 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian grammar. So far in this course we have studied At Sandhi, Hal Sandhi, we also studied Visarga Sandhi. Now after having studied these three important parts of Sandhi, in this lecture we shall start studying the next important part of the Sandhi which is Swadhi Sandhi. What is a Swadhi Sandhi? Swadhi Sandhi is a Sandhi which substitutes the Swadhi suffixes in the specific environment of deriving a Pada and this Pada is embedded in the derivation of a sentence or Baakya. So to put it in the form of an equation we can say that if we have this particular string which consists of a big bracket left hand side over here and the right hand side bracket over here indicating that this is a sentence and this has got three internal square brackets indicating that they are Padas the constituents of the sentence and as the definition of sentence goes there should be at least one thing and thing is a Pratyaya attached to a particular type of Prakriti namely Dhatu. So this is Dhatu plus thing this is one Pada and the remaining Padas will contain Sup as the Pratyaya. So there are these two Sups and the Prakriti for Sup is a Pratipatika. So therefore we have Pratipatika plus Sup, one Pada Pratipatika plus Sup, second Pada and Dhatu plus thing as the third Pada making this one complete sentence. Now in this particular structure this is a Prakriti this is a Pratyaya, this is Pratipatika, this is Sup. Now at the end of this Sup there appears a particular sound and at the beginning of this second Pada where there is a Pratipatika at the beginning of this there is one more element and then this element at the end of the first Pada which is part of Sup is substituted by a particular element. Similarly in between these two Padas this is a Subanta, this is a Sup and this is a Tinganta at the beginning of which appears a verbal root Adhatu. So now this Sup has got a particular element at the end and this Dhatu has got another particular element at the beginning and then in this environment this particular verbal element gets substituted by another verbal element. So this is a substitute in place of a Sup, this is a substitute in place of another Sup in the sentence. This particular Sandhi is called Swadi Sandhi. As you see this Swadi Sandhi is part of the derivation of a Pada which is embedded in the derivation of a complete sentence. So when we derive a sentence this is how the sentence gets derived all the elements namely Pratipadika plus Sup plus Pratipadika plus Sup plus Dhatu plus Ting they are all placed side by side and the derivation of each Pada starts simultaneously and keeps on moving until it reaches a particular stage where internal derivation is completed and then finally this external derivation of the Padas namely the internal derivation of the sentence happens. So when two Padas come into close contact there happens a substitution in place of this Sup and this is primarily what is referred to as Swadi Sandhi. What is a Swadi? Swadi is popularly called and technically also called Vibhakti defined by 14104 in the Ashtadhyayi. This 14104 terms both Sup as well as Ting as Vibhakti, Sup is a set of 21 suffixes added after a nominal root also known as Pratipadika. These 21 suffixes are stated in 412 in the Ashtadhyayi, Ting are the 18 suffixes which are added after a verbal root stated in 3478 in the Ashtadhyayi and they both are called Vibhakti. In addition there are some more suffixes which are stated in 53127. They are for example, Tral, Da, Danim, Thal, etc. These Tral, Da, Danim and Thal they are also termed as Vibhakti. Here Le, Me and Le they are marked in different colors only to indicate that they are the markers these Le are the markers and Me is not the marker otherwise these colors do not play any role any function over here. What is important is to know what is a Swadi? So Swadi stands for these 21 suffixes stated in 412 and Swadi Sandhi is the Sandhi that takes place of these suffixes when they come into the contact of the other Pada. So Swadi Sandhi primarily refers to the external Sandhi which happens between two Padas mainly between a Subanta