 What do you see when you imagine the future? When we picture what's to come, we often think of innovations that take us to new heights. Some of them are already here, and every day, thousands more make the jump from our imagination into reality. Nowhere is this more evident than here in Japan. Earth industrial revolution technologies are fundamentally transforming the way we do things. All this is happening so fast, and we must do more than just keep up. These emerging technologies open up boundless possibilities of what our future could look like. Technology is not a simple solution to our problems. It poses questions that we need to answer and guidelines we need to write together. That's why we're all here, a global event hosted by Japan that brings together the world's leading voices across disciplines and geographies. How technology will shape our tomorrow depends on the choices we make today, and that starts now. Good afternoon and good morning to those joining us from Asia. It's my great pleasure to welcome you to the World Economic Forum's inaugural Global Technology Governance Summit hosted by Japan. To start off our summit, we'll turn to a special address from Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide. I am Suga Yoshihide, the Prime Minister of Japan. Executive Chairman Swabh, distinguished attendees, I offer my wholehearted congratulations on this occasion of this Global Technology Governance Summit of the World Economic Forum today. I understand that government and business leaders from around the world are all coming together in this summit, which will serve as a venue for discussion leading to the societal implementation of digital technologies focused firmly on the post-COVID-19 era. I consider this to be a very timely forum indeed. The world over, the battle against COVID-19 is still raging. Yet, what has accelerated all in one stroke during this time is digital transformation. At the same time, our recent experiences have highlighted various challenges, including sluggishness in digital transformation in both administrative service and the private sector. I have redoubled my belief that it is only through a boldly pressing forward with digital transformation that we can succeed in reshaping Japan. Being able to take care of wide-range procedures without setting foot in government office, being able to have a same kind of job and lifestyle in the countryside as you can live in a city. That is the kind of society we are aiming for as to accelerate our reform all at once, aiming to create the world's most advanced digital society where everyone can enjoy utmost benefit of digital transformation. I believe that as we work to make this a reality, there are three roles that governments should play in the digital age. The first of these is for the government itself to take a bold step forward by making digital investment. In September this year, we will establish an agency in charge of digital transformation as a symbol of and a control tower for reform. This agency will overcome bureaucratic sectionalism and take the lead in the digital transformation of the entire country as a powerful organization with strong overall coordinating function. In a budget of 300 billion yen in its inaugural fiscal year over the next five years, we will also unify and standardize the system used by local governments. Furthermore, we will maintain company-related information and other basic data, a so-called base registry and advance the sharing, utilization and application of data. At the same time, the viewpoint of leave no one behind is essential for reforms brought about through digital technology and we will be sure to give consideration to accommodate those who are averse to the digital world. In Japan, a country which is also at the very forefront of dealing with the issue of a declining birth rate in aging population in order to create a society that leaves no one behind, we intend to make the greatest possible use of the power of technology. The second role of government is to prepare a sound competitive environment. Working in cooperation with other countries, we will advance our domestic legal structure and promote bold investment in innovation by industry. The third role of government is to contribute to shaping the international order. While internationally we do see data protectionism, what lies in the background to that is a lack of trust. In order for all countries to reap the benefits of the digital economy equally, I believe now is the time to create the rules that will bring concrete shape to the data-free flow with trust that Japan has been advocating. We will also contribute to the preparation of guidelines on smart cities, discussions on basic principles regarding the use of robotic automation and other matters. Coupled with this digitalization, another driving force putting Japan's economy back onto a growth trajectory post-COVID-19 will be green initiatives. Last year, I declared that by 2050, Japan will realize a carbon-neutral society. Working towards this, we will mobilize truly all possible measures as we promote bold investment and innovation by private companies, engendering a changeover in our industrial structure and vigorous growth. In addition, Japan will announce an ambitious 2030 target by COP26, through joint research developing international standards, infrastructure cooperation and other endeavors, we