. Our next discussion will be Mr Salad bin Yldirham, Secretary General of the Organization United Cities of Local Governments, Middle East and West Asia, which is located in Istanbul. And I understand Mr Yldirham will be speaking in Turkish. I'm very glad that all these things are done in the world and in the cities. A very important thing is the dimension of the dimension and the fact that the public is not there or the way of hiding it. That is a political dimension, no one talks about it. Alwha ni'n gwych bod y bod hyn gyda i ddodol wedi gweinwyr eich ddodol. Mae'n eu rydyn i'r uchlaeth, ddodol, ddodol, Rusu... Mae'n bwysig i'n gwych. Rwy'n ddim yn y drafodaeth a'n ddodol. Mae'n ddodol. Yn gynghori, sy'n gweldu'r rôl iawn, sydd yn yr iawn i ddodol. Mae'n stadio'r arweinwyr, sy'n rwydynt hefyd, yn gwyllwch ar gyfer yr ysgrifennig, am ychydig yw'r hwn. Mae yma yn ymuno'r yma, ac mae'n teimlo. Mae ond ychydigndu bod y gallwn yr ysgrifennig yn yr ymwneud. Mae'r ymwneud yma'r ymwneud ar gyfer yr ymwrdd. Mae'r cyfeisio'r yma'r cyfrifod yn yrahanol. Fe ddîr i chi'n mynd i ffrasadol yma. Mae'n eich tynnu cyfrifod i wedi bod honno o ddefnyddio duminig... …flasio am y lleol. Ond rhai o'r llwyddoedd ar gyfer gynnwys. Ond bod yn i ddiwedd ar Garrithedau, neu yn i ddiffenio Linga Llyfrgell. Mae'r honan yn sefydlainio eu gyfeirio economi. Mae'n gwneud yn y mewn ein cyfugru. Mae'n gwneud am yr ymdwyl, mae'n eu penwyddoedd yn gwneud y teimlo ddechrau'r byd, mae'n ganddo'r ddechrau, mae'r gael ar y diwetheilion ymar. ...y'r byw i'r byddwch ar y dyfodol. Felly, y mynd yma, y cyfnodd y byddwch... ...y'r byddwch fuddiad ffermwyr yn gyfugir. Ond yma, y byddwch yn ymdill yma ddysgu'r rhaglion yma... ...y'r byddwch yma i'r byddwch yn ymdill yma... ...y'r byddwch yn ymdill yma, yna ymdill yma... ...y'r byddwch yn ymdill yma. Yn y gallwch chi eich ddw Whetherfyn yng Nghymru, ym ddweud cymaint o'r rai'r ffordd sydd i'r cyllidol o'r ffordd i'r ylweddau. A'r dyra'r cyllidol am ychydig i'r ddim yn cytwmau ar y cyfrnwys Pointgacol. Rydyn ddîll, mae yma'r prydys i'r rai'r rai'r ffordd i'ch cyfrnwys, mae'n hollur yma ar arno. fod yn cyfrwysig sydd cofnog yn bwc. Dyna ymddiwch chi'n mewn, ymlaen, ymddiwch chi'n mwythgair. Ond roedd o'n ei ddiwyddu ► o'r cyfrwysig o'r politywyr ac ymddiwyr. Roedd o'n ei ddodio'r cyfrwysig ac yr oeddur. Ond ymdd sydd ymddiwch chi'n ceisio, os ymddir i'r hubsedau gynwynPH ac yr oeddurog. Mae holl yn ymddiwch chi'n cael fynd yn bwysig ymddiwch i'r fflaen. Yn dweud intriwyr sydd at hynny, m-in gwahoddiadwyr cweitichi ar ddi gymryddargiad Bydidog, gallwysg datblygu ben zitlwyddaethu y baen. kein cadw meddwliaeth! ..oedd oedd dyn niw'r innerion wedi cofnog wedi eu ffyrddwyr yn cyd-fyrddwyr. Roeddwn ni'n ddyn ni'n unrhyw hwnnw i'r innerion yw… ..yna'r innerion wedi cael mynd i mwystaad ychydig fod yn syniad â'r innerion… ..yna yw ygoll ddodiad a'r innerion syniad a'r innerion. Mae hynny'r innerion yn y syniadwy. Fi gwaith 안에 fe ar y cyfeirio gyndedig o hynny. Y tîm honi, mae'r problema'ch cyframiad nid o'n fyddio'n gwiriaf. Mae'r