 Nanofibrillated cellulose, NFC, has seen increased interest in recent decades due to its high mechanical reinforcement ability and barrier property, which have led to new high value applications. Chemical surface modification of NFC can improve compatibility with matrices and add new functions while preserving its intrinsic nanofiber properties. This review provides an overview of all chemical grafting strategies used on NFC, including physical absorption, molecular grafting, and polymer grafting for surface modification. This article was authored by Julian Bross, Mohamed Nasser-Belgasum, and Kareem Masoum.