will deepen our collaboration with other countries and promote global decarbonization. In closing, I wish to express my high hopes that through the discussions held at this summit, social demonstrations of new technologies will make progress leading to the resolution of social issues. Thank you very much for your kind attention. Thank you, Prime Minister, for your inspiring remarks and for spotlighting the importance of data in the Forthness Revolution. Now technology in the 4IR is no longer something distinct from the human experience. In contrast, our interactions with technology shape the entire fabric of society, sometimes overtly, but often in ways that are so subtle that they're almost invisible. The very concept of what it means to be a human is mediated by our increasingly fluid engagement with technology, and in some cases, the separation between who we are online and who we are in real life is so blurry it's almost meaningless. At the same time, for the 3.4 billion people in the world with no access to the internet, technology can still feel distant and there remains untapped potential for solving real world problems, so it makes sense that the use and governance of technology is something we should be paying very close attention to. Now, of course, we must consider the pandemic. The pandemic has accelerated technological change and the world is a different place than it was even a year ago. We have a chance to reinvent the way we operate in this new context, everything from government services, education and health care to the way business interacts with and provides value to its customers. The roles of the private sector, public sector, civil society, media, academia in shaping this landscape have never been more critical or more undefined. Technology governance refers to the systems and processes that underline the creation, deployment and use of technology. How do we ensure that governance models are accelerating benefit and mitigating risk? How do we move away from siloed thinking to an intersectional approach that considers technology across industry verticals and across geographies? And how do we ensure that our regulations and policies both spur creative and beneficial innovation while ensuring that we don't exacerbate existing social inequalities or, even worse, exploit vulnerable populations? Technology governance needs to take into account all of these considerations and many more. To help us explore these exciting but complicated topics, we're joined today by a panel of distinguished guests. The Honorable Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister in charge of the Smart Nation Initiative of Singapore. Susan Wojcicki, the Chief Executive Officer of YouTube. Executive Chairman of Petachi, Mr. Nakanishi, who is also a member of the Forum's International Business Council. And of course, the panel would not be complete without Mark Benioff, Chair and CEO of Salesforce and a member of the Board of Trustees of the Forum. Welcome to you all and thank you for joining us. To kick us off, I wanted to acknowledge that there's a lot of criticism these days about technology, much of which is fair. But also, there have been huge advances in the past year alone. So I thought we'd start on a positive note and I'll turn it to you, Mark, first. What are you most optimistic about when it comes to the technology landscape? Well, thank you, Sheila, and also, thank you so much to our Prime Minister, Sudassan, because we are just at an incredible moment today that I think that we can deeply embrace. And I'll tell you, I had an inflection point myself, which really occurred in Davos 2020 and really got accelerated by digital Davos this year. And it's around the environment. We've been working on the fourth industrial revolution now for quite a few years. We built this network through the World Economic Forum of these amazing fourth industrial revolution centers all over the world. And we've seen phenomenal progress and advancement in accelerating technology around so many key areas. One area that has really grabbed me is climate change. It's really become my number one priority. And let me tell you, you saw that in that Davos 2020, I created and found it something called 1T.org that we launched at the conference that has been embraced by the World Economic Forum. That's the 1 trillion tree initiative that we're going to plant. 1 trillion trees to sequester over 200 gigatons of carbon. And I've been so impressed with how so many companies and countries have embraced it. In fact, just a couple of weeks ago, Canada announced that they're going to plant 2 billion trees. So thank you, Canada. But the other thing that occurred besides 1T.org at Davos 2020 was uplink. We created a platform and a partnership between Salesforce and Deloitte and the World Economic Forum to provide a kind of a digital convening capability for the world's ecopreneurs. Ecopreneurs are entrepreneurs who are dedicated to improving the environment. And over 10,000 ecopreneurs have now come into uplink. And as I've been able to spend time in uplink and look at what's happening, I've never seen such exciting innovation. They're taking the fourth IR, the four IR, the fourth less revolution. And they're creating the five IR, which is they're changing and improving the state of the world. It's incredible. And I think we can now ask ourselves this question, how do we