 Welcome to the session earthquake resistant measures in masonry building, myself Mr. Chetan G. Konapure assistant professor, department of civil engineering, Walshian Institute of Technology, Swalapur. This is the learning outcome means at the end of this session the student will be able to apply the earthquake resistant measures in masonry buildings. Okay, now first measure which shall be taken in the masonry building actually there are various measures of what a few prominent measures we are discussing here. First is that avoid long walls that is most important the sketch is shown here you can see here this is the length of the wall this is more than 1000 mm is 5 meter. So any masonry wall which is unreinforced should not exceed 5 meter length that is very important otherwise it will act as a slender wall. So the slender wall is very vulnerable to damage during the earthquake so what shall be done for this for this types of configuration or this room either you go for buttress which is provided here so pillar or buttress to reduce the length of 5 meter wall so it must be less than 5 meter so you can intermediate you can provide the pillars or buttress or next important thing is if it is not functionally and bring your use or purpose then you go it must definitely you should go for cross wall or intermediate wall. So this will reduce your 5 meter length also as well as this will make this more region little strong also okay. So depending upon the functional requirements either buttress or cross wall can be used to reduce the unsupported length to reduce the slenderness ratio of the wall. Now let us see this actually the section sorry part of the wall is shown here especially in masonry walls what happens the masonry units stone masonry units these are provided in this way from both the faces of the wall the masonry units are provided and whenever any loading will is coming loading is coming on this wall so it acts as two separate elements and the wall masonry units are separating during the earthquake during the vibration. So this is the failure during the earthquake and this has happened in a greater extent in the Kilari earthquake where non-linear construction work damaged with very severe destruction was carried out for during Kilari earthquake that is for the non-linear buildings masonry buildings. What shall be done for this what remedial major major is there you should provide through stone this through stone that will act as a completely integral element or part which will cover both the faces and that will the total load above or the through stone that is that will come on this through stone and that distribute this load to the elements below through stone is it must be provided in horizontal direction in vertical direction after several intervals this through stone should be provided to avoid splitting of problem masonry wall through stone should be provided in sufficient numbers. So after one meter the through stone must be provided it may be in horizontal or vertical direction one more major is there for the masonry wall and for the corners long stone shall be provided at the wall junction. So at the corner of the wall you we should provide the long stone in this way in both the direction of the walls. So this long walls if you provide this joint is becoming intact. So separation of the masonry unit that is we are avoiding by providing these long stones at the corners. Now here you can observe one room and this in room plinth is shown lintel level is shown and even root level is shown. Now this one room building let us consider height of the building 2.1 meter up to lintel 1.4 meter is the remaining above lintel okay. Now this room is the masonry unit brick masonry is shown what happens in the earthquake whenever earthquake starts shaking of these walls. So this is short wall and this is next long wall. So these behaviors of these four wall must be same then only it can sustain under the loading under the vibration. The behavior of these four walls means if so this wall is strong in its own direction but weak in another direction. This long wall that is strong in its own direction length direction and weak in along its width. So behavior of four walls there must be integrity in the behavior and how that can be assured that can be assured and that is through height if the from even its from its base up to height it must the integrity in the behavior that is very important as earth against the earthquake action. So plinth band is product band RCC band is provided at the plinth level. So this is like one rubber band and rubber that is rubber band that actually confining all the elements. So here four walls are there that is confined by this plinth band or band at the plinth level next is at lintel level. So band is provided at the lintel level above opening. So door is there windows are there. So lintel door window opening there again that is a change in the general change in the stiffness. So that is why the lintel band so that is one more rubber band at the opening. So and the last is the roof band or the RCC band at the roof level. So at these three levels so band is provided which ensures the integral action of these four walls or this entire building. So the roof band lintel band plinth bands are very important. Most important thing in this is the opening in the walls and these opening how these are provided. So opening of this window must be having minimum distance of 600 from the corner different or sorry distance in two opening door and window must be 600 mm okay opening of the door must be having 600 mm from the corner of the building okay. So this is at least 600 mm means at least two feet. So this much distance must be there in the opening and away from the corners or the wall. Now this is earthquake bands and vertical reinforcement provided for the masonry building again the same one room building is shown same configuration is there there are two openings window and one wall. Earth pick brands at lintel level is provided plinth level is provided roof level is also provided. These brands are provided in horizontal direction so buildings action is ensured in horizontal direction but that integrity it must maintain and there that integrity can be maintained by providing the reinforcement at the corners of the walls at intermediate levels of the walls at the vertical faces of the openings. So this vertical reinforcement is very important in earlier slide the bands are provided peripherally and in the periphery of the walls that is a its integral action is ensured but in horizontal direction that is very important but in vertical direction these vertical reinforcements are required okay. So where these are provided all these brands plinth level band then earth lintel level band roof level band all these are connected to each other by the means of this vertical reinforcement at corner at openings vertical faces okay. So for openings and corner building corners we should provide vertical reinforcement. Now this is my question for you why bands are provided at different levels of the walls there are four options for A is improving stiffness B higher strength C locate to locate the diameter is integral action of the wall you would think of this question and just find out the answer for this question pause the video write down the answer the answer is integral actions of the walls okay. Now the earthquake bands in the timber are shown in the timber was used in the rural area right now also in several areas the timber is used. So this is this is nothing but like reinforcement vertical bar is provided and timber strips are kept and the concrete or mortar is cast. So reinforcement steel is you are going to use the steel then the hooks are used and these bars are arranged in this way and the concrete is cast. So this this will ensure the proper integrity of the walls and within horizontal and vertical directions. So this is the detailing of earthquake bands in the RC with reinforcement steel bars. Now this is the table which will explain you the earthquake strength provisions in masonry buildings. For zone 2 maximum 15 meter for masonry buildings zone 3 4 storey 15 maximum zone 4 zone 5 then again the height how much maximum we can go that is explained here mortar what type of mortar how many bands are required vertical reinforcement diameter of the bar mortar mix and bracing if any required these things are explained for all the zones for masonry buildings. You can refer this table always and according to this table we should provide all those provisions okay. Now this is also the provision for different type of buildings and zones. These are the sections for the RC bands and depth of the RC band that depends upon zone and the length of the wall or span of the wall. You can see these sections again. You can refer all those sections somewhere it is hook somewhere it is a lateral stirrups are required and it is based on the span of the wall most important and the zone do important factors are there. These are the references for this session. Thank you.