 Okay, well, it's 10 o'clock second life time or 12 my time. I'm in Texas Do anyone happen to know why as we get started is anyone happen to know why? second life is in Pacific standard time or West Coast time or whatever you want to call you can you can write it there as I'm doing but any case welcome to The science circle and welcome back to record members and I love to see Yeah, yeah, so actually I was born there. They think but you're right Linden labs in other words back when second life was started. They never thought that maybe oh So never never thought that perhaps This would be Come as big as it does same thing with Facebook and other things so They just decided to use their time and that's where it is Linden labs and the designer of Second life. Okay, so as I mentioned before please if that's questions comment comment on what I said Other people's questions share links Well, they think it is okay, so and you know engage in what we discussed today we're just talking earlier about Learning to do this in other words learning to interact with each other besides face-to-face and What it allows us to do I'm sure there's people from around the world here today Welcome welcome. I see a lot of new names. Okay, so This is the third in a series of kind of opening sessions when I'm kind of feeling out Exploring the idea of a regular permanent class. Yeah, there you go. Okay, and Exploring science in second life in future sessions. We'll talk about science in the news Is it sites in second life to demonstrate science talk about science behind our science circle? presentations which by the way if you're interested in some in the past we've got both a little mini theaters a kind of international education center here that's over on in one of the corners and then also at our Website you'll see a presentation from the past. We've been doing this for about 12 years And in this particular section, I'd like to explore the concept of time Now time is kind of dear to all of us and I've been fascinated with the topic for over 50 years Since I learned about relativity and how time and space are not absolute So let's take a look at what we're doing. Yeah, very timely subject. Okay, so happy new year or is it? Okay, so how come we have So how come we have two new years We had one just a couple weeks ago Actually landed about or lasted for about 15 days Then we've got one that was a couple months ago. Yeah, you're the rat Yeah, so it really depends on your perspective of time and your system for measuring and stuff like that And so we're going to take a little bit look at that today. You're a rat or are you in the year the rat? okay, so You're an optometrist Yeah, the optometrist. Okay, so any case I'd like to explore this isn't a comprehensive Exploration of time. I mean that's a lot more than our But I'd like to explore kind of three areas namely how we think of time and space the physical scientific basis of time in other words how we Reference time and then how we measure it in other words It's kind of an abstraction of the notion of time beyond the physical References, I think therefore. Yeah, if you're lucky as I tell people if you're lucky you grow old Okay, so what I'd like you to do is let me put the this Video link here, so it's easier to get to and instead of having to type all that stuff, but this is a Video that link. Let's take a second to do it. It's about Wow three minutes to do it click on that and then go see what the difficulty of talking about time is so About thirty one million five hundred thirty six thousand seconds ago. I was tasked to write a piece about time time A broad topic to say the least but because of my competitive nature I agreed to let the pin go into system overload still this broke Bro When speaking about time, where do I begin? Do I start from the beginning? I mean do I begin with the big bang Magellan or the Mayans? Should I speak about pendulums or the space time continuum? I mean, how do I begin to describe something so vast so infinite as time? And is it truly infinite or does it have a finite in exactly how and when did it all begin? Did it all start with this cosmic bubble that would expand and give birth to time as we know it? Is it more or less complex than that? Have our attempts to measure it only taught us the surface of what it is I mean Oscillating atoms gave us the clue of what time it is but neglected to mention what time is Still you must admit we've come so far from crystals pendulums and sundials Spinning planets and rotation around a star boy that took a while I feel I've been here a speller too longer than I intended to come on. Let's continue Let's move forward and ride this arrow of time through beautiful entropy. Yes indeed, please believe it gets messy I mean our concept of time isn't so orderly is it? Especially when even the way we experience time is only a perception and an illusion Cybar is chronophobia a legitimate fear never mind that let me double back sides If it's true that everything that has happened is happening and will happen already exists at once Then wouldn't time itself tell us that both my perception and your perception of it though different or real imagine that time But quantitative and relative and according to my watch ain't got moments to waste and if there are multiple realities that exist at this given Moment then theoretically not only am I out of time, but I have plenty of it. How confusing wait Let me take some time here slow down here. Give me some time here. Yeah Give me a second. Give me a minute. Give me an hour Our time is not ours Let me be brief because in the end you don't need to fully understand what time is in order to see the beauty of measuring it It's more than defining a second so that when the clocks ticking it has atomic precision its standardization It's measurements of duration its discovery in the search for new applications see today is understanding our location for global Navigation and tomorrow well only time would tell Well, if you're done with the video it's by the National Institute of Standards and Technologies and it kind of covers a lot of the aspects of time It's a good little video that covers most of stuff of talking