create global carbon markets and therefore sequester even additional 100 gigatons of carbon with these million ecopreneurs who are ending up in uplink? That's what I'd like to see over the next decade. How do we accelerate our march towards reducing the impact of climate change? You've heard it in the Prime Minister's remarks. The Prime Minister, Prime Minister Suga has been deeply committed and amazing. Because he is really in the job now only a few weeks. But one of the very first things Prime Minister Suga did, he said, we're going to net zero faster in Japan than ever before. So thank you to him and thank you to the Japanese people for this incredible commitment. When we think about climate change, we think about it on four elements. Emission reduction, how do we just admit less? Two, how do we sequester? That is, how do we grab the carbon that's already out in the environment? And there's about only a couple hundred gigatons since the first industrial revolution and bring it back down. And three, how do we educate people on lifestyle practices to reduce climate change? And four, how do we create new innovation and move things forward? This is really talking about addressing the four types of carbons in the world, the green carbons, the blue carbons, the brown carbons and the green carbons. The trees, the oceans, the soils, and of course, just being able to grab that carbon and solidify it like we see by companies like Climarchs, which is an amazing company in Singapore, very close to Ushua, who is now doing this amazing work grabbing the carbon. We look at amazing company like Silvia Terra. They're actually using biometricians and satellites and AI to quantify biodiversity and preserve it. You see amazing companies in the 4IR like Planet Labs, who has created these low hanging satellites that can quantify carbon and methane from satellite. We've just never had that capability before or Heliogen, who's using solar technology to create green hydrogen. All of these things just kind of accelerate this idea that we can use technology to improve the state of the world, that we can be carbonized. We can address overfishing. We can look at reforestation. We can really use biometricians to understand our world in a new way using these new technologies. And all of these things give me this hope and optimism that we can use technology to improve the state of the world. So I especially want to thank Klaus Schwab for really addressing this and also accelerating our work to thinking about this real multi-stakeholder dialogue, because when we think about what Prime Minister Suga just said in regards to accelerating our path to net zero. When we think about this idea of how do we use the fourth industrial revolution to accelerate our progress forward. But we have to think about CO2 is the number one issue on the planet today. How do we address climate change? Thank you, Shaya. Thanks so much, Mark. I really appreciate that. And the reminder that ESG, we talk about these metrics sometimes. And that's really a critical underpinning of the 4IR and the opportunity for us to harness data and these technologies in ways that can make the world more sustainable. So Minister, I'd love to turn to you now and get your thoughts on what's giving you energy and keeping you optimistic. Well, thanks, Sheila. I think COVID-19 has been a tragedy. But also in the midst of this tragedy, I see some green, green shoots. And let me just give you a couple of reasons why I'm optimistic. First, on the political front, I think we are at an inflection point when all over the world, politicians will now have to roll out a program for a greener world, as what Mark has just evangelized. A fairer world and a smarter world. And if you think of it in those terms, COVID-19 did not invent or create new technology. In fact, many of those technological technologies, rather, were already available. But what it's done is to really turbo-charge the innovation and the use of that technology. And I can just give you some examples from Singapore perspective. Today, 95% of all government transactions in Singapore are conducted online, which means there's no paper, there's no signature, and it's cashless. Now, in the past, we would have to have to push a string to get to this kind of figures. Today, that's pulled. Another example, because of this need for information and accurate information, we launched a government.sg1SAP channel, and now it's gone over a million subscribers. Every day, messages go out and it reaches effectively to the entire population who's interested and who wants to read it. Not because we push it, but because they need it. Another example in Singapore, because of the need for contact tracing, we were able very quickly to spin out a blow-toed proximity-detecting system for contact tracing. And today, it has shortened our contact tracing time from what used to take a four-day process. Today is a one-and-a-half-day process. So it's made a difference, a real difference. So we just look at it this way. There's always a silver lining to a cloud. And COVID-19 has been a catalyst, has been a stress test of our competence, capability, technology, and social capital. And it has also, as Mark has alluded to earlier, been a reminder that we do need a more resilient, a more sustainable, and a better world. So there are green shoots of hope. Thank you so much, minister. It's so important and