 Hello, friends. We're going to give it a minute for people to join. Hello, everybody. I see, I already see friends I know in the, in the attendees. Hello, Esther Kwan. So many people. Hello, everyone. Thank you all for being here tonight. Welcome everyone. I'm going to also put if you have had a program with me. I'm Anisa. I'm your librarian at San Francisco public. Here is links to tonight's document. And it's a live doc. As our presenters speak, I'll add some resources, particularly if they pertain to the library or NPS. I'll add them as they talk and they'll be available for you to just grab that link and go. This event is also being recorded on YouTube. So. All of our nature boost are on there as well as many, many virtual programs we do. And live in person are also found on the San Francisco public libraries, YouTube channel. All right, I'm going to go ahead and start with the announcements while we still have people filtering in. They can catch up with what all the announcements are. So this is tonight. We're here to celebrate. We're going to talk about some of our weaving stories, which is our Asian American native Hawaiian Pacific Islander heritage month. At SFPL. We love to call it weaving stories because it really brings in all of the amazing people in San Francisco. And one thing we do. We really try hard to do at San Francisco public library is not just program in May for AA and HPI, but all year round. So you should start to be seeing more diverse programming happening, not just in the heritage month, but also, but also all year round. And that goes for all of our campaigns. So keep an eye out for that. And today we are here. Part of our nature boost was a partnership with the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy. And we love them. They're like our soulmates of the natural world. And this has been an ongoing partnership for quite a long time. And they also play a big role in our summer stride, which is coming up. So get that, get the word out about that. You know, you can get your tote bag. If you do your 20 hours reading, and we have a lot of programs around that. So our library does want to acknowledge that we occupy the unceded and ancestral homeland of the wrong, you touch your lonely people who are the original inhabitants of the San Francisco peninsula. We recognize that we benefit from living and working on their traditional homeland. And as uninvited guests, we affirm their sovereign rights as first peoples and wish to pay our respects to the ancestors, elders and relatives of the wrong, you touch community. And you can learn a lot about the wrong, you can learn a lot about the wrong, you can learn a lot about the wrong. So we have a lot of programs. We're at the library, and at NPS. If you've never visited Alcatraz, you should. They have an amazing exhibit right now. And we just had Karina Gould from the Segurate land trust who graced us with her amazing presence. She is just a powerhouse. And this is an all women led organization out of the East Bay. And if you just Googled SFPL, Segorte, you would find her amazing talk that she gave just like a month ago. So it was really great. And now I'm going to breeze through some upcoming programming on the same page of bi-monthly read we have at the library we'll be having for May and June. Here Madden who will be in convo with Matthew Clark Davis and virtually June 21st you can pick this book up at all 28 locations right now. June 6, the amazing and part of San Francisco royalty Daphne Brooks if you all know who were now in the morning is or by chance the SF Giants voice of the SF Giants were now Brooks. Amazing little sister who's just brilliant and she wrote a book called liner notes of the for the revolution. And this book is goes into all sorts of deep music and acclaimed women who made their life and their musical peers. And it's part of Juneteenth and part of June is black music appreciation month. So don't miss this San Francisco royalty. She's brilliant. And I'm so excited I've been wanting to have her for a very long time talk to us. We partner with the grotto where have every month June July and August virtual events check that out. And she's going to be amazing award winning Sarah Novak on her book about, and she's going to be talking about connecting on writing and connecting with the deaf community. This program will be in American sign language, and an interpreter and captioning services will be provided. So, she is winning all sorts of awards right now is will be a must see author talk. We're excited for a new partnership with 18 reasons they're a great organization in the mission, working on cooking classes but they're going to come do a tour with us at the heart of the city farmers market. And we might have some fun swag to give out that day and some farmer market dollars. First one is Wednesday June 7 and then we'll have two more throughout the summer. And I encourage you all not to miss this day at the new farm if you have not heard about the new farm. It's out in Bayview it's connected to natives. Bay natives nursery. It's out by Heron head park. It is so fun. Oh my gosh they have a stage. It's just family and community. It's just a great mix of people. We're going to have chickens goats books lots and lots of books. Bookmobile will be there. We're going to have live crafting we're going to have live music and live dance. 12 to 5 July 15 do not miss it. All right, enough. I'm excited today to have we have Jackson lamb, Carmen chan, sharing it, we in and Christina Martinez, all Rangers with the parks, the NPS, we love them, and they're going to be talking to today about the exploration of history of Chinese in the Bay Area through the lens of the Golden Gate National Park concerns me. All right, Jackson take it away. And he said, Wow, that the library does a lot of stuff. That's incredible. I'll definitely be looking forward to doing some of that stuff. So hi everyone my name is Jackson lamb I'm with the Golden Gate National Parks. I have my other colleagues here with me. I'm excited to be joining you all tonight and sharing a little bit about Chinese history here in the Bay Area. And, as Anissa said how it relates to our national parks and our national heritage, of which our parks speak to places like Alcatraz near the Bay Area to do all these places talk, talk about our shared legacy and history together and tonight we're just going to be sharing a very, very small part of it. I will also start by saying, most of us don't usually do a lot of virtual programming so if we're kind of fiddling around or there's a bit of a hiccup, we're usually in person at our parks so please come out and say hello. We give in person programs all the time but this is such a great opportunity with the public library that we've been doing for the last couple years so we definitely want to continue going so what I'll do is I'm going to try to attempt sharing a screen right now to see if I did this correctly. Anissa walked me through this so I think I'm doing this correctly I'm getting a thumbs