 So welcome everyone to the final session to the closing session today. Thank you to all of you who came today And didn't leave early. I know a lot of people needed to leave early today So I really appreciate you being here for this final session. We'll be introducing the conference venue for next year as an opening part of this closing session Then we will have a keynote Followed by reflections from the Eden Council of Fellows and then Yeah, so thank you for coming this morning. I wanted to take a moment. Who was at the awards dinner last night? Wonderful, okay Thank you for coming despite having been up so late last night The I just wanted to announce the winner from from last night's best research paper award. Are you here today to render? Okay, she probably was out celebrating last night. No, no Okay, please stand up. Please stand up To to render how I'm gonna really destroy your last name Liana Gunna Vadina From the University College of Estate Management in the United Kingdom her paper was called automatic transcription software Good enough for accessibility a case study from build environment education So one more round of applause for to render Okay, now I would like to invite Rebecca galley and Gerald Evans to this to the to the podium to introduce next year's venue for the Eden conference Okay, thank you Lisa Marie for your warm welcome So my name is Gerald Evans. I'm head of learning design at the Open University and I'm with Rebecca galley director for learning experience and technology and like to Say a couple of thank-yous first of all firstly to Viva's for their hosting of this year's conference. It's been a fantastic conference I've been very generous and sharing some of their experiences about hosting with us And it's also been very clear from the talks and demos From Viva's members here this year that you're very innovative and forward-looking Institution, so thank you for that You'll be a hard act to follow We'd also like to say thank you to the Eden executive committee for approving our application and giving us the chance to host next year's conference For us at the European University UK, we're excited to host Such an important time in the university's history as we turn 50 this year And the opportunities it offers us to work in collaboration With our faculties and scholarship centers across the university. So we have scholarship centers in each of our four faculties Which are well-being education and languages science technology engineering and maths faculty of business and law and the faculty of arts and social sciences We are we'll also be working closely with our open-tell research hub led by Eileen Scanlon from the Institute of Educational Technology A bit about the campus so as you can see from the We are located at the Walton Hall campus in Milton Keynes Which is about 80 kilometers north of London and halfway between Oxford and Cambridge We've got great connections to the rest of the UK via rail and motorway And plenty of hotels within within walking distance The campus itself is a large campus. There's about three thousand full-time members of staff on site including about 1200 full-time academics and about 250 of our research students And the campus itself is in a beautiful riverside setting with lots of fine walks to enjoy And with any luck we'll have some good weather next year for you to enjoy though the grounds We also hope next year to offer a Delegates a tour of the award-winning open STEM labs This is a facility that offers access to research grade scientific equipment And experiments for students to explore and participate in from their Desktops We're also a short trip away from Bletchley Park You may know which is was home to the World War two codebreakers and it's now a heritage attraction You will be aware that Eden and the open University UK share a very close history And Anderson others have spoken at the conference about how the university has seen it as the birthplace for Eden We continue to share a powerful mission in terms of opening up education to the world And Rebecca will now speak a little about that mission Steve Wheeler noted in this keynote right at the very start of the conference that the OU is celebrating its 50th year this year and What an exciting year it's been The open University flew in the face of established higher education when it was founded in 1969 The bold vision of Prime Minister Harold Wilson Created a new university which was founded on the principle of being open to all and branded the University of the air With challenges ahead such as Brexit and industry 4.0 and the urgent challenge of the current global skills gap The OU has become more important than its founders could ever have imagined 50 years ago No one knew whether this University of the air would take off or spectacularly self-destruct in fact The original University Wilson building was designed in this in the shape of an H So that it could be easily repurposed into a hospital should they experiment not work Because how could a university with no entry requirements no student campus Guide the educationally disenfranchised through the demands of a degree It was a huge gamble and not only politically but for those early academics who are risking their careers to join this bold experiment From 24,000 students in our first intake in 1971 we now have over 174,000 people studying higher education courses with us Move the slide forward. Thank you Making us one of the largest higher education providers in Europe Now 50 years on students can see 40,000 year old signals coming from space Experience Mars landscape See through a slice of rock and look a fruit fly in the eye all without moving from their workspace Using the capabilities of the open stem lab that Gerald mentioned earlier Today's learners can go on a virtual field trip exploring the geology of the Peak District or Immerse themselves in augmented reality to see a beating heart in great detail and The oh you law school is one of the first in the UK to enable law students to give real-life legal advice Under the scrutiny of solicitors in our free online pro bono lean of legal clinic Alongside our degree programs we offer a wealth of free learning materials via open learn which has just celebrated 60 million visitors to its site and the oh you also pioneered future learn now Established as the leading social learning moot platform with over a hundred and seventy three partners Including specialist education providers and leaders in industry across a variety of sectors Internationally Projects to develop the skills of teachers in remote corner corners of Africa and India have made a huge impact To the education of children in those regions As part of our 50th celebration, we've created a short film that I wanted to share with you Not only because it celebrates the oh you mission, but it's the mission that we all share as members of Eden. I Won't apologize to those of you that may have already seen it because I've seen it many times and it moves me every single time And it reconnects me to my purpose as an open and distance educator And I hope you enjoy it as much as I do and relevant also to these problems are our plans for a university of the air It's designed to provide an opportunity for those who for one reason or another have not been able to take advantages of higher education Let's say you're one of those people One of those who think where you start in life shouldn't limit where you go One of those who think a university shouldn't just be well a university Let's say you're one of us and together we are the open University Open to all of us all of the time Not some of us some of the time We are a movement of millions a mission of one We are disruptors occasional troublemakers Game changers we are the fuel for imagination chasing comets making the impossible We are restless in our drive to see progress that touches us all inspiring students to become ministers and midwives barristers and teachers tech entrepreneurs business gurus and more Our cause goes beyond being an innovative way of learning and our future lies and continuing to build that cause We are the people who open up the future of learning This is how we shape the future Let's say you are one of those people who believe what we believe One of those excited by possibility Let's say you are one of us We can't wait to open up millions of futures and with your help We can wonderful, huh? And we really really look forward to welcoming you to the open University UK next year. Thank you Thank you, Rebecca and Gerald and I'm very much looking forward to next year and visiting your University our next keynote speaker this morning is Ilka to Omi founder and chief scientist at meaning processing in Finland And he will be talking to us today about artificial intelligence in education The state of the practice and the paths toward the future Okay, this should be on and it is on so good morning so Yeah, I'm going to talk about artificial intelligence, but I really struggled During the last three days that what new and I say that you already don't know Because artificial intelligence currently is like a Cumbrian explosion You have all these Coming up and you can read from the newspaper almost daily How there is something new interesting happening and as you saw in a keynote Earlier You have magical things happening. You have Horsies transformed to zebras. You have talking Mona Lisa's You have people switching their heads and you have all these exciting things So it looks like there is something really new happening and some interesting new things going on on the other hand I struggle because If