and the next Pada. We eat a Subanta or a Tinganta. Here are the 21 Sups for you. So Aau, Us, Am, Aau, Us, Abhyam, Vhis, Abhyam, Vhis, Us, Bhhyam, Vhis, Us, Os, Am and Eos Supt. Now in these 21 suffixes as we note the consonant that comes at the end and which here goes the Sandhi operation is Sir in 11, 13, 23, 33, 43, 51 and 53, 61 and 62 and 72. Sir appears at the end of all these suffixes. So when these Sups come into close proximity with the other Subantas at the beginning of which appears a Pratipadika or a Tinganta at the beginning of which appears a verbal root then this is modified in a particular manner. This is what is known as Swadi Sandhi. Along with the sub, we also have the Subanta forms listed for you namely Ramaha, Ramau, Ramaha, Ramam, Ramau, Raman, Ramena, Ramabhyam, Ramehi, Ramaya, Ramabhyam, Ramebhyaha, Ramat, Ramabhyam, Ramebhyaha, Ramasya, Ramayoh, Ramanaam and Rame, Ramayoh, Rameshu. So in these cases where there is Ramaha, Ramaha, Ramaihi, Ramebhyaha, Ramebhyaha, Ramayoh and Ramayoh. In these cases there is Visarga substitution that has already happened and then when this substitution comes into close contact in close proximity with another Subanta or another Tinganta, this Visarga, Visi gets modified by some other verbal elements. This is what is called Swadi Sandhi. Ma occurring at the end of these padas and also elsewhere over here and over here undergoes the general Hull Sandhi operation namely if it is followed by a Hull then this Ma is substituted by an Anusvara, by the Sutra Monusvara. So this is not treated in the section of Swadi Sandhi and these are the things, tiptas, jhi, etc. So we note that in Ting also there are these suffixes that end in sir, tasthas, was and must, thas which end in sir. So even in their case the Swadi Sandhi applies. These are the forms. So we have Nayati, Nayataha, Nayanti, Nayasi, Nayataha, Nayathha, Nayami, Nayavaha, Nayamaha and Nayate, Nayate, Nayante, Nayase, Nayate, Nayadvay, Nayayavahe, Nayamahe. So in case of Nayataha, Nayataha, Nayavaha and Nayamaha the Sandhi has already taken place and some other Sandhis can also take place of sir coming at the end in a given specific environment. This is also studied under Swadi Sandhi and that is why this peculiar chapter in the Panchay Sandhi prakarana. So if we take a recap of what we discussed of this question, what is a Swadi Sandhi, we can now pinpointedly state what that Swadi Sandhi is by giving specific examples. Earlier we saw template examples. So if we have Ramas followed by Gramam, followed by Nayati, these are the three padas. They make one big sentence, Ramas, Gramam and Nayati. These are the derived finished padas. Now they come into contact with each other and this sir in the environment of this guh which follows, which comes into close proximity is substituted to some element, notably Roo first then it is substituted in U and then U plus U becomes O and so you have Ramo, Gramam, Nayati as the finally derived form of the sentence. As you note this M is substituted by an Anaswara because there is a Hal that follows. So Gramam, Gramam, Nayati this consists of this Sandhi which is called the Swadi Sandhi. This Sandhi is not pertinent only to the Swadhis, it is a general Sandhi and that is why it is not categorized under Swadi Sandhis. Similarly if you have Ramena, Gramas, Gamma, Nayati the passive voice then the output is Ramena, Gramo, Gamma, Nayati. Once again the similar rule plays and this sir is substituted by Roo which in its turn is substituted by U and then U plus U and then U plus U becomes O and finally you have Ramena, Gramo, Gamma, Nayati. This is the finally derived sentence. So these are the concrete specific examples of Swadi Sandhi. Let us study the Sutras that we shall study while studying the Swadi Sandhi. First Sasaju Shoruhu, 8266, Ato Rohra Plutada Plute, 6113, Hashicha, 6114, Bhobhago Agho, Apurvasya Yoshi, 8317, Hali Sarvesham, 8322, Rho Supi, 8269, Rho Rhee, 8314, Dralope, Purvasya Dirkona, 63111, Etattadho Sulopo Akoranai Samashe, Hali, 61132, Sochilope Chet Padapuranam, 61134, Prathamayok Purvasavarna, 61102 and Nadici, 61104. Ask them, let us start studying