with today and Yeah Exactly share those sorts of things like the physical nature of time etc. Like that And I've had other people share other things too Here again, my I really like it when we do Interact a lot of interactivity in these presentations here Okay, so let's take a look at what? kind of the philosophy of time is it Fixed the relative is it linear cyclical is it real or a mental construct? And so well, it's fixed in that we can define it in the video is talking about he had a CZ and Adam in there I'm not sure okay, so any case it's fixed in that we can define it precisely relative to characteristics of physical objects like the moon or Sun or the frequency of electromagnetic radiation But helium and I mean excuse me a CZ madam or objects we create like clocks But it's relative if we try to measure it those same characteristics under acceleration or strong gravity or Objects and moving really fast relative to us How many people have ever experienced? I'm slowing down during a crisis if you've lived long enough. I bet you you have anybody out there or Read a book recently about why we dream and so in dreaming Okay, but also in dreaming We may only dream for minutes, but it seems like a much longer time in other words. They found that actually in dreams It's not a one-to-one ratio as far as time goes Okay, what about it being linear or cyclical part of that's cultural in It may seem linear if we kind of think of time as progressing towards something or away from the past or if we consider that each repetition of events or patterns is not Exactly the same or if you've ever tried to return to the past and found that you haven't yeah You completely lose track of time. Yeah, I kind of concentrate on stuff. I've had several instances where Time I only knew that seconds actually really occurred But it sure slowed down and I had to make some really quick decisions In it for life and death purposes But time can also seem cyclical because we sense patterns That repeat in nature and I'll talk more about the patterns here in a minute when we talk about how times measured Okay, so it's time real or is it a mental construct? Well, it's real in that things are real and change is real, but if nothing actually Happened in other words, we just sat here with time really Exist would could you sense time? Well, certainly things inside you There's no such thing as everything just coming to a halt because the chemical reactions inside you all of that would continue moving so you'd continue aging even if you were in a place where Everything had kind of slowed down and become static and you couldn't sense it moving But time is also a construct and we kind of define it as a fourth dimension and such so In actuality, it's true for all of that And Thanks, thanks for sharing tagline any anyone else has kind of an experience that let me know Well, same thing with space space and time are related when we talk about time being a fourth dimension Okay, yeah, I'll have to take a look at that Okay, when we so space What's interesting to me is as I study some of these things is What continues to surprise me and the same thing as surprises me when we have these presentations in second life is Commonalities these days we seem to be so much in these silos of them versus us at least in the United States Remembering that we have much more common than our differences Throughout the world is something important and the more I study the more I find about this So in earlier years, we were a lot closer to the earth and we kind of looked around and Wondered about what lay beyond and what our part was in it. And so in very early days thousands of years ago We kind of thought of the earth As flat because if you're standing in one spot, it appears to be so and those types of concepts were in Both very early Chinese culture as well as early Greek and other cultures We've learned of course, that's not the case, but also the concepts of early of many layers in worlds that we Could not yet experience Discworld. Yeah. Well, there's also a Good book out on stuff like flat world. I don't know. That's no older book Etc. Where there's one dimension rather than two interesting stuff Ranging world. I haven't seen that one Okay, but in case the concept of many layers in other worlds where we believe, you know, that we would go when we died I'd also mirrored our earthly hierarchy. You can see that that was In more than one religion that that was true. Okay, so time and space are Both in common Concepts and some differences. Okay, so let's take a look at their philosophy of time when we take a look at a philosophy of time Obviously it's gone back many years in other words and one of the things in common Throughout cultures is this idea of cycles of of ages of the world and so for example you The ring series, okay So you can find it in in the Vedas for cycles of creation deterioration and then destruction for world ages in the Mayan World and in other cultures. Now. What I'd like you to do is also take a look at This video it's a and this is the last video. I think I'd like you to look at for today. Is Is this one this is my in philosophy of creation and time before They encountered the mile, excuse me, but the European world in other words, this is written in codex and stuff like that Tell me if you see any differences. Okay. I'm gonna give you the YouTube thing and it takes about three minutes So please take a look at this and then come on back and we'll Talk. Oh, hey, that's better than some of the I'd rather be made in some of the other Theories but notice what's similar in other words at least similar to a lot of Western creation stories is That it said all is stillness and there was water And then separated the earth and sky and levels of the upper world and underworld and humans created from mud Which was the very first one by the way and then destroyed in a flood and there were brothers All the different types of things that are and then they became the Sun and the moon and stuff So very similar and so this this story before that did not have European influence it kind of makes you wonder whether some of these stories go back long enough to have been You know, maybe tens or