challenging in a time of this tragedy to remember that as we pull out, as the world starts to move ahead, there are a lot of lessons that we need to take forward. And some of those you highlighted so well. Thank you so much. Susan, I'd love to turn to you now and get a read from you on what you find most exciting about the technology landscape. Sure. Well, first of all, thank you so much, Sheila. And thank you so much to Prime Minister Suga for hosting the Global Technology Governance Summit. And as was mentioned beforehand, COVID-19 has definitely changed our lives in so many different ways. And we certainly saw an acceleration of a lot of trends that we had beforehand, but that, due to the online lives that we all are living now, really accelerated those. And two of them that I'm most optimistic about, and I believe will really have important long-term impacts for the world are education, learning. I see you two playing a real role there. And the other one is job creation. And then I'll also just say, I don't see this directly with my work, but I also believe that there will be huge innovation in medical and the way that we do early detection as well as drug discovery and other core areas. So with regard to learning, I'll just start there. So I think about YouTube as being a global public video library, which is accessible to anyone who has an internet connection and any kind of device. And if you think about YouTube, what we have is the ability to learn pretty much anything you wanted to learn, whether it's a language, a musical instrument, hear a talk from a university on a topic, get trained for a skill. And whenever I meet people and they learn that I'm the CEO of YouTube, they almost always tell me some personal story about how they learned something or how they were able to fix something in their house if they didn't think they could do. And so I really see that as we roll out more devices and continue to grow this library, the ability for people all over the world to have access to information that they never would have had beforehand and be able to enrich their lives in new and different ways. And we certainly have seen that during the pandemic. So there was this episode study that said that over 75% of people used YouTube during the past year to learn something new. And unfortunately due to the pandemic, we all had a lot of new things to learn. So I see, I am very optimistic that we will continue to be able to further and grow human capital as a result. I think the other thing that I see from running YouTube is just the opportunity to offer new and different points of views that we wouldn't have heard from before and tell stories that just would not have been told. So I remember when I was a kid and I was growing up, there were just a couple of channels on TV. I don't wanna say how many, but it was small. They fit on a dial and you would just turn that dial and maybe the largest channel I ever went to was like a double digit number like 44. And now we look at YouTube and we have millions and millions of channels. And so what that means is that people can explore so many new topics. But also you can see a large variety of different points of view that you never would have heard beforehand. So there are a lot of underrepresented groups. You get to have the global perspective. We have seniors who are creating channels. We have like pasta grannies from Italy. We have Korea grandma who started her career at 70. I actually think we have a creator who started her career at almost over a hundred with her granddaughter. So it's just amazing to see the points of view and it's a large diversity of content that otherwise never would have been available. And I really hope going forward we'll continue to see that to grow. So we also pay out the majority of revenue to our creators and what paid out over $30 billion over the last three years to artists, creators and media companies. And so every creator is a next generation media company. That's what I call them. They have a global audience. They have a brand. A lot of times they have other product. And so really continuing to grow the next generation of media companies to make them successful. And also so many people who benefit from those points of view of hearing from people that are not like them. Like I just did an event with Molly Burke. She's a blind fashion YouTube creator and she talks about being blind but she also has so much great fashion and lifestyle information. And so this is an example of someone that we probably would not have seen with traditional media. And then lastly, I just say medical. I'm super excited just personally of the opportunities. I can't wait to see all the drug discovery and early detection and work that comes out of applying technologies, AI, better drug discovery or detection that I think will make a huge difference and help people to be able to live longer healthier lives. So thank you. I'm looking forward to the discussion. Yeah, there's so much happening. I feel inspired just hearing about all the different opportunities. Nakanishi-san, I'm really eager to explore your reactions to the previous comments and to really understand if you think things are different in Japan given the context there and what your views are. Yes, that's I clearly remember the five years ago that is 2016. At that times the same type of the discussion we had. The so many that people