the Sutra, Sasaju Shoruhu, this is 8266. This Sutra consists of two padas, Sasaju Shaha and Ruhu. Sasaju Shaha is 6 slash 1 of Sasaju Sh. Sasaju Sh is made up of two components, sir, which refers to the sound sir and sagyush. So Sasaju Shaha means in place of sir and in place of the word sagyush. Ruhu is 1 slash 1 of Ruhu referring to Ruhu and so Ruhu stands for substitute in the form of Ruhu. So sir and sagyush, they are the substituents, Ruhu is the substitute. The other word continued is padasya, 6 slash 1 of padha. In this case, this padasya means which is part of a padha. So the meaning is this 6 slash 1 and this 6 slash 1, they match and so this becomes the qualifier of this 6 slash 1 and so we get the meaning in place of sir that comes at the end of the padha and in place of the word sagyush substitute Ruhu. So we have Ramas which is 1 slash 1 and this sir comes at the end of the padha. So this sir is substituted by Ruhu by 8266. So we get Ramru as the output and then this Ramru is substituted by Ramru and finally this Ruh is substituted by the Visarga. So finally we get the form Ramaha which is 1 slash 1. Similarly sagyush is then substituted by sagyuru then this Ruh is substituted by Ruh and then because of this Ruh, this short vowel gets lengthened because of the sutras that apply and so finally we get the form sagyuhu which is the 1 slash 1 of sagyush. So this is how sagyushuru applies. It substitutes Ruh in place of sir. This is the requirement, this is the base for the Swadi Sandhi to happen because the Swadi Sandhi is going to state the substitutes in place of Ruh. We should note one unwritten rule which is Ashiraha in Sanskrit. So Ashi stands for 7 slash 1 of Ash which means all vowels plus her plus semi vowels plus consonants 5, 4 and 3. So Ashi means immediately before Ruh is 1 slash 1 of Ruh sound Ruh and so this is the substitute. What this sutra means is the following immediately before Ash in place of Ruh substitute Ruh. So we have Ruh plus Ash as the input in this way and the output is Ruh slash Ruh. There is no other modification or substitution that takes place. So it is stated that this grammar is Ashiraha. Here are the examples Prathar plus Atra. In this case this is a part of Ash. So this Ruh is not substituted by any other modification. So it remains as Ruh and so we have Prathar Atra. Similarly Prathar Iha, Ruh is substituted by Ruh only. Similarly Prathar Asha, Ruh has no other substitution. Prathar Hasati, this is part of Ash, Prathar Gacchati. Once again this is part of Ash and so Ruh is substituted by Ruh only. Punar Milamaha, Punar Janma in all these cases Ruh coming at the end of the padha is not substituted by any other element because there is Ash that follows. However, this is a more general rule if we specify the left hand side environment then there is scope for some more change in place of Ruh. One more thing to note over here is that this Ruh is not part of any soup. So we can say that there are Ruh which we see at the end of the padhas which can be classified into two. Ruh which is part of the undirived like seems like Prathar and Punar. So we have Prathar plus Ash and we get the substitute Prathar only there is no other substitution. Similarly Prathar plus Khar plus Avasana and Prathar becomes Prathaha. However, if you have Ruh which is part of Ruh then the substitutes are U and year. How we shall study this now? So in Swadhisandhi we primarily study this second part of second type of Ruh which is the substitution in place of S and then this Ruh or Ruh gets substituted by either U or by year or by deletion. This is what is Swadhisandhi and this is what we are going to study now. First let us study Atororaplutadaplute. This sutra has got four padhas Ataha, Ruh, Aplutad and Aplute. Ataha is five slash one of At referring to short R so Ataha means immediately after Ruh is six slash one of Ruh which means in place of Ruh. Aplutad is five slash one of Aplute meaning not Aplute and Aplute means seven slash one of Aplute meaning not Aplute and immediately before this Aplute. So Aplutad qualifies Ataha and the other two words continued in the sutra are Uth which is