hundreds of thousands of years So that they became common throughout the world as people migrated out of African beyond That's like I said, it's always interesting to me that to find that they're Yeah, thank you So in case to find the similarities in what we think hey, you'll also notice that even back in the early Greek days in in Europe area that the they knew that the earth was round and Aristarchus and Made a case that the Sun was at the center of it all so our Misconceptions of the Middle Ages and stuff are incorrect a bit. Let's take a look at that time period Now, there were people knew and and certainly People like Columbus and stuff knew that the world were round because otherwise why sail West trying to reach the Indies And so it just that does anyone happen to know because I've read an account of why Columbus misjudged The distance Yes, exactly. There you go. Excellent. Good. Yeah, he thought it was smaller And what I've read is actually and I haven't found it yet if anybody actually finds it Let me know but this this references in some of the books that were not included in other words that included perhaps in the Catholic Bible but not in Reformation Bibles that and some other books That were written they kind of alluded to the world being smaller by about a third So he actually thought that by sailing West you could reach the Indies sooner It's just that no one knew of course about the Pacific Ocean except for the people to live there and That sort of thing. Yeah, the apocrypha was the name of the That group of books, but if anybody actually finds a reference of why Columbus thought it was Smaller, I'd love to know that. Okay, so moving on. Let's take a look then at the Middle Ages and what people thought about time there And one of the things is you'll notice that Well, exactly and for Mel Kenzie there there was a longitude. This is kind of skipping ahead, but there was a longitude prize In in fact, there was a good movie called longitude a good book called longitude That talks about that longitude prize, which was worth about say ten million dollars today for the first chronometer That was actually accurate enough to Measure time on a rolling ship to within the fifth of a second per Day, it was very good and see actually measure your longitude latitude is easy because of the stars longitude is far harder Not to measure. Okay Yeah, very on you With these interesting thing Yeah, it was everybody did. I mean because they had measured it here again. I only have a certain amount of time to present this but They had measured for example going down into Egypt and finding a well that was quite vertical and then measuring it on certain times of the The middle of the day and finding what the angle was and they were good within about two percent of the actual Distance around the the earth. So they knew, you know, they knew long ago about how big the earth was and it was Fear and stuff and people didn't forget that stuff. They knew about it You know, they knew about it in the Middle Ages, too Okay, so any case let's take a look at the Ptolemy Ptolemy solar system because it has a lot to do with our current calendar But we did or not and to other calendars around the world And so here we see Ptolemy wearing a crown like a king and instead of the world with the Sun at the center and The earth in orbit Basically, you're looking at the Ptolemy system He preferred an imperfect earth at the center and then the perfect heavens above and so When the Roman Empire collapsed ancient Greek and Egyptian texts were preserved in the Muslim world and in far corners of Europe like the Ireland and then of course India and China had their own texts plus their own waxing and waning of civilizations and such and and in some cases except for like the Silk Road and others who like Marco Polo and stuff sometimes ideas to centuries or even a thousand years to go to Traverse but through encounters with the not so friendly encounters with the Muslim world the ancient idea or the ideas of the ancients were rediscovered in Europe and And Unfortunately became kind of dogma in the church when something becomes dogma and something become near religious It's very difficult to change a way of thinking the idea of Geocentrism in other words the earth at the center and circular orbits and such like that It was very difficult to change people's minds about that So any case this philosophy of time is a Well, it was based on some science In other words, you're talking about people a thousand years later basing their thoughts on someone in the 100s ad Who thought about the the system, but here again, why didn't they based on you know, Aristophanes that oh the sun's in the center so in other words, it's kind of Yeah, it's kind of science that you want except rather than Talking of in other words rather than kind of measuring it yourself and figuring out how things really work Okay, but this is a rich area that we can explore On its own presentation really but there's a couple things I'd like to take a look at first One is the idea But one of the things the reason I wanted to do about the Ptolemaic system because it's actually embedded in the Western calendar and several Calendars today even though we know that it the Sun isn't the solar system. We'll be come back to that in just a second So any case let's take a look at light what's called light or life expectancy if you're really young you usually don't think about this stuff But if you're not as young Time is starts to become a resource Yeah, as a matter of fact, yeah, they yeah scientific math At least the way we do it today had not yet be developed It was kind of developed though the last couple centuries particularly the 1800s and then in some in the 1700s even before So any case with the idea of life expectancy You could take almost any country and it will look something like this, of course in some countries. There's a lot more mortality early as The red line here, which is from 1950 in the United States Ludes to and then kind of if you can live past 20 You can probably live for a while and then there's a time when it there's a Greater percentage of people who die and then it kind of falls over rapidly it