get together that some of them come from the technology companies. The other is the human rights politicians and the others comes from the very severe analysis of the digital technology for the military use or those kind of things get together. And the final goal of the post-industrial revolution is that's the very complicated discussions. The sum of them is that please remind that some of the no human beings can be controlled by the digital world. But now at that times the Japan decided to set up the technology and science basic plan for five years that was already devised this year. But at that time the Japan proposed the society 5.0 all the digital technology is to be the great potential base for the improving of the social issues. That is quite unique for that. The digitization cannot be stopped by anybody and they're going forward every day. But now how to utilize those kinds of the technology to solve the real social issues. That is a very key point for the futures. So the meanings of the GTGS Tokyo is also that this we would like to emphasize those kinds of discussion based on such a digital transformations or so anyway. That's my basic standing point. I myself background is computer designers and also system designs. Those kinds of very enjoyable jobs I had. But now that those kind of technological outlook is to go through more in a clear purpose for the society. How can solve the old humankind issues? I'm in that point. I'm very much optimistic for the future that's the background of this GTGS. I believe so. Thank you. Thank you so much Nakanishi-san. We've heard about everything from climate, the oceans, learning, media, fashion, the creator economy, government services. It seems very clear that if we want to achieve the greener fair or smarter world that you mentioned, Minister Balakrishnan we are gonna have to work together. But I'm curious to understand and maybe I'll turn to you first minister. How do you think about technology governance? What does that mean to you as a leader when it comes to thinking about how we might move some of these concepts forward and move kind of the benefit, accelerate the benefit and mitigate risk around the use of technology? What does governance mean to you? Well, I think you look behind the technology. The key political and social issue is trust. Do people understand it? Do people believe that it is being used for their good? Do people appreciate or have confidence that the data which is really what we are all contributing is used appropriately, is not abused? So there's a whole key question about trust that needs to be answered. The second dimension is about utility, meaning does this system or does the technology behind the system actually work and actually deliver? And again, as I said earlier, COVID-19 has been a stress test of this. And that brings us in turn to the need for governance, for an ethical framework that access the foundation for the policies, the programs, the projects and the legislation that government pass. So I would just highlight a few of these dimensions. What do others think? Certainly there's a focus on ethics, removal of bias, making sure that there are not just trusted systems but trust worthy systems. I'd be curious to hear from others about your thoughts on why governance matters and how it can help affect some of these goals. Anyone who wants to jump in? Well, I think one of the areas that you can get very excited about is the work of the World Economic Forum, IBC and the SDGs and the SDG reporting that's happening. Some of the world's largest companies have now committed to being fully transparent in their reporting of some of the most important sustainable development goals, not just their carbon reporting, but even equal pay. Other critical aspects of running companies to fit in terms of the kind of the worldview that you just started articulated or as Nakanishi has talked about, society 5.0. But the idea that CEOs are now willing to commit to this transparent reporting, I think that's a very exciting progress. All right, Susan? Yeah, no, I definitely agree with that too, Mark. And I mean, I think there's been a lot of discussion about technology and governance and a lot of times media has been part of that so I can give some of my perspectives, which is that we work very closely with governments all around the world and I believe it's critical that we continue to do so. We've certainly seen as technology has played a more important role, a significant rise in the interest of governments and a significant rise in the number of bills and there already are very significant number of governance that we exist and I believe there'll be a lot more going forward. But there are also a lot of challenges. So first of all, I see a lot of issues around speech and what should or should not be allowed on platforms, for example. And that's a really tough area. Now, certainly countries pass certain laws and we comply with all the laws that the different countries pass, but a lot of times there's content that is legal but could be seen as harmful and it's hard for governments to necessarily find the right way to regulate it. It also is content that can change very quickly. Like we just saw that with COVID-19 with a number of different types of misinformation. It would be hard for governments all around the world to all pass different regulations about that and have compliance. It's