bwysig yw iaith yn fyrdd. Mae hynna gwrs o'n fyrdd yn fwyafol, o'n bwysig o'r gwaith o bobl. Mae'r gwaith nad o'n bwysig o'n iaith yw'r fyrdd yw'r bwysig. Ysgolwch, o'n effeithio ddysun y papyrwyr o'r cyflym. Felly, mae'n bwrwch – eich fawr arillary – ac mae'n flynyddoch gyda siwr. Pryddoch chi am y brif, blomigwyr, lleiwyr, raddillu'r gwrs, ac mae'n blyniol fod yn losch – ac mae'n bryd pob syniadol. Mae'r rhai tyn Fyrwyr yn irwyddiadu ffannwysgolwyr yn elwydd mwylo hwnnw. Mae'r fyrwyr yn eich hyffordd ar y cyfnodwyr. y psychologically-refressed syniadau ar y dŵr, mae'r rhwysio ffynと peth sy'n gweithio ei d Tamagherd, rydyn ni lle ei ddymarfer. Diolch am gifer o syniadau mewn gwneud o syniadau, mae'n ei chyfarwch yn lle o'r llinio'r cyffreddau. Dwy'r cyffreddau syniadau syniadau ar gyfer cyffreddau, ychydigon syniadau, i'r tynno,'r cyffreddau i'r cyffreddau. E Ysgypargionol a'r Ysdegor fed modified y ciwr ar gyfer. O'n cyll Fig, am yma'r ysgolod ythafol maen nhw'n meddwl ymgyrch i'r ymwyafol. Sfyrnau'r gweithio'r cyfnwraith, yn ymwyafol, ac yn yr allan yma'r cyfrifysgol sydd yn digwydd. Mae'r ddirgwyng yn gynch yn meddwl am hyn o'r lleydd angen iawn, oedd yr wyliadau. Mae yma wedi cael ei bod wedyn yn meddwl bod oherwydd dyna'r gafyrdd yma. I bai ni'n golygiad i fi fydd y Prifysgol i'n ddweud y byddwyd i'rnghwythio a gynllwch gyda'r Rhieniad Apoedd ond y ddweud. Rwy'n re哗io'r rhieniad ar dweud. Mae'n gweld cael ysafelwyr sydd yn rhywbeth yn dweud wedi'i ddweud yn ddweud. Mae'r rhieniad ddweud osir,rhywun eich geisio,rhyw ysafelwyr nifer a'r rhieniad yn ddweud. Mae'r rhieniad yn ddweud. Mae'r rhieniad yn ddweud ar y ddweud. Fili'n 我iy o'ch bod ni'n iawn o'r ffordd. Efo'r dŵr cyffredig a bwrdd yn hynny o'r llwg, o dŵr cyffredig, o dŵr cyffredig, o dŵr cyffredig, o dŵr cyffredig, o dŵr cyffredig. Yma, mae yna, yma, dyno efo'r ffordd o'r ddod rygwyr, a fynd i gael ... Ym hyd yw'r ddafwyr yw'r haf iawn, mae arwain o'r cyffredig o gyflym hefyd, cisi Chasellu poddiwch iawn rate. Pydwch ei hun d sailurol cy mae chim demasiadolallig sydd eu sch starts poprawni'n hyfu rygwvatid y dyn duplicant a erioed f tacklu sperfannol busf oma y dylwc yw tu'n rygwydpletiaeth y fan o'u mewn erioed. Yna, mae'n unrhyw ben fod ry'n sèl razorauion hy creams, ac mae'r ffans yw'r gyddiad, ddiwr flynedd yn eich arniwll yng Nghymru. Mae'r sallwn yn yw'r fflam ac mae'r ddysgu'r ffotolaf yn cydwyddiad yn ymflwyng. Mae'r ddiddarion y Ysgwil Mac, ma'n unrhyw ddulliant i ddigio arno ar y sall. Mae'n ddiddarion iaith o'r ddamparadau yma. ilgi çeken bi'r ffotolaf bari bwda. Bu mael i sef bytyn dwyganon bwyddiwch shehirlerine dde oldu'u gwybw, Kent Merkezderine'n de, caisynilmaz bi'r sgwntu, caisynilmaz bi'r problem. Esgu i Bredi'i'r baishkanwm hwnnw's bwda wa'r muhtemela sayum wali'n mys de, onlar da biliwyrlardir. Bu Kent Merkezderine'n de, gerçekten bi'r sgwntu. Neden? Bu nokta'ya gelindi'i sorusunwch o'ch gwybwysi'n myswmdur. Bence technologin'in getri di nimetlenin yaninda technologin'in esgi kentler'e bi'r olumsuz arma'nydr. Cynky'y bu gün geni bi'r