all depends on what country in stuff You're in and so in this particular one when somebody says life expectancy. What do they mean? This is kind of a concept of time that's bandied around that a little bit and I think it's misunderstood is that If you look at the the lines right there, if you're born in around 1950 then 80% will live past age 57 But by the time you get to 68 that that's the the mean Which means that 50% of people will have died by age 68 and that 50% of people will live beyond that But only 20% will live beyond 83 or so now if you happen to be Looking at social security, which here again, you have to be a little older to think about that Yeah, it's the mean versus the median Or the median excuse me Yeah, versus in other ways that got eye of average versus Oh Well good, excellent yeah, as a matter of fact, yeah, my dad's nearing that too and They just had you know, you have to be a little older than definitely bucking the curve In other words, if you look at the curve, they're definitely okay So but for social security, for example, people for people who live to 68 What they say in the social security? Oh, I'm sorry Boo, maybe somebody can help our visitor. Okay, so What they're saying is that the average age of death is 85 But what they really are not saying is that a lot of people will die a long time before 85 So in other words, it depends on Your perspective, okay, in other words of what time is in there Now the other thing of time and I'd like to ask you is what are the types of things that you heard about time? And then I'm gonna move to the next section here is that for example time is money. Why would people say? That when I was young it seems like okay, tell me if anybody else agrees but in my life anyway it seems like if you and a lot of time you didn't have any money and Then if you had a lot of money, you didn't have any time because you're busy making the money So you kind of have to find happy medium in between But so I so when I was in high school, I was thinking about time because I didn't have any money I was thinking about money and so I was saying well what I found what I thought about was money Well now yes, but that you know when you So any case what I was thinking about was the reason time is money is because you could actually Make everything yourself and of course people did and people still do around the world But the thing is you'd have to learn about how to make it you'd have to make it yourself So essentially money is time or time is money because you can just go out give some people some pieces of paper or Online and you get something that would also would take you a lot of time to make or a lot of time to figure out how to make So that's so time is money in that regard and then of course money is power if you want stuff In other words if you allow it to be so I was thinking think about what other types of things you think about for time But let's go on to the next section, which is essentially well That's a very good point and that's kind of in other words Do we find at times actually a matter of orderly passage of events or? Whatever in other words the idea is let's take a look at that part right now in other words a scientific or physical basis of time and One of the things that we're really good at and really is required for survival is seeing patterns In other words, we have to be able to see patterns to know where food is to know where Places that you want to avoid or what might happen when we encounter others or stuff so in other words we look for patterns even when they don't exist and So it's how we make sense of the world and predict what's coming next and stuff which helps our survival It's also how we measure time and so we kind of see patterns sometimes where they exist sometimes where they don't And so let's kind of take a look at how time How we measured time and what was behind it now you may have to zoom in on this one It's got a lot of information on here, but essentially what you've got is let's take a look at internal time In other words if we were in a cave, which was a famous experiment long ago When people they actually put people in cave and anybody happened to know it was an experiment back in the 1930s I believe where they had people in a cave for months and they might happen to know what happened then Yeah Yeah, thank you for the comments. There's always some interesting things there But basically we did have they yeah, they they lost days But not so much as you'd think because their sleep patterns changed, but it was still it was just a little bit more than 24 hours So they found out that we do have this pattern that we keep it was just not exactly 24 hours, which is kind of interesting Yeah, probably around there. I don't have the exact dates with it But you also notice that it's not just when we go to sleep. By the way, let me let me bring that up The reason we go to sleep is there's two things going on There is a chemical called a denicine Denicine kind of the moment we wake up this stuff kind of starts dripping into our system and what it does is it's the one that will eventually put us to sleep and What caffeine does is it? inhibits the sites where denicine would connect and so it is as if We're not Continuing to be come to more tired and tired. The problem is is that once the caffeine Runs out more or less in our system, which by the way takes quite a while the half life of caffeine I think it's six or eight hours. So if you have a cup late in the afternoon, you might not be able to sleep as well But what happens when the caffeine runs out is essentially you crash kind of like Sugar crash and stuff like that too and you and because denicine continues to drip now melatonin you might recognize is not The same as a denicine what melatonin is it's kind of the day and night thing and so what happens is it's Lighty it's daylight more lighty lighty lighty lighty and then all of a sudden it becomes desk And that's the cue in your body for to release melatonin, which basically says oh, it's night. We should go to sleep Yeah, yeah Well, thank you for coming and I understand very Much how first life has a draw and so thank you very much But you can see this