one slash one of Uth which means short U and this short U is the substitute and Ati which is seven slash one of At referring to short U so Ati means immediately before overall the sutra means in place of Ruh which comes immediately after a short U and which is not Aplutad and which is followed by a short U which is also not Aplutad substitute U. Once again in place of Ruh substitute U what are the other conditions in place of Ruh which comes immediately after a short U and this U should not be Aplutad and this U is followed by a short U which is also not Aplutad then this Ruh is substituted by U. This can be put in the form of an equation in the following manner. So if you have this paddha and there is a towards the end of this paddha followed by Ruh plus a then this Ruh gets substituted by U. Now once this Ruh is substituted by U this becomes an input for other rules notably the Gunasandhividhaya sutra namely Atgunahan and this Ruh and U this becomes an input and in place of both of them Ruh plus U plus Ruh Ruh plus U is substituted by O O plus Ruh and then O plus Ruh is substituted by the poor Varupa namely O. Here are the examples Shiva's plus Archaha so we have Sir getting substituted by Ruh Shiva Ruh plus Archaha then we have Shiva plus Archaha where U is marked as ith and is deleted. Now this Ruh appears at the end of the paddha before that there appears a short U this is obviously not a plutha after this Ruh appears a short U which is obviously not a plutha now in this case this Ruh is substituted by U so we have Shiva U plus Archaha. Now this Ruh plus U is further substituted by the Gunasandhi by Atgunahan and so we have Shiva plus Archaha and then once again there is this poor Varupa Sandhi Enga Padantadati which applies and substitutes one O that is poor Varupa in place of two O plus Ruh and so we have finally Shiva Archaha as the finally derived form. As you see there are two paddhas over here Shiva's and Archaha and this Sir is coming into the contact of the next paddha and then this gets modified into U and finally there is a Sandhi and there is a form Shivur Chah that is derived. So two paddhas losing their boundaries and both of them getting merged into each other this is what is the function of this particular Sandhi this is the sentential boundary. Similarly we have Rakshas plus Atra Sir coming at the end of the paddha so Sasaji Shoru who applies and so we have Raksharu plus Atra so Rakshar plus Atra then this Ruh is preceded by short a which is not a pletha and then this Ruh is followed by short a which is also not a pletha then in place of this Ruh U is substituted so we have Raksha U Atra Raksho Atra by the Sutra Atgunahan finally Enga Padantadati applies and we get the form Vrkshotra. Similarly we have another Sutra called Hashi Chah 61114. Hashi Chah has got two paddhas Hashi and Chah Hashi is 7 slash 1 of Hashi. Hashi stands for her plus semi-vowels plus consonants 5 4 and 3. Hashi means immediately before Hashi. Words continued are Atah of 5 1 of Atth. Atth stands for short a that is immediately after. Ruh is 6 slash 1 of Ruh. Aplutath is 5 slash 1 of aplutath. Uth is 1 slash 1 of Uth. So Ruh is the substitute and Uth is the substitute. So the meaning of the Sutra is the following. In place of Ruh which comes immediately after a short a which is not aplutath and which is followed by a Hashi substitute U. I repeat in place of Ruh which comes immediately after a short a and which is not aplutath and which is followed by a Hashi substitute U. So this is the equation form of this particular statement. If we have a plus Ruh followed by a Hashi then this Ruh is substituted to U first and then a plus U is substituted to O plus Hashi. So a plus U becomes O and you have a plus U plus Hashi being substituted by O plus Hashi. So this is Adgunahan that plays an important role over here. Here are the examples. Here we have Shivas plus Khasati first in which Sir comes at the end of the first Pada followed by her which is part of the verbal root Hashi and this Pada Khasati is a Tinganta. So Shivas plus Khasati is part of a sentence. So 1 Subanta and 1 Tinganta are in close proximity. Now