I'm looking what is happening at in education at schools with digital technologies Distance learning it seems that we are still talking about the same things that we have been talking for a very long time Maybe I can just One simple example in early 1990s. I was sitting next to a computer And with a friend of mine. I used to work at Nokia research center At that time and I was sitting next to a computer And we opened a new application. I was saying wow This is going to change the world This is going to change the society That that was probably one of the first. I mean maybe the third or fourth worldwide web server And since then since early 1990s. I've been talking about the same thing That how these things are going to change the society how our systems of production How our economies how our social infrastructures and social structures are going to be changing And how we hit with these technologies the very deepest layers of human knowledge knowing learning And social interaction So in a way, I kind of I'm kind of uncomfortable because I was obviously thinking what new I can tell you And I know in this audience we have kind of People who have been working in this area for decades already And some of you are more newcomers But many of the topics that we are talking are still Very similar to what we have been talking before So now we have the situation where AI is suddenly everywhere And on the other hand, I have this feeling that we are not really still kind of advancing to anything new since the early I mean in the Early 90s when I saw the worldwide web. I said this is going to revolutionize the world I already had written a book on artificial intelligence I already had written a master's thesis in theoretical physics on neural networks And I was working in Nokia research center as an expert in artificial intelligence and expert systems Very early there I set up a collaboration competence center with the idea that actually machines are not going to solve any of our major problems Instead it's going to be collaboration with humans mediated by technologies And then I said a knowledge management group in Nokia, which was focusing on innovation and knowledge creation processes within these kinds of global corporations So in many ways, we have been talking about digital technologies a lot I've been writing Finnish strategies for information society I've been doing Visions for the european commission where this world is going and so forth So in that context now, I'm looking artificial intelligence. I mean, it's an old thing But something new is happening there So now what I've tried to do with you is to try to I think I cannot say very much new things to you But what I try to do is to kind of crystallize what we have been talking about for a long time And in a way, I'm saying that the devil Is in the big picture So we have to understand this kind of societal economic transformation To be able to understand what a is doing today and where it's going and education Learning knowledge creation these are the things that are at the core of all social processes And and they will be Key to my talk So I'm going to talk about the big picture and then I'm going to talk about The technical the detail the devil in the details So what artificial intelligence really can do today why it can do specific types of things And I try to frame the whole thing in in this kind of way Let's see how it works And I also hope that we have time to really have some discussion Many of the things that I'm going to say talk about Are very big So I'm opening doors to huge topics that we should be talking about Intensively today tomorrow and in the years to come So I hope we have at least very kind of quick entry through those doors Sorry, I'm skipping here So, you know, European Commission just last December Created an action plan for artificial intelligence They say that in the next years Europe should invest 20 billion euros in artificial intelligence About seven billion euros per year will be public investment and European Commission is Saying that it will at least in the beginning put one billion euros a year to artificial intelligence So this is big and you know it it's on top of all agendas all the member states in Europe are now Writing or have already written their strategies where they say that this is going to be huge I was just some time ago a few weeks ago in a Conference where the general director of UNESCO was Saying that artificial intelligence is the biggest change in human history since the paleolithic time Well, there's something really big people at least think that there is something really big and something really new happening Well commission says this is like the steam engine Or the electricity And ai is transforming the world Here I get this feeling. Okay. I was sitting next to this computer and I was saying this is going to transform the world Yes, it did and it is transforming the world ai is part of that story. So it's not something separate UNESCO just had a meeting in our conference in pecking With 50 ministers talking about the importance of ai in education And they say there is no doubt that ai will revolutionize the delivery and management of education and learning Big things So i'm confused in a way. I've seen a lot of this stuff. I've been doing ai since the early 1980s I One of the first persons to be connected to the internet in finland Even before there was an internet in finland. I wrote a book on computer hackers and computer networks Then I wrote a book on artificial intelligence. I've been I have a phd in adult education I've been working in knowledge creation all that stuff digital really implementing these things and i'm still confused So I hope this confusion can be crystallized Here one key point is that I I think we have always in education have this kind of Two it's kind of pendulum swinging between two Edges or two Boundaries of what we think about what is education? So one role of education societal role of education is really a civilization function So we try to bring young kids To adults who are able to operate in the world where they are So this is the kind of this is the paleolithic function of education This paleolithic function has been extremely important during the last century We try to bring people Develop skills so that they can be linked to the machines that are on the factory floor that produce all the stuff that we have So this kind of intergenerational transfer of knowledge skill And membership in these communities that form society and its economic practices has always been very important The other edge is this developing the human capability developing humans This is the aristo del socrater since that we have also thought that the role of education is to bring Individuals to their Maximum potential and so forth so the last century and our our Systems of education are now very heavily on this civilization role in some countries like in china They use extensively ai to actually Personalized training so that every individual could be similar In some other countries like i'm coming from finland The trend is exactly the opposite. So the whole basic education is Not to make people similar, but to actually allow them to become what they are So this is on the developing side. So even today we have different But if you look policy discussions, they are very much about productive skills What people need to know in the future labor market? That's very kind of big political Agenda obviously So i'm saying now that i mean this is going to be one part important part of my story We are moving from this civilization Accommodation to people becoming Members of existing social structures. We are moving because of technical development Very fast to this human development side again And i'm saying that actually we should think about education in the sense of human agency What we need to teach and what we need to learn to be able to be competent Partners in the world that is going to be there So and and i'm saying that technology drives quickly us towards that side So just to kind of point what what i think about capability and agency in this context, you know Competencies normally are understood to be some kind of a mixtures of of knowledge or skill and attitude so On the knowledge side i'm saying that we have three different types of things that constitute knowledge We have this kind of descriptive knowledge what this is knowledge about something Then we have skills which is more operational Knowing how to do things and then we have experience Which tells us what is the context why we do some things and why When some Knowledge is relevant. So this is something that people could also go metacognition. So What we have not discussed enough is that competence and capability and agency has two very important Components the other one is material resources. So if you take a brain surgeon And don't and basically give only a screwdriver to him or her There's nothing much that this brain surgeon can do So we need to have these technologies that allow us to express our capabilities and competencies and agencies So technology is really core part of what I call capability It's kind of broader understanding of what is competence and the other part is social resources. So when I do something It's not what I know It's the capability. It's my capability of mobilizing knowledge in the social environment So if i'm looking what makes me possible to do things, it's very often the social networks I know people who can help me. I know people who know something So I also need this social dimension and this is something that people have realized