again on the website in other words. It's being recorded. Okay You can catch the rest of it. So any case in circadian rhythms, you'll see that the rest of our body here Has various times when it's good So for you guys that want to say need stuff that Darkness is important for our health exactly Melatonin is secreted in the darkness and it's the one so it's a combination of denicine and then melatonin That will help you to get a good sleep. So if you really want a good sleep, by the way, it's go outside for the before it gets dark and You know sit there watch the sunset whatever and then it'll trigger your body into this circadian rhythm going oh, hey I'm I'm seeing it in other words sitting inside At a computer watching second life all day is Anything inside is probably not the best way to get your sister keep your system in check and have a good sleep If you do stuff that's requires fast reaction time or good coordination or muscular efficiency notice that that's in the afternoon and Well, no, no, no, I reckon everything in moderation. I recognize Second life, but in other words sitting at a computer with blue lights Is not the greatest thing to do all day in other words We are natural creatures. And so we need that sunlight and so go out and Remember that the world is out there and stuff. Okay. The other thing you'll notice is the When we go to sleep, you'll notice that there's a hypnogram down there a bottom left of the slide Which basically shows our sleep patterns and we go into these hour and a half cycles during the night At the very beginning. Yeah, I know daylight savings time Working nights Travel will all mess everything up And then you have to get back and sink again. So in any case when we go to sleep, you'll notice that There are one and a half hour cycles and the very first ones you get this really deep sleep Which essentially if you read about sleep, I'm going to do a presentation on sleep It's very fast, but whatever it kind of flushes things out And then you have and then you go into REM sleep where you're associating new ideas Let things go and stuff. It's very interesting Well, you're right and it seems to in other words I know when I was in the military that even when I was on a ship that there were certain Um Cycles of uh that I could feel in my in my body going on as far as when I was alert or not And such like that And that's a good thing to know now we talked a little while ago about climate change and we did from time to time But here's one of the things that actually plants and animals Um, they have their own cycles and one of the reasons why climate change can be a problem Is essentially in migratory births. Let's take that. Okay. They have evolved over time They don't just go like hey g it's spring break. Let's go on up or or it's summer vacation. Let's go on You know migrate. Uh, they did it for particular purposes and that was because of the availability of food temperature Habitats all that stuff. So they're timed Every spring to come back Up north in this case, uh, if you're in the southern hemisphere, it's the opposite But essentially to coincide with peak availability of food So what happens in warmer temperatures is the plants get their leaves earlier The insects, uh come out earlier eat the leaves the leaves get to be harder and less uh supple and less nutritious And so what happens is they come up north, uh, they're Already a week or two behind the little birds are born They get they have less food the little baby starve And then the populations decline. So in other words, that's part of what happens all these related cycles in for climate change Yeah, uh marine environments as well here again, this is a is a subject which could easily occupy Uh several presentations and I'm just kind of touching on some of these maybe it'll give you an idea for a presentation, but um This disruption is happening all the time when you get these cycles out of Oh Sync with each other Okay, the other thing about measuring stuff and the reason why we have to have calendars and stuff is none Is is it's not like in the old days where they thought that the heavens were perfect and round circles and stuff. I mean the earth's orbit is a little bit elliptical We have a tilt to the earth All these sorts of things that that happen. And so If you actually try to measure all this you're going to be And measure it precisely you're going to be very frustrating because as for example The uh and and by the way it doesn't stay the same over time In other words the tilt of the earth has Over 41 000 years has gone from 22 degrees up to 24 and a half degrees. We happen to be at 23 and a half and increasing right now I think um the kind of elliptic Elliptical shape of the uh earth's uh orbit around the sun Change is also it goes from almost nothing to quite uh More than it does right now The moon is the moon by the way is receding at 38 millimeters per year away from the earth So essentially Our hours back in the dinosaur days or a little bit beyond that it was about 23 and a half or 23 hours in day Yeah, there you go. Exactly. What dye said you can you can swip swatch that Flip that around and see you know how many hours in a day By taking that equation just making you know and it's well proved. Absolutely. So there's almost nothing that is and then our uh So everything so another word is actually basing time on objects out there in the solar system is kind of Not going to give you some very good answers when you're talking about parts of a second Let's take a look at the the mars. What about people living on mars? Uh, what if we had What if we were on mars instead of earth? Well, it's by coincidence that there's the earth's Or excuse me marz's Goes around and in just a little bit longer than the same time as the than the uh earth does in other words In 24 and a half earth hours called a soul if anyone watched the movie the marsham You'll remember the word soul on there. That's the mars day But would we even have months because the month is essentially designed on the moons orbit in the case of Mars you've got bubbles and demos which are One of them goes around three times a day And loses six feet per century by the way in