Sir is substituted by Ruh by Sasaju Shoruhu. So we have Shiva Ruh plus Khasati. Then this U at the end is substituted by 0. So we have Shiva plus Khasati. Now this Ruh which is preceded by short a which is not Plutth and which is followed by her which is Hashi and therefore this Ruh is substituted by U. So we have Shiva U Khasati and then we have Adgunahan applying and get Shiva Khasati. Similarly, Shivas plus Yati Sir is substituted by Ruh, Ruh by Ruh and now this Ruh appears at the end of a Pada preceded immediately by short a and followed immediately by year that is a Hush and therefore this Ruh gets substituted by U by the Sutra Hashi Cha and so we have Shiva plus U plus Yati and then U plus U becomes O by the Sutra Adgunahan and so we have Shivo Yati. Similarly, Shivas Vandeha and we have Shiva Ruh Vandeha and then finally we get Shiva U Vandeha and then by Adgunahan we get Shivo Vandeha. Similarly, Shivas plus Ramaha, so Shiva Ruh Ramaha, Shiva Ruh Ramaha, Shiva U Ramaha and finally Shivo Ramaha. Then we have Shivas plus Labhaha and Shiva Ruh plus Labhaha, then this Ruh is substituted by U. So we have Shiva U Labhaha and then Adgunahan Shivo Labhaha. Similarly, Shivas plus Yungue, Yungue begins with year so it is part of Hush and so Shivas plus Yungue will give us Shivo Yungue as the finally derived output. Similarly, Shivas Mannyate being the input and we get the final output in the form of Shivo Mannyate where Ruh is substituted by U and then Adgunahan takes place and U and U are both substituted by O which is a Guna substitute. So we get Shivo Mannyate. Similarly, we have Shivas plus Navate as the input where Sir appears at the end of the Pada and so Sasaji Shoruhu applies and then this Ruh is substituted by U. Then finally Adgunahan applies and we get Shivo Navate as the output. Similarly, Shivas plus Nakaraha and the output generated is Shivo Nakaraha. Similarly, Shivo Naha is the output generated from the input Shivas plus Naha in the same fashion. Also we have Shivas plus Jashaha being the input and the output generated is Shivo Jashaha and finally, Shivo Bharaha is the output that is generated from Shivas plus Bharaha. Then we have Shivas plus Gagati as the input and the derivation process happens and we get Shivo Gagati which consists of the Guna between U and U. Then we have Shivas plus Dhaukate and finally we get Shivo Dhaukate. Then we have Shivas plus Dharaha and finally derived form is Shivo Dharaha. Then Shivas plus Jayaha as the input and the finally derived form is Shivo Jayaha. Then we have Shivas plus Bandhaha as the input and Shivo Bandhaha as the output. Shivas plus Gagati is the next example. The same derivation process happens and we get Shivo Gagati as the finally derived output of the sentence. Then Shivas plus Damaruhu and we get Shivo Damaruhu as the output and finally, Shivas plus Deshaha and the output generated is Shivo Deshaha. In all these examples, the Sutra Hashicha plays an important role. One thing we should note over here and it is this that this Sandhi and the Sutra that we have studied so far give us an exception to the Asiddha principle in the Ashtadhyay. What is the Asiddha principle? Generally, the output of the Sutra in the Asiddha section that is from 8 to 1 up to 8, 468 does not become the input for any previous Sutra. This is Asiddha principle. But in this case, we see that the output of 8 to 666 that is Ruh in place of Sir becomes the input for 61113 and 114. This is clearly an exception to the Asiddha principle stated in the Sutra Purvatrasiddham that is 8 to 1. There is one more example of this kind that we shall study when we study the Prakriti Bhava that we shall do later on in the course. To summarize, Swadi Sandhi is a peculiar type of Sandhi that occurs in a specific environment. The environment is direct part of the sentence derivation at its final stage. This Swadi Sandhi requires paddhas as the input and returns the sentential combinations as output. In this lecture, we studied the who substitution that substitutes Ruh at the end of this paddha. Now, let us study the year substitution in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.