I mean during the last 20 years certainly that social dimension is really very important And that's why we have been talking about 21st century skills and soft skills and so forth. So as As if they would be some kind of separate skills And in my view part of the problem is that we have understood skill Or competence in a very individualistic sense. So it's a it's an attribute of a person The person either has competence or skill or doesn't and I'm moving now much more and I many other people do As well towards the kind of extended model. So it's it's not my competence. It's not my skill It's not something that can be tested. For instance, do I have the skill? Without taking into account the technical environment and the physical environment the space we are And all the kind of material Constructions around us and technologies available us, but also the social resources available So the talk about 21st century skills for instance or soft skills In a way to me it kind of indicates that we we are moving towards a system Where these distributed capabilities are becoming important partly because technology is becoming More flexible and we we cannot say that I'm using one specific tool for one specific purpose or kind of activity but actually I'm using using In much more fluid way the technical environment and this is the Essential character of the social networks the computing networks that we have today It allows us to reconfigure Technical possibilities in ways that have never been before possible. So in almost real time we can access resources This is something we did not have in the industrial age in the last century This is something where we are now today. So we do very quickly this kind of configuration and that kind of race is the the this aspect of social and distributed models of competence So I'm basically and this is nothing new. I'm saying human intelligence is socially and materially distributed So it's not what's in your brain As James Gibson was saying ask not what's in your head. Ask. What's your head inside of So it's really this kind of extended view and on the other number Bonnie Nardi these are titles from papers This is from 2000. I think Bonnie Nardi's paper. It's not what you know. It's who you know This is a paper about Work in the information age, and I think it's it's very kind of nicely put So technologies are not out there. So artificial intelligence. It's not a thing All technologies are part of social practices And innovation does not happen when some engineer gets and get great idea that okay now we have electricity or steam engine Innovation happens when we adapt these technical In our latent technical possibilities in our social practices And this process is a social learning process So actually the invention of technology happens when we take these technical opportunities and possibilities into real use So i've been talking about downstream innovation saying that that's actually where the innovation happens That also means that all innovation is social innovation. There is no technical innovation as such Technologies do not exist Without the social use of those technologies that makes them meaningful technologies that Makes them real So in a sense electricity did not revolutionize the world It's actually the uses of electricity that made a difference And we actually used a lot of electricity coal Steel to make that happen And steam obviously So this is a kind of big bigger picture where i'm looking looking a i So i wrote last year a report for the european commission on the impact of Artificial intelligence and learning teaching and education. This was a very quick one. I mean i spent maybe two weeks writing it but it's it's kind of a starting point for Talking about this impact. So in the executive summary, i'm also saying that this is going to be very rapid change it's going to create The key point is it's going to create very high pressure in the current institutions to change So you will see that in education Educational institutions, there is going to be in the next couple of years a lot of talk about what are you going to do with ai How are we going to use all these miracle possibilities of ai in our teaching and so forth So i will show you later what we try to do in that area But the point is that there is going to be huge social pressure at schools Universities to do something about ai at the same time. We are reading these newspaper Headlines saying that it is going to be revolutionary. It's going to be bigger than paleolithic. I mean inventing the fire So yes, it is going to be an important thing and i'm saying that because of this it is going to be very important to understand artificial intelligence And that's what i kind of tried to do here also I'm saying it's not about having a technology Taking it to use. I'm saying it's part of this long much longer story clicking this Screen showing the worldwide web thinking wow, we are hitting the core of societal processes learning processes This is going to be a big thing in the future This ai what that we are now seeing is one element of a much bigger picture So very often when we talk about ai in education people think that okay, what can i do now with artificial intelligence technologies In my classroom for instance So we think that the world would remain as it is and we add Just a piece of technology Well, the interesting story here is that artificial intelligence is part of a bigger picture that is transforming The industrial systems that we have been living during the last two centuries to a new system And in that system we want to understand how we would like to use ai Then we have to ask why we want to have education in that kind of future world where we are heading why Education and learning and knowledge is relevant in that future To understand this change we have to understand where we are today. So that's what i'm saying People talk about ai is going to destroy jobs and occupations Or it's going to be the biggest impact on economic productivity increase unless we do it. We are failed So it's kind of very important to understand why did we have jobs in the past Why did we think it's important to learn skills? Why education in the past? And so this is a kind of systemic view where ai may make a kind of Difference So i'm just saying very quickly. This is my take. This is very kind of kind of unconventional take Very crystallized view. This is obviously more complex thing. Why did we have jobs? In the last century. Why did we have education? Obviously i'm saying this is simplified But i try to point one critical aspect of how the future is going to be different from the past So last century innovation really focused on areas where The use of energy allowed us to mechanize human work This is called automation. It shows up in economic theory as productivity labor productivity improvement and The secret is that actually if you look the the big picture of last century Growth is very much Grounded on Very rapid growth of fossil fuels So if you ask how do i know that there has been success In the last century economic growth everything fine The most obvious indicator is that you look the Residue what happens when you keep on growing? Well the answer is co2 So if you want to know whether there is growth in the industrial system You just look how much there is co2 in the air. That's the kind of simplest way of doing Why it is like that why we did that last century? it is because Fossil fuels happen to be natural resources accumulated over hundreds of millions of years So there's a lot of work to produce that stuff It takes hundreds of millions of years billions and billions of unarabic bacteria to actually produce oil And then we go and we pump This happens basically during the last 70 years or so we start very heavily pumping this oil out of ground It costs roughly one dollar per barrel to pump oil in Qatar and Saudi Arabia So basically it's it's almost free So the more you use this almost free energy The more productivity the economy looks like The more you use it the more The more economic growth you get so if you look the economic incentives Innovation goes into areas where you can use this almost free energy As much as possible and replace human work biological kind of work And energy using that technology. So that's the kind of very short story of the last century So an economic theory it shows up as as productivity growth and growth because uh the In economic accounting The value of fossil fuel for instance is counted Using its market value So it's uh, I mean, it's how much you pay for it But the thing is that you don't pay for the work that actually created it So you don't pay for the bacteria to actually do the stuff You only pay for the guys who actually pumped it and shipped it to your port So it's it's grossly underestimated the impact of energy And uh, I mean if you have economists around here, it's interesting that if you do this computation right There is no effect of innovation in the last century in economic productivities I mean, this is called solov's residue basically solov was saying that there's a kind of mysterious extra growth This is called total productivity growth and residue The economy grows faster than its input so labor inputs We have been adding one billion persons per every decade now to the global system And we have been adding material resources And it seems that economy grows faster than these inputs. So this faster this mysterious residue is called technology and innovation in economics If you count energy inputs right this mysterious unexplainable growth disappears so Obviously you need something more than