yol aisdwymysda onsekiz metleden dda'r bi'r yol aisdwmai asdda ddysun meis. Cynky'y araxlar wa'r kamionlar wa'r amha bwndan yw 100 yw evel. Hayat'y mhysdda arabala yok i ken sokaklarumys 5 metre'i di, 6 metre'i di hatta dda'r dda'r dda'r di. We binau parserle'i 20 metre'i di 15 metre'i di. We insanlar kentte bi'r bi'r lirnau olabildin ce yakun mekanlara ndiinshaatlaru'n y binau'r arnau yapu'r lardad. Ama hayat'umysda metro e ve araxlar gyddi'n sona, kentler ddyshwariwodorw a chydwlar wa'r da genis bulwarlarda kentler yaygynlauistu we bwyddu. Tb i, bunw'n laber' bwyrlikdde, sguntu shechr'n merkezini gechmysdde bwyddu'n zenginni'yle temsi'yleden ilcele'r'in basin'a eee, sguntu olalak döndu. Cunky bi'r bi'r bwyrwmys bwyrwmys beyolw'n'n bi'r bi'r bwyrwmys. Bu talhi mekanlarda'n olusio. Bu dda'r sokaklarda'n olusio. We bu dda'r sokakla'r i chersine'ki kychwch e binau'r dda'n olusio. We insanlar artik bwro hi chok economic deall olalak görmiorlar. Göremiorlar. Cunky ne konachlamaya ne de isch yapmaya müsaid zemindar olusio'r maddyglari i chyn shechr'n merkezle'n de bochaltilmys binau'r sokakla'r terkedilmys i'ch cael'e vwramys mekanla'r olalak karchwmi'n dda'r cikwior. Beyolw'n dda bu sorgunlaru yo'n yechio'n bi'r ilce. Bis wata'n basi'n wazda'n sguntu konusddu. Acaba ne yapabiliriz dda bu binau'r i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n i'n iithafoddaeth a fan y gwyduild crebu, dylau ferRI mewn sgwng разumrg sgwng am embyrdd yr ei bron siw optf precautions effinyddoch ei hyn ac sylfaenwyr binauddan olyshan, yaklai'ch 20 bin metre, 25 bin metre, y byddwch ddegi'i arraedd i le, 70 bin metre carre, restoration'dan bahsedio'rwm. Buradau chi maliklerin hefsi i le, tek tek, belediya başkanolol arwag gyfraithwyddym. Fy ondara'n ffransmanlarnolwp o'lwp o'lwp o'lwmoddyn nhw sordw'n dda, ffransmanlarnol o'nlar dahi bytyn nexig bir yapu'ylau projelendir wedi'i sirece, bura yapu'n yatrwm'n bohse gyda'i e'n ddyshesi tashidwglari'n ysgoledda. Budun yw'n ysgolw'n ysgolw'n model genisdurdig. Watandaši arsa sahibi kabul eddyp, ond yw'n ysgolw'n restoration'u yapu'n ffransmanlarnolwp o'r ffransmanlarnolwp o'r ffransmanlarnolwp o'r ffransmanlarnolwp o'r ffransmanlarnolwp o'r ffransmanlarnolwp o'r ffransmanlarnolwp o'r ffransmanlarnolwp. Ysgolw'r cyfrifiadu'r cy replicationb am yndyn llaw datblygu'r modell sy'n meddwl. Felly ar fy ffyrdd y modell sydd wedi'i gael eich blwyddyn arnyn ein cyffrand i chi mewn defnyddio yn ei modell. Venrys ar gael. Beth wedi bod tikrwybod, mae hynny'n gwybod. Y sgolw'n gweithio'n pobbyd ydym yn rodynt. Felly, rwy'n fydda bod y cyfweld i'r Chif�edau Chif i'r bod yn ymweldio yn ymddangos o'r cyfrifodau ac i'r iawn. Felly, rwy'n fydda'n fawr am yr hyn, am ddod. Rwy'n rhaid i'r cwestiynau o'r cyfrifodau hyfforddiadau, ond rydym ni i'n mynd i'r cyfrifodau i'r llyffyr, ond rwy'n fydda'n dduod i chi i chi i'r cyfrifodau o'r cyfrifodau. Rwy'n fydda'n gyfrifodau o'r cyfrifodau, Mae'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod, ac rwy'n fawr o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod.