 Dear students, in this module we are going to talk about the migration or the human migration. Migration is a temporary or permanent movement of people from one place to another. And migration is arriving of people in an area from other places whereas the out migration is the leaving of area to go to the other areas. So migration is perhaps as old as the human history is and people do migrate to achieve certain goals in their life. Migration can be internal within the country such as from rural to urban areas as we can see that perhaps in the modern society we are frequently observing people migrating from rural areas to urban areas to achieve certain goals in their life that may include the education, health or the business purposes. As you can see that people in this picture are tending to migrate from one place to another place. So let's talk about how migration is formally defined. It is the movement of people from one place in the world to another place in the world for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residents usually across the political boundaries but not necessarily they can also vary depending on whether it is an internal migration or it is the international migration. So there are certain types of migration that includes the internal migration moving to a new home within a state or a continent or the external migration moving to a new home in a different state or continent or maybe across different political boundaries. And immigration or immigration are two different concepts which are taking the migrant as a relative person from where that these two concepts of the two terms can be defined. For example, emigration means the leaving one country to move to another country whereas immigration means that moving into the new country. So emigration means moving out of the country and immigration means moving into the country. So people who migrate are considered the emigrant or the immigrant. Immigrant is the person who is leaving the country to reside in another country whereas the immigrant is the person who is entering in a country from another country to take up the new residence. And if we talk about the people who are having the political problems in their lives and for that reason they migrate from one country to another country usually they are called the refugees. A refugee is a person who is residing outside of his country due to the fear of persecution for the reasons that may include the race, religion, nationality, political or certain social orientations and because of that people are usually afraid that they might get killed if they do not migrate. So they take refuge in another country by seeking perhaps sometimes by seeking the political asylum and we also have one of the important migrant community which is the internally displaced people as we have seen people being displaced within the country in Pakistan due to the war on terror. So a person who is forced to leave his home region because of the unfavorable conditions but does not cross any boundaries these are called the IDPs. Means the internally displaced people they might displace from one place to another because of the war, because of the floods or because of the other calamities in their life.