machines and oil You need something to fix that stuff. So you need to put the machine on the factory floor You need ports. You need streets. You need buildings. You need, uh, I mean ports So what you need is actually concrete. So this is the concrete base of the industrial system of production It's concrete. So you take cement. You take water. You take sand You build all these infrastructure that we have in the industrial system without cement We would not have industrial systems of production. We would not have growth. We would not have jobs So interesting thing is to look how much energy goes to cement production. So this is roughly I mean, I'm just showing you the picture Um, we used 4.1 billion tons um of cement in 2017 and this is roughly like 2.5 billion Barrels of oil every year that we use to make cement Cement it's roughly 10 of co2 or energy consumption in the world today So that is the concrete base really the material base of our economic growth This has to do with ai I don't go there too much But a very interesting point in ai is its energy consumption So we talk about digitalization as it would be some kind of virtual reality Just I mean last year at the end of last year it took 60 barrels of oil to produce one bitcoin Only the bitcoin mining Uses today more electricity than switzerland almost like austria That's the bitcoin and there is a technical reason I come back to that in a minute because it's really core also to ai and its future anyway So I mean this is a kind of question that I have been in my Own mind why we had the systems as they are and now obviously the point is that okay If we have this have these high level policy declarations that the biggest problem in the current system is global warming And then the same guys say that the biggest opportunity is artificial intelligence It's going to revolutionize the world and we are supposed to use it everywhere We have to kind of look that okay Whether this ai for instance addresses this problem or not. I've been saying that if you want to have a machine learning system really It's a good thing to have a nuclear power station in your backyard because these are several orders of magnitude More energy consumption in technologies than we have had before So we tend to look one thing like ai or something and You know project those specific Isolate the technical ideas or our images of them to a world and keep the rest as it is So this is from 1950s a picture Miracles you see in the next 50 years. They had a special issue How the world is going to look like in year 2000 and this is just one of the pictures I mean plastics were a big thing in 1950s because everything in her home is waterproof The housewife of 2000 can do her daily cleaning with a hose Everything else remains the same no one in 1950s in the us asked whether the housewives exist in 2000 Whether they do their daily cleaning And whether they still have the astray on the table and so forth So I mean we take we don't we have very great difficulties in understanding that's understanding systemic change And we think that these technologies are kind of isolated elements And this is also the story if you are looking like the current estimates of the future of jobs And skilled demands They use models where they think that everything remains the same Except something and then they do computations and come up with numbers and it looks science because it has a number So this is a kind of fundamental problem in our way of also predicting and anticipating future developments So I did the same thing in the report I wrote for the commission. I did exactly the same thing I took the best existing econometric models The methodology from there and tried to see what happens to teachers And this is this is in the report I was looking middle school teachers So in the americans is american um, there's an american database own it That actually catalogs all different occupations and all the different skills that are needed in these different occupations And then for each skill or each occupation also tasks. What these people do So this is an example of middle school teacher Tasks What they do in a priority order This is intended for Students if they want to know whether I would like to be a middle school teacher They can go to this database and see what kinds of competencies and skills would I need to be a teacher? And they get an idea what the what stuff they need to do there So this is the least I don't go to the list, but I'm just saying that okay This is an example of other things being equal and this is economic the economics basically is a science of Ceteris barbus So it's it's kind of other things being Equal so you keep everything as it is And then you add something so it's like the industrial system Added with artificial intelligence and specific functions and then you come up with predictions that what's going to happen in the future okay It's not a good idea But then it's a good idea to try to understand what is artificial intelligence really able to do and why So I quickly just point a couple of things first when we talk about artificial intelligence. We often think that it's a thing Artificial intelligence is not a thing. It's not there for These two important reasons first Technologies become real only when they are integrated in social practices So the same kind of technical function Functionality can play very many different roles if it's used in many different purposes I mean think about mobile phone. It's one piece of technology It plays very many different social roles in different Settings some of those grow some die some become popular some not so That's one thing and the other thing is that it's actually artificial intelligence is a very broad area of research That has many very different approaches So when we talk about ai we often think about Hollywood movies or something where where there is the ai There is no such a thing. This is what Albert, um, I mean whitehead was saying This is the Error of misplaced concreteness. So we we have a Word for something and we think that there is a thing because there is a word. There is no such a thing But there are three different lines of research in artificial intelligence. The first is so-called logic based where Where this is the touring that was mentioned already before and and other guys in the early 1950s thinking that Because you can model human networks as logical networks Computers can do the same stuff that human brain can do. So this is the kind of touring approach originally Uh, it did not succeed very well. It was tried. This is this is where the term artificial intelligence comes From the DARPA 1958 conference. So Herbert Simon and others were doing this Then we became knowledge based approaches which are more familiar People have been doing knowledge based repression knowledge based ai for schools and teaching Since the at least since the early 1980s So the idea that you represent knowledge Kind of structures of knowledge And you represent structures of the student's mind And you map find kind of uh areas where there are gaps and you kind of use technology to actually Teach the person so So these are the kind of representational models expert systems and those kinds of systems They are now widely used but so common that people don't talk about ai very much there But many much of ai in education work is in this these areas There's a long tradition this week. There is a conference in Chicago on artificial intelligence in education organized by the international artificial intelligence in education society. It's 20 If year if I remember right already now So there's a lot of work in there, but what is the hype today? What you see on the newspaper is data driven ai So this is machine learning. This is something that you use massive amounts of data And that's what we do today. It also has long history Many ai people don't know, but it's already 1930s the first models neural networks models that were developed So what we are seeing is a new paradigm for computer program That's new We take a lot of data and we have adaptive systems that actually adapt themselves To the data. So this is Not algorithmic processing where you tell the computer what to do But as we as we heard it's it's kind of goal oriented approach You tell what would be the right type of answer and then you keep on computing until you start to get the right type of answer The very very important point here is that this requires huge amounts of data and in almost all cases This data is human labeled So the radical kind of breakthroughs in this area came in video image processing Because there was very good databases with Millions of pictures where humans had labeled whether in this picture you have a cat or a dog And using these databases you could use this machine learning approach And the machines learned to know there's a cat. There's a dog It was almost 50 000 people labeling this data To make this possible. So it is not computers as such. It's very much human oriented stuff as well The reason last year google released a model called bird Which is a kind of generic language natural language model I'm just giving you a couple of numbers It trained 340 million parameters in this network And it used To train the model it actually used something like two to 21 computations So think about the old computing where you have a program that says first do that if not do something do something You have typically something like maybe a thousand Computing operations. Sometimes you have more, but it's an order of let's say hundreds and thousands and maybe 10,000 computations here we talk about 10 to 21 