really quick too at the same time. So there's this category of content that I would say is content that is technically legal but could be harmful. And that's where we've put a lot of time to try to make sure we put the right policies in place. It is challenging when governments all pass different rules and we have a patchwork of different products. Like I think it'd be strange if YouTube operated differently in every country depending upon the different policies there. But what we have seen that has been really effective is first of all, continuing to work with governments but also different organizations when they come together. So one of them, an example would be GIFCT for example, which is an organization that works to fight violent extremism that's funded by governments. It has a lot of experts. That's an example of where you really can get a good coalition to be able to come up with how do we handle this tough topic but do so globally and do it in a consistent way. We've also seen that with technology coalition with regard to children, the right policies there. And so I'm very supportive of coming up with organizations that can be global, that can span industry as well as governments have experts and come up with the ways for us to be able to better manage some of these tough questions. And so I'm looking forward to more collaboration in the future and hopefully setting up more organizations like these that can help us address some of the toughest issues that we face. You know, I think there's, you make such a great point about the patchwork. Sometimes there are regulations that companies do have to navigate as they look around the world and nowhere is that more true than really in the data kind of space. And part of that is rooted in different cultural notions of concepts like privacy, for example. There are different understandings of what privacy is and different expectations of that around the world. Some of which eventually become codified in regulation. When we're talking about the magnitude of the kinds of problems that we are trying to solve, right? As technologists, climate change, learning access, new financial systems, the unbanked, like all these big, huge kind of societal problems. How do we look to create a global understanding about some of these concepts? So how do we encourage partnerships that can really move forward with that concept that these are all, these are problems that we face around the world while we may have a different lens on them, ultimately, we do need to be cooperating in order to really see movement. Thoughts on that? Mark, I'd love to hear from you on the contest. Oh, please, Nakanishi-san, first. Then Mark, over to you to talk about maybe the oceans and how we think about this context. Anyway, that digitalization is a great thing, a tool for analyzing or recognizing of what is happening in the world. And the share of the view pointed out so many issues to be solved, but those kinds of issues is so integrated and not independent items. So the other, you know, that those two facts is a very clear evidence of the technology progress is one of the future of humankind. That's the starting point of this, but simultaneously, the minister already pointed out that trust is one of the key word to setting up the how to utilize of those kinds of data and how to make a clear path to utilize of the data to recognize of the world is happening and then how to build up the trust. The trust is a very wide range of the world, not only the digital world, but of course, the digitalization is a very powerful so it's a very important concept for the futures. So the other, you know, GTGS is very important, the how to govern of the trust buildings, that from the viewpoint of the business activities, the building trust is one of the starting point of the to setting up the business environment. But now those kinds of the past is not so clear yet. That's how we have to discuss how to setting up the next past to building up the trust. There is a very simple communication channels and how to making a more secure and safer the major benefits of those kinds of things is the very important to the discussion target. That's the GTGS, the major issues. The recently that the Japanese government, the staffs that are part of the Center for Horses of the Industrial Revolution in Japan is to build to propose of the white paper to build up those kinds of the trust building approach. Those kinds of discussion will be the very much the important target setting for this GTGS. That's, I believe so. Those kinds of discussions are very much welcome to do it. Thank you. Thank you. Mark, did you want to comment? Well, I think when you like to bring it down to some like a specific example, and I think that everyone on this panel agrees we need to take better care of our oceans. And I know we're all very worried about the extinction motion with whales and dolphins. We want to stop killing whales. We want to stop killing dolphins. And we especially want to stop it through inadvertent ship strikes. That is ships have never moved faster or more efficiently. And as they go through high traffic areas you're much more likely to have a strike of a whale than ever before. Now by using technology developed by the University of California, Santa Barbara and you can actually see this today. It's a great example of the four IR it's whalesafe.com. It's a project between UCSB, the World Economic Forum and our own ocean initiative. And by using artificial intelligence combined with audio technology combined with drone technology we're able to identify where the whales are and where the ships are and notify ship captains before those strikes occur. And it's a very exciting development. It's already been deployed in Santa Barbara. You can try it yourself. But it's really the example of how technology can improve very significant problems that we have in the world. And I think as we look to make everything go further we can just kind of start to take what are those pieces of the four IR that we like and apply them to these very complex problems. And it's these ecopreneurs like for example Doug McCauley at the University of California, Santa Barbara who's created this amazing whalesafe.com system. This is a tremendous advancement. And I think that we can encourage this. It's one of the reasons I'm so excited about Uplink. Thank you. And we talk a lot of the form about systems thinking. And I think we have a new understanding in the post pandemic world of the global public comments. And Mark I think the work you cited about oceans is an example of how we've always somewhat thought about the oceans as a public comments that legally in terms of maritime law is actually legally how the oceans are governed. The jurisdiction there flows quite fluidly. But we're now thinking I think about other things like access to medicine, vaccines, these kinds of things the internet itself as also having elements of the global public comments. And I think that leads the way or the path forward to a really new way of approaching technology governance. I'm thinking about this in a more systemic way as opposed to each technology being governed independently within its own silo within its own sector. And so I'm curious if there are thoughts on global public comments or digital public infrastructure these concepts that are coming in at more and more and how you think they intersect with technology governance and move the world to a more cooperative model. Perhaps minister I'll turn to you. I have suspected you when it's... Yes. You know it struck me when you mentioned global public comments. And if you think about sustainability the term that comes to mind is the tragedy of the comments. Right. And the point there is that this idea that there's this inexhaustible source of goodness out there just waiting to be tapped and harvested at will really isn't fit for purpose. Now I'm going to be a slightly provocative because I'm hoping to actually insight to Mark and Susan to come back at me. If you... We are now at a point in which the digital world is merging with the real world. And in the real world you would not accept the concept that anything goes or trust us we know what we're doing or that there's no regulations and that there are no limits whether it's limits fishing or limits to the type of speech or the purpose behind which sometimes even hate speech or divisive speech is useful. So if we accept the hypothesis that we're now merging the digital world with the real world then the question arises whether many of those foundational myths which the internet as we know it was created actually needs a reset and a reboot. And by that I'm really referring to the politics of it, the policy, the legislation and how we come to terms with this new technology. I mean the key thing as Susan has said is if you look at YouTube, the volume, the sheer scale of material being generated, the speed, the fact that it's distributed at the speed of light and the diversity of it all. I don't think in the real world we've actually adapted ourselves for something on this scale. So we have a scale problem which we need to deal with. And I just want to leave it there and see how Mark and Susan would come back at me on that. Mark or Susan? I mean, I would say that I agree certainly that we've seen how the internet has matured and grown. And I mean, I've been working in the internet for 23 years now. And so if I look at what it was like when I first started versus what it is today, of course it's vastly different. Like I wouldn't have been here 23 years ago. Nobody would have wanted it. No one at Weft probably would have, it wouldn't have necessarily been relevant. But today it is. And but I also want to just push back on this idea that anything goes or there's no limits. I 100% agree with you that there are limits and not everything goes. So I'm agreeing with you, but I'm disagreeing that we would have a policy or philosophically say that that would be okay. And if I look at the number of policies that we've had to put in place over the last, I don't know, I'm just gonna say the last four years and the work that we've done there is tremendous. And the reason that we can operate at scale and that we can operate at the level that we can have a global video library is because of technology. Ironically, like this technology is enabled because of AI. So we use AI to be able to manage and make sure that all the uploads that we have are meeting in our compliant with all the different policies that we have put in place. And we're actually able to remove and identify on all those videos very, very quickly because we have that technology. So, but what happens is there'll be a lot of content that governments and us will all agree. Of course, this is content that shouldn't