 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course of Introduction to Paninian Grammar. We are studying the features of the meta language of Panini. We noted down the features of the meta language namely three which differ from the object language subscript. We have already seen that in case of Paninian grammar the object language is obviously subscript but the meta language is also subscript. But this meta language has three different features and let me repeat these are some additional features. What we mean to say is that the meta language of Paninian grammar consists of some features of the object language but there are some additional features which are different than the object language. The three features noted down so far were the meaning of a word, the meaning of the cases and the technique of pratyahar. So far we have studied the meaning of a word, how different it is from the object language and let me recap we said that in the object language a word does convey the meaning which can be divided into two aspects. One which is popularly known as meaning which consists of two important factors. One is a universal property and other is an individual. In case of the word Agni which we also showed a diagrammatic representation of in case of the word Agni which conveys the meaning of a particular kind consists of Agnithva and Agni. Agnithva is the universal property and Agni is the individual. Apart from this the word Agni also stands for the word form Agni, aganai, the sequence of sounds that means this word. This is also understood as the meaning. But in the object language it is the meaning meaning which takes predominance and it is the word form meaning which becomes subordinate or modifier or qualifier. In the meta language it is this word form meaning which becomes the head which becomes the main or predominant aspect of the meaning and it is the meaning meaning which becomes subordinate or the qualifier or the modifier. This is very fundamental on this basis we studied further and we said that in the meta language the meaning of the cases is also different and we noted down the meanings of three cases, fifth case, sixth case and the seventh case, Panchami, Shasti and Saptami and we noted down the differences that are part of the meta language of Paninian grammar. We said that Panchami, fifth case when used in an object language is translated with the help of the word from but when it is used in the meta language and basing ourselves on the first principle that a word form is the meaning of the word which is predominant in the meta language the fifth case stands for immediately after and in the previous lecture we took three examples and studied this part in detail. We also said that the word which is mentioned in the fifth case acts as a left hand side environment or condition for an element to be newly added. Then we looked at the meaning of the sixth case and we said that in the object language the sixth case or Shasti Vibhakti is translated with the help of the word of in the meta language however the sixth case or Shasti Vibhakti is translated as in place of or instead of. We took three examples and studied this aspect before, studied this aspect in detail and we noted once again based on the first fundamental principle of difference namely that a word stands for its own form the sixth case stands for in place of or instead of. We also noted that the translation instead of is used to indicate the intellectual programming or intellectual plane in which this substitution happens. After having studied the differences of these meanings now let us study in this lecture the difference of meaning of the seventh case in the meta language. We said that the meaning of the seventh case or Saptami in the object language is in or on. In the object language the seventh case is translated by using the word in or on but in the meta language it is translated as immediately before and let us take the examples here is the first example H O Yawa Yawaha this is 6178 and the word achi continues in this sutra from previous sutra achi is in seventh case we will study what H is when we look at the third difference between the object language and the meta language right now let us focus on the seventh case and its meaning achi is the word in the seventh case 7 slash 1 achi is the seventh case form of the word ach which means a vowel. So, now what achi means is immediately before ach that is immediately before a vowel a chaha is 61 6 slash 1 of H which means in place of H all this put together this sutra would mean immediately before H substitute a Yawa Yaw in place of H if we put this in the form of an equation we will say that H is the condition and now we have H coming before. So, if we have H plus H the resultant output after having applied 6178 would be a Yawa Yaw plus H which is to say that H is substituted by a Yawa Yaw H is replaced by a Yawa Yaw what it means is that a grammatical operation is stated with reference to an element already stated or already known in this case it is ach this element will appear on the right hand side in case of the seventh case used this appears on the right hand side the newly stated element will appear on the left hand side in this case H which is shown here. So, we have H plus ach now. So, in a nutshell we can say that the word mentioned using seventh case works as a right hand side environment or the condition for the rule to apply. So, ach is the right hand side environment for the rule H O Yawa Yawa to apply which substitutes a Yawa Yaw in place of H. Let us look at the second example in which seventh case is used and its meaning is explained as immediately before. Here is an example Vishvasya Vasurato Ho the word Vishvasya is in sixth case 6 slash 1. Vasurato Ho is 7 slash 2 the word dirgaha continues from the previous sutras. So, Vasurato Ho is 7 slash 2 of Vasurata. Vishvasya is 6 slash 1 of Vishva. So, in place of Vishva that is the meaning of 6 slash 1 and immediately before Vasurata that seems the meaning of 7 slash 2 over here and the word Vasurato Ho used in this sutra. What this means is that immediately before Vasu and immediately before Rath substitute Vishva by a long vowel and we substitute this at the end as is directed by another meta rule which we shall study later on. Right now what this sutra means is that immediately before Vasu and immediately before Rath substitute Vishva by a long vowel. So, here is an example Vishva plus Vasu and both these words are put in square brackets to indicate that they are part of a compound. So, Vishva followed by Vasu. So, immediately before this Vasu the word Vishva comes in. So, the final vowel which is a short vowel is substituted by dirgaha that is a long vowel. Vishva becomes Vishva over here and so we get the final form Vishva Vasu. There are some more details of these words and the words that are continued in this sutra which we have not taken into account right here. We shall take into account these words when we look at the types of sutras namely the azhikara sutras etc later on. Right now we focus on the meaning of the seventh case and therefore it is enough for us to say that Vasu Rath Ohu stands for immediately before Vasu and Rath. So, the explanation is this a grammatical operation is stated with reference to an element already stated or already known that is the word Vasu over here. This element will appear on the right