computations to train this model Now if you think what it is if you think every person on earth child to an old person And every person would compute one multiplication every second for a year You would need 12,000 planet earths To do the same amount of computation. So this is a different paradigm And it has also consequences So In a way, this is a new paradigm on the other hand. It's an old one So this is the basic model rose and blood's perceptron It's based on heavy and associative learning Where when once one action fires in a neural network And another action fires if they act if they fire simultaneously, they Amplify each other. So they kind of Lower the threshold. So it it's easier that they are kind of synchronized So this is the heavy and neuron and rose and blood implemented that in 1950s in neural network models And current models are basically similar. So this is google's image Recognition algorithm and network google net Which is basically the same thing. But as you see we went from tens To billions billions billions and billions. So we are talking about petaflops 10 to 15 now in these computing systems So what do you get when you go to there? This is state of the art natural language general model By open ai released partly this year It used eight million web pages And it trained 1.5 billion parameters in this network. So this this is what you get So this is a system where you can type in Human can type in some text And the system keeps on predicting what could be the next word Even all the previous words in this text So in this case the human happened to type in For today's homework Assignment, please describe the reasons for the us civil war War sorry And the system keeps on predicting what could be the most probable next word Well, okay, it comes up. It could be by Then followed by first name if it's followed by by first name The next most probable is a second name and it keeps on inventing these things So it keeps on writing the story and it goes on and says I mean it is easy to identify why the civil war happened and so forth In 1791 tomas chefferson said and then there's a quote Our constitution was made only for a moral and religious people It is wholly in inadequate to the government of any other This is not a quote from tomas chefferson These are predictions. What would be the most probable words if all these previous texts would be there Now open a I did not release. This is a special case because Until this application all these trained models have been published openly on the net So you can go to the net and download all these models that have been trained with billions and billions of computations And you can easily kind of modify them and use for own purposes. That's why we are seeing this This cambrian explosion. So all these animals all these talking Monalisa's and so forth Are examples of these models being used for slightly different purposes They did not publish this because they thought that there are so big ethical problems You can automatically generate hate speech You can automatically generate political opinions that have impact in european Elections or american presidential elections. So they say that okay, we don't release the full model They released the the scientific basis and the partly trained models And now they have released the second bigger model And they say that because everyone is able to copy this within the next six months or so We eventually we will give you the whole stuff But we have a moratorium for About a year Before we release the whole model so that people can think what are the social and ethical and legal and other implications of these technologies So this is the first case when the developers actually say that we don't give it openly immediately So the algorithmic computing was really about this is John von Neumann if You can describe exactly what you do computer can do it Data-driven computing what I'm underpinning this This is undo and g saying one of the leaders in Deep learning if a typical person can do a mental task with less than one second of thought We can probably automate it using ai either now or in the future So then an interesting question for us is what is this learning that they are talking about? So if you put this into context of learning theories, what these systems do They do this kind of behavioral associative learning, which is something that insects can do So this is the behavioristic pigeons Kind of Trained to do something. So I've been saying that if you would have 150 million pigeons You could do this previous open ai Uh application you just have to wire them and give electric shock if they are right and another shock if they are wrong And eventually they would collectively be producing the same stuff But for human learning, this is interesting because I mean, this is really behavioristic really reflex type of learning So I've been also saying that we should be talking about artificial instincts Not artificial intelligence Because the levels of human intelligence are on different level here So basically we talk about cognitive and cultural things. So I've been kind of just putting quickly Some of the known guys there. So skinner is talking about behaviorism Piaget is talking about conceptual development and construction there Bigotsky is talking about how culture makes us Uh friday is talking about how we make the culture On if you map ai on this picture, you can see that deep learning is really on this behavioral level So when they talk about learning they talk about association and associative learning And cognitive side symbol processing ai is on that level and we don't have anything on the cultural level And if you go back to bigotsky, for instance, he was saying that that makes us humans I mean, this is the cultural level That separates us from apes basically that's what he's saying So I can make miracles. Yes, but all its intelligence currently comes from humans So these higher levels of thinking and intelligent they come from humans Or they come from Independent kind of indirectly from humans. So like these examples of downloading eight million web pages Humans wrote the text and then you can diagnose the statistical characteristics of this human generated product and copy Or you can do closed worlds where you have Rule-based systems like chess go and so forth and computers can automatically generate the kind of possibilities So it's all human intelligence still And the interesting thing is that these systems only see What they have learned from the data that they have been given so I run bigotsky's image through Google's image recognition system drilling to one layer trying to see what actually the system sees in bigotsky So I don't know if you can see but it happens that this this system It was trained using the image net data and it has a lot of animals in it So it reconstructs bigotsky by putting all different animal kind of shapes together. I don't know if you can see So ethically, this is interesting from pedagogical point of view If we go to the agency based approach of learning The idea is that humans become something that they did not be before Learning is about becoming something new something that did not exist. It's kind of a It's becoming even something that no one else is And these systems basically can only see repetition of the past So obviously this is a challenge for applying these in educational settings as well So there are many systems and I don't go there. I just I mean, um, they are already publications One that I like is Wayne Holmes Book on artificial intelligence in dedication that came out just a couple of months ago But this is kind of modified you have different kind of approaches student teaching These are the kind of instructivistic things where you pour the data to the student's mind Then you have constructivistic approaches where you actually use technology to augment the kind of learning processes and human capabilities Then you have teaching supporting systems that actually try to help teachers Using AI technologies and system based where you actually try to develop the system using these systems I just mentioned this but I'm just saying that the future is about change in the present And we need to understand the present and it is product of history So we have to understand where we were why we came where we are now So education is a solution always to existing Societal economic problems. So education is not an abstract thing. It's a solution. It's a social institution that addresses problems of each era So to understand how AI then will have an impact here We have to understand why we have the systems as we have them today. That's what I was trying to kind of highlight also here So what can I tell you that is new? I don't know if I can tell you anything that is new I've been doing this for more than three decades at least already Talking about the same stuff I don't think that I can say or tell you anything new But it does not mean that we cannot do something new or something We don't have to do whenever we do something. It's always something new So what we are doing now and what I'm doing now I'm doing a project with the joint research center commission research center With teachers so taking these technical possibilities to teachers And allowing and supporting them to invent these technologies So this is a very kind of co-creative co-creation type of approach Where people design not only what this technology could mean for them in the classroom This is k12 kind of case But also To think about the future of education what they think the education should be in the future And how these technologies