distance It's getting closer and closer to Mars and it's going to impact in about 59 years. So if you're around, uh, put that on your calendar Or it could break up into a ring system and uh, so it depends on where you live as to What you could use For timing system, but now by the way, I'm going to show you A bit that actually there's calendar systems that you have used jupiter and venus as well Okay Well, yeah scissor g but the head of you is something So what they really probably yeah, I know and it had to do with earth day So somebody made it up long goes and you know, some of these are confusing. Okay, so let's take a look now as to in other words since some of these are not very steady And they knew that long ago. Let's take a look at some calendar systems Because essentially colors of your systems are an abstraction of time. In other words, they're not they're they're kind of loosely based on time But they're an abstract and so let's take a look in particular. There's three calendar systems I want to take a look at there's lots of them by the way. Uh, there's about 40 of them at least But let's take a look at the one that's used in the western world and particularly in Economics and stuff that is the gregorian or julian calendar and chinese calendar mind Okay, so here are the calendar systems in the world. There's quite a few of them. There's about 40 of them There's about six in common use and you can see You can see that there are Basically secular calendars in other words ones used in civil societies and then ones used in religion At religious societies. There's indigenous calendars also And so you've got and then also ones like for example the and please Somebody correct me if I because I probably mispronounce the but the he's re or the the islamic calendar That's based of course Since the time of the prophet muhammad You've got one in india Which basically it's the year 1942 thailand Very old year and then in japan and also in korea Based on and people used to do it in other places is based on the year Of the emperor or the rain the person that's raining That sort of thing. So for example, there was a new emperor in japan And so it's kind of the first year started last august I believe and so it's the first year of the calendar there now By the way, for you guys old enough to remember y2k anybody remember y2k y2k Okay Yep, okay. So one of the reasons japan did not have as much problems Why not today? As uh, hey, there's quite a few people anybody can't have many people we got today. That's kind of a nice number there. Um, in case of reason japan didn't have as many problems as in other people that have been gone gone by the gurgorian calendar where the year was 2000 was a lot of the Systems were based on the japanese calendar. So it wasn't the year 2000 only the year 2000 for nations whose computers and technology was based On the gurgorian calendar. So what do we mean by the gurgorian calendar and some of the other ways we face? Well, let's first take a look at kind of the Precision of time Uh, somebody mentioned back earlier about longitude and about being able to time it Well long ago, of course, you know, they have sundials and sundials are really great for local time But if you were to actually measure them over a year Their accuracy is only about is is only as accurate as because we've got these elliptical orbits and stuff So they're not terribly Accurate over a long time. So then you had okay, here's another name. I'm not quite sure how it's pronounced. Maybe Uh, somebody can hoigen clock there was Uh, mechanical clock and then harrison's marine chronometer. That's the one that they finally he got a big prize Um, which was worth about 10 million us dollars today Uh that you could actually be on a rolling ship that would account for motion, etc And it was one where you could um, yeah, exactly Um, one fifth second per day. That was pretty nice Now we actually measured the second by the cycles or the frequency and radiation emitted by One electron falling to a lower orbit in a season 133 atom, which is a non radioactive version of Thesium that's our current measurement of what a second is And then if you wanted to have clocks, which we have and wanted to get them more accurate you've got for example Atomic clock, which is in 1967 was the first one. It was accurate to three 30 billions of a second But in this last year They developed a quantum clock that was a good to one second every 33 billion years That's pretty darn accurate and the actual year if you look at that equation on the bottom If you look at it what it basically is saying As we talked about it is that uh, it changes based on um Um, and that's why we have like leap seconds and stuff Yeah, uh, and you're right and we could talk about the Tropical year versus sidereal year versus the So, yeah, uh, and it all depends on whether you're referencing the Um stars in the background or you're referencing where it actually returns In orbits and all that good stuff like that. So yeah, that gets very complicated too now Here's an interesting thing for you guys that may not know Is how come we call the days of the week the way we do And so this actually dates back to the tall nake system and you'll find this on several different calendars around the world and it was because Yeah, equinox versus business fix started exactly. Okay, so uh, but then you'd know, okay so in any case back in the old days if you actually look at the uh way we thought, um The planets were in relationship to the sun and the earth It was actually we thought uh, that there's the earth and then the moon's closer and then mercury venus the sun mars Jupiter and Saturn And they also thought that hey, these are heavenly bodies and they're made by the gods or god and so Uh, they rule things on earth This is still a part of astrology astrology, not astronomy, but astrology around the world today And so if you actually look at the first hour and you say, okay The first hour is ruled by set the second one by Jupiter third by mars sun venus mercury moon And if you follow that, I've got it there through the 24 hours then this in the next day the, um It's the sun that rules the first hour and then the second