hand side and the newly stated element will appear on the left hand side which is Vishva which is stated here. Now the newly stated element will appear on the left hand side. So, the word mentioned using seventh case works as the right hand side environment or the condition for the rule to apply and therefore Vishva becomes Vishva and then the final output is Vishva Vasu. Let us take the third example explaining the use of the seventh case and its meaning namely immediately before. Here is an example Nami the word Nami appears in the seventh case seven slash one and there are two important words mentioned here which are continued from the previous sutras. One is dirgaha seven one slash one and the other one is achaha six slash one. Now Nami which is seven slash one of Naam indicates immediately before Naam. Achaha which is six slash one of ach indicates in place of ach and therefore all these words put together the sutra would mean immediately before Naam lengthen the preceding short vowel. There are some more words which are omitted in the meaning over here which we shall see later on when we look at some technical terms. But still when we are focused on the meaning of the seventh case we say that the seventh case which is used in this sutra Nami stands for immediately before and then the meaning of the word Nami is immediately before Naam lengthen the preceding short vowel and here is an example Bala is the word after which comes the word Naam which is the suffix this is the genitive plural suffix Bala plus Naam. Now applying this six four three Nami Bala becomes Bala when Naam follows and so we get the resultant form Bala Naam. The explanation of this is the following a grammatical operation is stated with reference to an element already stated or already known so Naam is already there. Now this element appears on the right hand side the newly stated element will appear on the left hand side and now the word mentioned using the seventh case works as the right hand side environment or condition for the rule to apply. So this is the right hand side element as an environment in this environment Bala becomes Bala this short vowel is substituted by the long vowel and we get the final output in the form of the word Bala Naam which is the genitive plural of the word Bala ending in short let us now look at the systemic analysis of the meaning of these cases. So if a rule has the following structure namely x plus five plus y plus six plus z plus seven plus a plus one where five six seven and one refer to the cases discussed so far the rule would then mean in the environment of x on the left hand side and z on the right hand side y is to be substituted by a and I repeat in the environment of x on the left hand side and z on the right hand side y is to be substituted by a this can be shown in the form of an equation in the following way x plus y plus z where x forms the left hand side environment and z forms the right hand side environment and both these are the environments with respect to y y comes in between x and z then this particular rule would apply and then generate the output in the form of x plus a plus z so y gets substituted by a when y comes in the environment of x on the left hand side and z on the right hand side this equation can be once again explained in the following way x plus y plus z is the first step of derivation applying the rule that we saw on the previous slide at this particular step because the conditions for the rule to apply are fulfilled this rule takes x plus y plus z as the input and returns x plus a plus z as the output if x plus a plus z which was the output of the earlier rule fulfills conditions for another rule to apply then that another rule will take x plus a plus z as its input applies itself and returns say x plus b plus z as the next output and this process continues recursively until no rule in the system applies then the form say x n z is returned as final output this is how the system will work as far as paninian grammar is concerned and this is how the case endings will contribute to this system so far we have studied the cases and their meanings in the meta language of panini and we have noted down these differences which have also contributed to the understanding of the meta language as well as the overall system of paninian grammar now here is the word of caution apart from these meanings assigned to the cases in the meta language there are other meanings of the cases in the object language which are also available in the meta language for example when meaning condition is stated the seventh case is used just as it is used in the case of an object language such cases will be studied in detail in the advanced level of this particular course right now we can summarize what we have studied so far namely that the meaning difference of the cases used in the meta language makes it a unique meta language of paninian grammar these meanings should be remembered when making the meaning of the sutra in the ashtadhyayi paninian grammar the meanings of these cases serve as the conditions for a rule to get applied and to generate an output this is the purpose of the cases and the different meanings assigned to them in the meta language of panini so there are lots of questions that can be asked on the discussion that we have had so far we used several words we used several terms terms like ach ach jhal jash jash ik and yen etc what do they exactly mean we have seen that if we know the meaning of the cases even if we do not know the meanings of these terms we can still make the meaning of the sutra possible but that meaning is still a general meaning to know the exact meaning of the sutras in which these terms are used we need to know the exact meanings of these terms which shall be the topic of the next lecture these are the technical terms devised by panini which are called pratyahara and this will be the topic of our next lecture wherein we see how these terms get formed first of all and then what do they stand for and then how are they used actually in sutras and how they cover a huge number of data in a brief manner possible then the next set of questions is what is adhatu and what is a pratyapadika these are two very fundamental technical terms which are core to the system of paninyan grammar dhatu is a verbal root and pratyapadika is the nominal root and we shall study these two concepts in detail in the future part of this particular course we also noted that there are certain other meta rules which are involved which bring about the entire derivation process from one step to the next we also noted that there are certain meta rules which allow us to interpret certain words differently for example a chaha dhatoha ataha pratyapadika a chaha was interpreted as a janta dhatu at and pratyapadika at was interpreted as adanta pratyapadika a pratyapadika ending in short a adhatu ending in a vowel what is the meta rule which allows us to do this this is an important question and this will also be a part of the future part of this course we shall study them when we study types of rules namely the meta rules all this will be the part of the future course which we shall study later on right now in the next lecture we shall study the concept of pratyahar how they get formed and what do they mean and how they are used in the sutras in ashtadhyay in paninyan grammar thank you for your attention thank you