could be used To move us from the present Towards that future So it's not about knowing the future. It's about doing It's making the future. So this is uh, that's the approach. So that's what I'm kind of saying and that's where I'm finishing here, but I I mean As you saw I run out of time. I did I did not run out of time, but I spent too much time But these are big pictures big quick questions and I hope we have time to talk about those. Thank you We have time for maybe one or two questions We do want to make sure everyone is able to leave on time today So just one or two questions. Do we have anyone from the audience that would like to say something comment? The question so I um I just saw uh today that um Oxford university was given a very large donation to create a ethics institute for ai And so I was wondering about your thoughts about um Given given the points that you're making about, you know, we're we're evaluating ai in today's context and not Not not the context in which, you know, ai could be used What are your thoughts about the whole the ethics question and how to make such an institute? um Future oriented in the same way that you're thinking about in terms of how we should be thinking about ai Yeah, the ethics question has been really interesting because There's a lot of talk. I mean all all international organizations are currently writing or have been writing Guidelines for ethical use of ai and it's in the EU policies. It's it's really very high and so forth So people are talking about ethics and and At the beginning it was very much about Questions like reliability and responsibility in the sense that who is legally responsible if something happens and so forth So it was kind of economic risk management approach. There has been more interesting work That looks really the kind of agency aspects of all the ai for instance from the ethical point of view And I think it is important. I've been but myself. I've been interested in dialogical ethics I mean really going back to the theory of ethics. I'm saying that these machines actually allow us to In a way reinvent ethical theories. So I go back to Bakhtin and others Not that well known Theorists of ethics that I think are very interesting in this context But certainly this one of the key topics for education is Ethics of education And that's I mean when I'm saying that we we are moving towards the agency based approaches it immediately brings the question Why we do this? What is the kind of ethical kind of foundation for education in that kind of setting? So I think it's really very important topic um And what you what you reported is a little bit It's scary In so far if I look Look into the whole over world situation It's not the development and that the adoption of ai in in the first world Even bigger threat to this to the third world Is it not widening the gap between those who are disadvantaged Against those who have all the power to use that that technology Yeah, so There's a lot of echo here. So it's kind of difficult to hear But if I heard right and understood right, yes, I I think that's why Because even if my title is is very much artificial intelligence That's why I think that this is really the kind of core issue. That's why I tried to say that the devil is in the big picture uh, so I mean just to give a very concrete example if you look why many Schools have difficulties today. What is the problem for a teacher today? in europe I mean It does not have that much to do with digital technologies For instance, I did this with people with teachers around europe just a couple of weeks ago And a very big problem is migration So people come into europe with very different kind of levels of knowledge and knowing and kind of cultural background And the teacher has to get everyone to the to the level where you can teach them And this takes a lot of effort So I mean just an as an example Maybe the problem is not there. Maybe the problem is somewhere else And I mean in that case that's why I'm kind of highlighting this question of global warming which looks very weird From a point of view of artificial intelligence in education I'm saying cement is a very important piece of understanding the systemic change and global. I mean This is a I mean I could go on The second round talking about that, but I think you are really hitting the right Right point. It's it's we have to look the global Context where we see the societal economic kind of transformation An educational transformation becomes part of that process where we are now Moving to a new system In the final part of of the session today What we would like to do is to give you an update of what we've been doing with the Eden council of fellows Um and my two colleagues whim and Antonio are here To also provide you with some of their insights some of their reflections their thoughts of the last three days here at At at the conference So i'm going to start with just a report give you a little bit of background on what Okay, that's not work. Here we go Eden council of fellows the fellows have been around for a very very long time We have nearly a hundred fellows within the Eden organization and these are people that are recognized for their contributions to the further promotion of Eden Involved in a number of different activities that that promotes the organization both inside and outside of the organization And people are recognized members are recognized within Eden for their work for their contributions the Eden council of fellows We kind of rebranded the Eden community of fellows to be a council Because we started to recognize that over the years what was happening is once our fellows became fellows Or once our our leadership moved into Moved out of leadership positions within within Eden. We were kind of losing that That that synergy that that would happen when we would all be together as a group and and we saw this We saw the fellows as a as a real A source of knowledge a source of experience that that was not being utilized to its greatest extent So we we've tried to rebrand the the council the fellows as being a council of fellows Providing insights and guidance for the rest of the organization That would be great It's the Yeah, the next one Yeah, that one. Thank you So what is the role of the Eden council? What do we see the the fellows doing within the organization? Well, as I was mentioning the fellows really have a wide range of experience a wide range of of Knowledge that we can draw from and furthering a lot of the initiatives within Eden And so we see the role of we met last year the fellows at the council meeting And during that meeting we we we tried to define. What is the role of the Eden fellows? What are their roles? What are their responsibilities and what came out of that brainstorming session? was really looking at you know Seeing the role of the fellow is having a role within the organization where they have an inward focus supporting the the executive committee advising them providing them with with insights And support, but we also saw the role of the fellows as being a think tank a place of new ideas People that have so much Contact and networks within within online and distance learning We wanted to be able to utilize that as much as possible So really positioning the fellows as being this think tank for new ideas And finally as being ambassadors for for Eden You know giving keynotes being involved in policy And so Through this process last year in Ganova. We looked at what are the roles of of the fellows and that's what that's what we came up with Our next meeting was held Yeah, this thing doesn't like me Want to go back that would be um So our next meeting was held back in uh In at the research workshop In Barcelona and what we did at that workshop is the fellows met and they started a brainstorm about what are the big issues? What are the things that we are being confronted with within open and distance learning? What are the things we want to concentrate as a as an organization? How can Eden play a role in in in really not just being part of those decisions and identifying Where the trends are and what's happening within open and distance learning but also to have an influential role And so what came out of that meeting was was four very long Sheets of paper about all of the different things that that were happening in the world And we tried to group them within specific activities within specific projects that we would then work on over the over the coming year and at the fellows meeting on On monday. We actually presented the results of of those projects. There's there's four different projects And the first project is looking at the strategic development of Eden and and there we have that inward focus We're looking at the we're looking working together with the ec to develop a SWAT analysis or to Compare what we think from the fellows perspective perspective. What are our strengths where our weaknesses? What are our opportunities? What kinds of threats are there? and so we're we're we're supporting them in terms of Really, where is Eden going to be in 2030? And so we've got a deborah Arnold is is leading that project Then we've got another project which is on open education trends. What's happening within open education? Where where where are all of the synergies? Where are all of the new things that are happening within within odl and Antonio is leading that particular project Then we've got the Eden community. What are our roles as Eden members? What are our values? What are our responsibilities? And that is a project that I have been leading And then we've got the eroto project where