third day it's the moon and then there's mars mercury jupyter venus and so Uh, if you look at a if you look at what the days of the week are in a latin based language Like spanish or italian or french or whatever you'll see that it's based on mars and mercury and Jupiter and venus it's much more obvious, but in english it's tuesday wednesday Thursday and friday so what's actually happening is Since english is based on germanic language is that they substituted the Germanic or norse gods, yeah so you've Got two god of war as instead of mars and odin or wolden Instead of mercury and for for thursday thursday and then fria Uh for friday Yes So the so the idea in any case is that this is marvelous conglomeration of things that are from a couple thousand years ago before Renaissance time period of how we thought this all this looked About gods and goddesses. Yes. So, yeah, is is woldens or wolden state But it's the it's the idea of wolden or odin Which by the way, this is even earlier because they thought thor was basically more important than odin at that time But whatever that's everything. So in other words, this is a combination of astronomy astrology gods and goddesses roman system germanic system modern day And it's really quite something and by the way if you want a copy of these i'll have a copy of some of these presentations and stuff On this island. Well both scientific but also Methodological and and all that stuff. It's it's culture. It's human culture just rather fascinating Okay, so now let's take a look at some of the differences in the way they do the Days of the week around the world Here again a lot of stuff crammed in that one slide. You might want to take a look at it, but there it is by the way Miss are definitely a treasure of knowledge. In fact, actually well on on barrigan. Yeah, it's it's um Miss are definitely a treasure of knowledge. Let me take just one here again. I've got about eight minutes here, but in the northwest california, there is a legend Of two gods, which were basically the volcanoes Having a battle and one of them one and the other kind of blew its top Okay, well if they actually looked back at the time period what they found was there were two it was the volcano that became crater lake and Mount Shasta that they found about 12 000 years ago that they erupted and one of them became Crater lake and so essentially you're talking about myths that had a Definite grain of truth because they had been handed down over centuries Uh as gods and you know gods fighting but essentially it was two volcanoes and they're able to trace it geologically to confirm that I thought you know those sorts of things are very A fascinating or the idea of say Noah's Ark And the there's a there's a thought that uh it could be the black sea Where it had water from the Mediterranean basically going into the black sea in other words a lot of these very old types of actual real Events that became mytho mytholite the mythologian lines Um became part of mythology. Okay, so any case uh internationally the first day of the week is monday I mean it's iso 86 oh one But if you're nipple we'll we'll yeah that okay, so in some places in the world sunday is the first day of the week In the middle east it's often saturday Please correct me if i'm wrong. I mean if you know if i'm not correct I research this stuff I'm certainly no expert on in on parts of it and then on friday in the mall dyes For some reason that's the first day of the week and then there's different week links In the soviet union, uh, it was a five-day work week in the 1930s. Uh the roman, uh calendar had an eight-day week and the french revolution they tried a ten-day week So, you know how long the week is it varies and then um you've got Some cultures, uh instead of using kind of mythological names, uh, or gods and goddesses They mark the days of the week with numbers And then in east asia you have some of the uh elements in other words sun moon fire water wood Metal gold earth those are the actual names of the days of the week So it's very fascinating when you look at that and then when does the day of the week or when does the day of the year start? Well in the julian gregorian calendar, it's the first of january, but in europe in the middle ages it was basically around easter time or the the uh vernal equinox or in some cases in september and of course it depends on what In what religion and what calendar do you use it can be Any number of times around the year because in their lunar calendars rather than solar or solar lunar calendars So it's very fascinating. In other words, I think one thing to take into consideration is first of all we have a lot in common, but There's nothing really absolute and the more you learn about these things the more you learn about the Really fascinating differences Uh, and how we end up with what we have today Um So one of the one of the more fascinating things if you use the gregorian calendar in other words the one that says this is the air 2020 and it's february 8th or the 8th of february is if you look at how that here again This is one where you need a mic microphone A magnifying glass to see the slide you might have to zoom in But these will be made available. I'll have them available And so in any case if you look back at that calendar There were one time first of all What was the original basis of calendars and in other words if you look back at the calendar is only 10 months Was it okay? Well, that's good to know. Okay, but the um There was originally they they Could care less about winter because you couldn't grow in other words their agricultural calendars or religious calendars So winter so for example in the old days there was only 10 months in the calendar and They just kind of ignored winter because you couldn't grow anything during winter and that's where why you have like september October december december because if you actually look at the prefixes you've got seven eight nine ten And so they added a couple of months, which was january and february, but back then they only had 29 each each uh They only had 29 or 31 days each um Mars on I mean, uh, excuse me march only had 23 days Whatever that was long long