be allowed. Anything that a government passes and says is illegal, we will not have on its platform. But I do believe there are a lot more conversations that need to happen about how we work together in some of these more gray areas where content is legal but is potentially harmful. And there what we try to do is we try to work with experts to be able to try to understand what are the philosophies or what are the approaches that we can come up with. And I mean, I would love it if there was a global group that came up with a number of different maybe philosophies or processes in terms of where they think some of those limits are and we could work to try to interpret them and what that would actually mean for our platform. But right now, we work with governments individually that's and sometimes there's a lot of differences. So we do our best to both explain the technology, work with them to show how we are either in compliance or working to be so. And we care deeply about our communities, about the users, the impact that we have. And a lot of times I find that these questions are complicated, they're more complicated. The more you dig into them, the more complicated they turn out to be. And they have all these unintended consequences. And so I just think there needs to be a lot more discussion between companies and platforms and technology and government. So they understand and we can make the best decisions together to keep our community safe. I was just in Singapore twice over the last six months and it's an amazing country. It's handled the pandemic incredibly well. The government should be incredibly proud of how they have been able to keep the virus at bay there and using aggressive information technology like contact tracing, like we heard is probably one of the most advanced contact tracing systems in the world today. One of the probably greatest challenges for Singapore today is really becoming that zero. And what we're really looking for is, I don't know the exact numbers, but I think that Singapore emits about 50 million tons of CO2 a year. So when I was there, I had an opportunity to speak to the government. And one thought that was in my mind is how can Singapore create a carbon bank maybe with Australia or maybe with another country that has scaled ecosystems to preserve the amount of biodiversity needed to really sequester those 50 million tons. Today, you don't really think about that when you're in Singapore. It's very much, you're encapsulated in the country, but I think the way to think about carbon emissions and sequestration, emission reduction, education and innovation, like I said, those four key elements of reducing those 50 million tons is to think about a relationship with biodiversity and that Singapore can come in and preserve and conserve and help to innovate around creating a carbon bank where it can store that carbon and say we are in that zero country and here is the evidence. And I think we can do that today. I think that with the power of biometricians, the people who are actually able to quantify these levels of biodiversity and have a clear addressable issue like how do we reduce Singapore's emissions? This can be addressed. So when we think about scale, I think that this is an area where we have to think aggressively about scale because I'm sure the minister, and I know the prime minister as well, wanna get to net zero as fast as possible, just like we just heard from Prime Minister Suga. So this is, I think, the right way to think about it. How are we gonna do that? Yeah, well, I'll give you one minute, minister, to respond and then I'm gonna have to unfortunately wrap us up from this fascinating conversation. Minister, please. Well, thanks Mark, I mean, you know us well. You know how tiny we are. We are a city-state, imagine Manhattan being independent. But yet in this tiny rock, one third of it is covered in trees. There's more biodiversity in Singapore than the entire continental United States. And because we are low-lying, we are extremely vulnerable to climate change. So this is something we take seriously. It's not a debating point. The key point which you have raised is that Singapore has to be part of a global planetary ecosystem. And that's why, you know, we've introduced things like the carbon tax, we're looking for the development of carbon markets globally. We're looking to deploy the latest and the best technology to make this place a greener, fairer, and smarter place. So this is an exciting moment driven both out of need as well as opportunity. So there's a lot more that I need to take up with you, Mark, on your next breakdown. And Susan, I think I wanted to affirm your point on the critical need to have this conversation and to do it in a transparent way which generates public confidence. Thank you. Thank you so much, Minister. And thank you to all of our panelists for joining us today. The Global Technology Governance Summit continues and you will be hearing more of the need and articulated concepts around cooperation, whether that's globally, whether it's how we think across our silos, the places where we've all landed, whether that's an industry vertical, whether it's a particular cultural point of view, it's so important now more than ever that we're working together. So thank you so much to everyone for attending and we look forward to seeing you over the course of the next few days.