we're looking at further positioning the the the journal as being a As as continuing to be as an open journal A leader within within the publishing area So so we've we've identified four different projects that we're currently working on within the Eden Fellows If you see an opportunity for your involvement if there's something that you would like to be personally involved in Then be sure to contact us and let us know There is a board within the council. We have more kind of an organizing function Not We try to what we're trying to do here is really Creates as I mentioned before create synergies look at ways that we can bring the different parts of the organization together Not just within the organization, but outside of the organization to really promote Eden And so this is the board currently I'm the chair of the board the vice chair is Don Olcott Debra Arnold Albert Sanga Christian Schumann Torjel Slato Antonio texera Wim van Pettigram and from the ec is of Daniel Ellers And so we've been working together To to to really promote Eden. We're still in the initial phases of of moving this moving this forward So any feedback or ideas that you might have about the work that we've been doing Are are greatly appreciated So what I'd like to do now Is two of our fellows two of our senior fellows Antonio and Wim? Would like to share with you their reflections and insights on the conference thus far Antonio Oh, good morning. Well, first of all, I'm not Wim. I'm the second one. So but we change you other Well, what I'm going to briefly Share with you is personal reflection on the conference in terms of the trends and the the major trends and also the The content in that sense Well, the first impression that I would like to share with you Well, this is of course a personal impression that you you may agree or not with it It's about the high quality of the keynotes the papers that were presented the process and the demonstrations These were clearly a highlight of the conference and I'd like to congratulate you all for that Regarding them the main aspects Of the of the conference from the content point of view. I would I would basically Choose three words consolidation transition and maturity in the sense that there is a confirmation in my view of the diversity and Consolidation of the trends that have been falling in the in the last couple of years with some new as well emerging but basically there was a Consolidation of the already known trends approaches and solutions and at the same time this represents also a new maturity of the field of the community If in fact, if we look back to the past years, we can witness A main the mainstream of Digital learning across all sectors of the education systems from kindergarten to elementary education From higher education to lifelong learning and this has been reflected in the diversity and Level of development of the of the experiences that were shared here and of course of the Theoretical proposals that were also shared with us As I pointed out previously this consolidation represents in my view a stage of maturity of the field Researches and practitioners approach The use of technology Approach to the use of technology as evolved from seeing it as just a tool to facilitate the teaching and learning processes To a new dimension in which technology is Understood as a means to enhance the human capability to learn. I believe that the the keynote this morning Is simply a perfectly exemplified this shift This maturity is also demonstrated in the focus on digital literacies that we Discussed it yesterday. It is no longer mixed with the technological saveness Or the simple ability to manipulate technology Technological tools There is a new more holistic and complex awareness of the potential implications and limits Of the use of technology in education and in society in general In this case, we might say that digital literacy is now also a part of a broader concept of digital citizenship It is also clear in my view. We should not fear the future Neither proclaim it as a personal or collective collective face. I think this Realism has been quite Came across all the presentations as well. We must embrace The future and innovation using a critical perspective Educational innovation is more than is more than ever grounded on a human and social perspective It is no longer about assuring white access to information But to ensure the best interpretation and the proper use of data The excellent presentations and discussions that we were held at the Eden conference The Eden 2019 conference also demonstrated in my view These global shift in educational technology in open distance and network learning in technology enhanced learning Looking back More in detail to the to the presentations We might identify a number of major trends, which probably could would be more recognizable in in the in the different Contributions I would just Suggest a number of them First of all, there is the emergence a new a new innovative approaches to blended learning design This has been linked also with increased Flexibility and flexibilization in the sense of the study programs. There's also a clear Expansion of digital learning as I already told Referred to and that has generated also the need for development of specific criteria for quality assurance of e-learning And also specific regulation to e-learning and distance education. This has also been addressed But apart from it the the digital transformation of educational institutions has also played a major role in in the in the presentations But apart from it, they also the impact it digital transformation has on the change of the learning cultures Many of the discussions related to the were related in this sense also to the advancing what we could call the advancing of the cultures of innovation A new focus also is it was clear on measuring learning and this has of course been seen either in The presentations on the assessment also an on innovative ways of certifying learning Letting outcomes in the sense that you also is are blending increasingly blending formal and informal learning The modernization and desegregation of degrees Has been linked with the microcredential is the microcredentialing and other forms of digital classification which have also been presented in detail There's also a trend That has already been Spotted in previous years Regarding personalization increased personalization and the re-centering in the human in the human condition In the human learning condition a focus on the social emotional skills has also been clear across the presentations Finally, of course These new emerging trend on the use of artificial intelligence in the learning in the in the educational processes In my view these conferences once again shown and probably proven To any kind of doubt that we might have that the the hidden community and the field in general as is clearly Matured as clearly matured and the the Eden community in that sense has shown its quality impact and vitality We should not fear the future as I said before we should embrace it In but with an informed and critical way and I believe this was clearly one of the messages that we can In a way use as a conclusion to this conference. Well, thank you very much Now it's my turn My name is Ben van Beethoven. I work at the University of Lloven and when I was asked to Reflect on this conference. I was thinking of what kind of golden thread can I find in these reflections? Well, as I said, I'm working at the University of Lloven. So I feel like playing a whole match here at this Institution Vives is a member of our association with this university, but it's even a bit more than that um, maybe some of you know, but Bruges is my home city. I've been raised here Actually, my parents lived here. Well, and me too In early 70s in one of these apartment blocks beside the campus And I still know this place as football courts Long time ago But okay, so bruges my home city Do you know where the name bruges come from? anyone in the room Heart harbor is one of the the possibilities It has to do with water. That's for sure But historians are not completely sure If it was the river if it was the harbor or if it even was a bridge um, and I would like to use the metaphor of bridges As a golden thread in my reflections Bridges have two aspects There is always two sides For a bridge And there is a construction in between the two sides. That is the bridge itself So I will reflect on what I've heard and seen in this conference by trying to find those Places where there was two sides Linked together through a bridge Let me start with the PhD symposium on sunday The two sides were there at one hand the phd researchers At the other hand The supervisors the critical friends And we linked them together through intervision Through talking discussing about their research through helping them For their future steps in their research You see the bridge The second bridge that I saw in this conference Was in steve's presentation his keynote presentation where he was trying to link at one hand pedagogy and at the other hand the technology There is much more than that when you talk about education. There is not only the pedagogy and the technology There is also contents. There is there is many more things when you talk about education But steve finds an interesting link Well, at least one of the things that I remembered from his speech And that was when you need to to think about New future trends in education by using technology There is a lot of things that that we as teachers Need to rethink in our way of teaching And he gave us one example that I will