 Cellulose-based biomaterials are a promising platform for tissue engineering due to their unique properties and versatile chemistry. These materials offer many advantages over traditional synthetics, including tenability of physical and chemical properties, as well as the potential for controlled degradation. Furthermore, they can be used to mimic natural extracellular matrices, which are essential for cellular adhesion and growth. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the current state of the field of cellulose-based biomaterials, focusing on the role of nanostructures in both fundamental science and biomedical engineering. This article was authored by Ryan J. Hickey, Andrew E. Pelling, Andrew E. Pelling, and others.