long ago before julia Caesar and then julia Caesar. Yeah, exactly Excuse me, and then of course went went to harvest and stuff later on And then when to plant certain things and stuff and then of course when to celebrate and so it became Partly agriculture partly religious partly market partly cultural all those good things and so in the julian calendar you had basically uh, julia Caesar asked his astronomers to Make it a little bit better A calendar and so they had uh Days like we have today except they added a leap year the problem with with only adding a leap year was by 1500 years later they were off by 10 days and so Uh pub gregory the 12th at that time goes Okay for anyone listening and and who cares that that happened to be listening to the pope is that um Yesterday was october 4th and tomorrow's october 15th So you're not going to find anyone Say italy or stuff like that ever born between october 4th and october 15th because it didn't exist And then later on because england Didn't go with that calendar in the english system. They didn't change Yeah gregorian exactly they didn't change until 1752 which essentially by them it was off by 12 days So they basically said okay, it's september 2nd and then tomorrow's september 14th So you're not going to find anybody in england for example That was born between september 12th and or 2nd and 14 because it didn't exist Uh interesting stuff like that now. Let's take a look at another I may go over by a couple minutes if you need to leave I mean oh by the way for anyone that's actually interested and I won't go through all the Mashinations of this but this is how to calculate easter Um And what easter in other words it's actually based on as it says is what there's not A full moon. It's what it's based on a cycles from even earlier than that But basically it's the full moon honor after the vernal equinox etc etc etc And so you can Yeah, uh, the this equation was made a little while ago, but which is fine I had to work it out for this year which is April 12th And so we're just fine and then take a look at this one What's very fascinating is this is the we just have the year the raptor asian new year That one is a 60 year cycle Which dates back a long time period and basically actually the one of the 12 year cycles is based on jupiter's orbit um And so you also you also have yin and yin So for example the 10 names of the week had to do with growing wood and cut wood in other words yang and yin or Uh fire and earth and metal and water And then you had the 12 earthly branches which were like the zodiac And they were yin and yang symbols like the rats yang and ox is yin and tigers yang and rabbits yin And so it's very fascinating. I've got a um If you look at it, that's kind of a cyclical uh calendar And so let me go I'm almost done here and then the last one here that I wanted to take a look at was the mayan calendar Now what's fascinating again is the common? Valities you look at mayan calendar and you look at the chinese calendar And you've got some similar ideas. It's just it's based on this one's based on venus instead of jupiter And so you've got a 52 year cycle where Venus which is the patron of war Uh, that's uh, yes, because the mayan and the aztec essentially the aztecs adopted a lot of the mayan Religion and calendars and stuff if you read about where the aztecs came from they came from up north near the border from uh, they believed they came from a cave up north and then the mayan system had been around for a very long time and then there was one That was in between That had been but whatever the the Culture in that area is very fascinating if you study some of that and what who adopted what so the mayan calendar was also the aztec calendar Uh, time is a rolling wheel Well, if you look at this you'll see that this is also a rolling wheel In other words, this is the chinese calendar and you'll see that it's the same kind of idea um So you got the mayan calendar. By the way I have Overlapped two things there one that shows the days Uh, in other words the two cycles the 260 day cycle and 365 day cycle and then also fruit flies I'll take your word for it Okay, but the actual calendar you might recognize the one in the center. That's about 13 feet in diameter It's a big one. I saw it in the archaeological museum of the city And so I kind of overlapped two things out of the um, the web there to show you the whole thing but the idea there was there there was um They actually worked on a basic base 20 numbering system and so you had both a civic cycle and a sacred cycle And it's kind of very complicated. However comma and I'll leave you with this idea is that their calendar Was twice as accurate as our current Gregorian calendar. It was accurate to about 13 seconds per year compared to 27 seconds per year for the Gregorian calendar. So here again This was just kind of an introduction to some of the things having to do with time the philosophy We measure the scientific basis of it and each one of these could be Yes, uh, each one of these could be Tolkien Okay, middleer. Okay. So any case Each one of these could be a lecture and it's I mean a presentation in its own Thank you very much for being an animated audience. Thank you for coming today I will make a lot of these available so you can touch and get copies of them before the virtual world's base What is it? Best practices of education all that good stuff like that And that's my presentation today. Thank you very much for coming Appreciate it any Comments remarks. Yeah, it's a fun talk I like to do fun talks. I like to do ones where you can kind of think about stuff and then go back and do your own research and as shantel uh mentioned we've got Darwin day coming up on the 12th and we've got another presentation next week. It's always fun and exciting here A science circle There you go. Yay Okay, uh, some really good ones if you haven't seen uh deli as Presentation on fire and rain and wildfire and all that stuff that should be really interesting And then the darwin day one if you look at online about what that's about Those are very fascinating ones. So Welcome everybody to join us this next week. Hey, thank you all for coming