remember from this From his speech And that is un-googleable questions Yeah I think that many of you in the meantime have tried to google what is what does that mean un-googleable questions Well, but that's at least something that I will remember from his speech. Thank you steve for that Another bridge I saw there was actually with the first keynote speech, which was an invited keynote speech By the main sponsor of the conference stelevic And in that Speech they were trying to bridge the academic world With the commercial world and trying to see how we can become better friends And I remember from Bert's presentation that Learning is fun But also that Being an entrepreneur Can be fun And especially an entrepreneur in educational technology He was one of those examples by the way I think I'm running out of time, but okay Um another bridge that I saw was in one of the parallel sessions When someone was presenting A course they were giving with students in the us and students in romania I think that again, there was an uh two sites at this For this example you had Two continents actually And you were bridging that with uh technology and in that particular case they were using videoconferencing and virtual reality It's striking thing there from that presentation and um was For me something that I will I'm still puzzled with and I was one of the reactions of the students where they say Okay, it was nice good experience. So we learned a lot But we didn't learn about the culture at the other side And that's something that I uh, well, I'm very interested in myself because I'm also teaching together with uh colleagues in in the us Um, and we also use videoconferencing for that But the topic of our course is exactly about intercultural competences okay another bridge And that was yesterday in uh, young elin's colleague of mine in his keynote when he was talking about uh hybrid glass classrooms He was trying to bring together at the one hand Research fundamental research scientific sound research and the practical side The practical side in his case was about a hybrid classroom From what I remember there is still a lot to do to make these two working together to bridge practice with research and vice versa one Thing that he was mentioning and that I will remember is We probably need a bit of instructional disobedience right Okay, I will skip a few things here. Um, okay Actually, I would like to to um, um to refer to Another keynote that was delphine wants a ski note Where she was trying to bridge and it was a bit similar to what ilka did today Where we are trying to bridge at the one hand What machine intelligence means? What machine learning means? What machines equipment technology can do? But at the other hand the human side us learning learners Um, and I think that the message that I got from that is That that we need to be careful Even if we talk about machine learning There is always human beings behind There's always us That first of all developed this technology There is the ethical aspects that we need to take into account So if we bridge those two worlds We need to keep that in in in our minds And the last bridge I would like to make is one Me standing here in front and you there in the audience Two sides, but there is a bridge between us And the bridge is called Eden Eden our community Our family. Thank you Thank you women Antonio for your Insights and for your reflections. I know how challenging this is to do so So soon at the end of a conference to bring together all of the threads to bring together all of the ideas And then try to present them in a in a comprehensive succinctly coherent form and and I think you both done a very excellent job. So, thank you very much Wim talked about bridges and so I'd like to mention something that we We forgot that I didn't mention earlier There is a bridge We talked about the bridge from Eden the Eden conference that you're at today And the Eden conference is happening next year at the OU There's also another bridge that will be happening next year and that is the bridge from today To the Eden research workshop, which will be in Lisbon in Portugal Which Antonio is going to be heading up and has made this happen that this will happen in Lisbon So, um, please mark your calendars. It will be in october next year. So try to keep your calendars free to come to the research workshop Our final speakers today is we will have yours hindricks who is the president of the vivis university of applied sciences here and Sandra Cucina will also be giving final Comments about the conference. So participants of the Eden conference I hope that the last few days you've you've enjoyed the educational conference That you've picked up some new ideas, but also networked and made contacts for further cooperation May it have been a fruitful and inspiring conference about topics distance and e-learning and educational technologies It was a great pleasure to host you all during this conference I really enjoyed that international cozy atmosphere I also wrote down a lot of interesting insights Bert Whelane opened the conference With a with a remarkable call to each of us to sell exams as something positive and to include feedback Immediately in the exam Technology can make it possible The wheeler showed us that learning is in the struggle We need to use question who invites students for deeper learning such as in google questions as we heard already from professor wim nil Watson Learned us that we don't have to create cooks But to prepare our young people we need to teach them how to become a chief How can create who can create and who can deal with complex problem-solving young ellen acknowledged the fact that unfortunately Education by distance goes often together with big dropout. He concluded with the paradox Research and distance education calls for research on the need of opportunities for physical contact and education We also learned that Both digital skills and digital learning will keep on staying high on the european agenda Speaking the closing words of this conference is not possible without Also thanking some people who have given their most the last couple of days weeks and even months to make this conference a success First of all, I would like to express my gratitude for the people of eden for the impeccable organization and rich content And I in turn want to thank arena as past eden president and congratulate sender with the future presidency It's surely worth mentioning that some people of vivis or university of applied sciences Did a great job Thank you to lean taste and silky von the cruiser who were responsible for the organization And I would like a warm applause for them I would like to thank those sponsors who made this conference possible and in particular our colleagues from televic And finally, I want to thank all of you to come to bruce to each of you Pleasure, please have a safe return and care. I thank you Well, I don't have a difficult role at the end because all my previous speakers have done really nice closing words and if I start to say more about I would just repeat myself in really good overview which was done by vim and antonio and lisa and Mr. Hendricks who who closed the part of the from the vivis university Um, I think we had really three nice uh, intellectually stimulating days And I hope that each of you have a thought To go on with and to think about as we already start the bridges about the bridges How to enrich this bridge of eden community? How to build new bridges? How to jointly pass the bridges or go go under them? Or find the other ways how to make the eden community better for your own sake and for all our sake at the end Please let me conclude this with thanking two conference sponsors televic principal concert conference sponsor blackboard for savings Stevens signpost symbolize standard broken handle conference publication sponsor city of bruce conference dina sponsor also I would like to thank The host the venus vivis university of applying sciences Mr. your is Hendricks vivis president patricia bellman's director of education policy unit isabel panzer brook director of research and innovation and specially dear colleagues silker Wanderkeuse and lindes Please give a warm welcome to the vivis I would also like to thank the program committee I would like to thank to the eden fellows Gathering around important meeting in bruce and council of eden fellows led by my dear friend lisa mario Thank to eden network of academics and professional members and eden fellows and senior fellows Thank to all of you and particularly those Taking active roles to all speakers authors chairs moderators and presenters in the workshop and last but not least I would like to thank eden secretariat with lovely ladies at the reception Registration who helped us and we were disposed all the time and to andres and ference For organizing all this to work perfectly. Please give them warm applause And at the end lisa already announced our future activities So please go home with the idea. How can you contribute? How can you spread the word of mouth about even community? What can you learn there? And what can you bring to the community? And please join us at our activities follow our webpages And we will already start in november with the education distance learning week and online activities Which we we enhance how to more much more collaborate and discuss the challenges we meet today regarding Distance learning Thank you. Thank you very much. Enjoy the bruce Those who are staying here. Thank you for the hospitality and see you next year in the OU UK at melton canes. Thank you And I have to To finish