up from Carmen. Thank you for that Carmen. All right, so to start off. Today we're going to be talking about Chinatown this our presentation is titled uprooting Chinatown, which is talking about how Chinese community Chinese American community were continuously attempted to be uprooted by outsiders. And Chinatown has a lot of significance to the San Francisco in the Bay Area. We all have some familiarity with it but it's certainly a much more prominent in the histories of Chinese Americans and for Chinese who are still in the area. So for a lot of Chinese Americans San Francisco is where it all started. And so that's why we're here today. Also joining us are my colleagues and what I'll do is I'd love to for them to to introduce themselves. And then we'll jump into it so let's go Carmen Christina and then Sherry. Hi, my name is Carmen. I'm born and raised in San Francisco. And luckily I just recently got a permanent job and I'll be working at the Presidio. If you all ever want to come down to Presidio. We got buses that reach to you at the same time. We got some free shuttles and also, let's have fun. It's a recreation area. And let's learn. Hello, everybody. My name is Christina Martinez. I usually her a pronouns, and I am part of the education branch of Golden Gate National Recreation Area and I am based out of the Presidio. And it's been an amazing journey learning more about the local communities, and especially Chinatown since I live a couple blocks up the hill. So I hope that you all learn as much as I have already. Hello, everyone. I'm Sherry Guillen. I usually her a pronouns as well. And I am in the education branch of Golden Gate National Recreation Area and I'm the education program manager at Fort Point. So if you're an educator, if you know an educator who maybe wants to ever plan a field trip to Fort Point, definitely reach out to us and we can definitely put our website in the in the links as well. And thank you all for introducing yourselves and just to give a little bit about my own background. I'm Chinese American I was born in Guangzhou China and emigrated to the United States when I was one years old. So my own family's story of emigration is towards the latter end of the second wave of Chinese immigration there's there's three waves three big waves. One, this is the first one that we're going to be talking about today. And mine was part of the second and there's continuing the third wave which continues now. And all of these phases are a little different but today we're going to be focusing on the first wave, which is a starts around the mid 19th century. And it starts with wealthy merchants but later swells to laborers and workers with the allure of gum son which translates to from Cantonese as gold mountain. Lastly, what I'll note is this is we're hoping that this is a conversation between all of us including the presenters and the participants here. This is a Q&A portion I'll try to monitor that as best I can and show the other hosts and participants panelists. So if you do have questions drop them into the Q&A portion or through the chat. Sometimes it's a little hard to keep up with chat but either way, let's let's talk about this. And we also might be occasionally talking over each other or not talking over each other but we might be adding something to each other slides as well. So let's jump into the next part. So overall just overall for today we're going to talk about the motivation for immigration, the mounting discrimination leading to anti Chinese logs, place earthquakes at the time in the early 1900s, and then ending with community resources today with Carmen and then we're going to, we're going to try to reserve about 1015 minutes at the end of the program for Q&A. So the motivation for immigration from China to the United States. So there is both a push and a pull, and what was pushing people away from China at the time. And we won't be spending a lot of time here, but reviewing some of what was happening in China at the time so in China, there was a lot of political and economic turmoil at the time. And on the time in the mid 19th century there was a large rebellion against Qing dynasty, and that was happens to be the last imperial dynasty of China. Before there are other political systems this was the last dynasty. So there was a lot of rebellion going on. And so this is a drawing on the left side one of the battles to the left. And of all this, there was about death rates of up to about 20 million people so it was a very very turbulent time at the, at the time. And so, many, many of the people decided to leave. And it's no coincidence, coincidence that many people who came to America at that time came from the southern areas, which is consequently where my family came from as well. So this, this one rebellion was just one of many simultaneous uprisings that was occurring throughout China at the time. So that was a bit of the motivation for the push for Chinese to leave China. And then now Carmen is going to share a little bit about. Well, if you're leaving China, where do you go from here. So even though many people did go to other places they did go to mostly San Francisco and California itself. But that's because just at the right time. The gold rush started, because the gold rush started everybody thought that it's a great rich kind of thing where you get rich and then you go home. But at that point, once you started making money and sending the money home, your family expects you to continuously send that money in, so they can continue their current lifestyle which is improved. So they kind of get stuck at while woman here during the 19th century were told that they would be provided with jobs. And they were lied to. They were instead put into forced sex labor industries. If some of them were lucky. They would actually end up getting freed by a man, but they would still be paying for that woman. And then there are many more situations and nuances within that system that made it harder for the woman to actually be able to leave those contracts. But we can continue on to talking more about what we know about the bachelor society that did happen in Chinatown. So after people finding out, Oh, there isn't as much gold in order to be able to make all this money. They found other job opportunities such as railroads. They were able as well as African Americans they did actually build the railroad. African Americans from the South, while us Chinese wise, it would be from the West Coast, heading towards the middle. Because they were building this whole entire place. They also were given some of the most dangerous jobs. Some of them were actually told to blow up parts of the mountain, in order to actually making like a tunnel for the railroads itself. At the same time, they also had harder jobs, as in like they would end up having like longer hours compared to their European or European American counterparts. And because of that, they also were treated not as kindly sometimes, because they would be the ones who get paid less. And they would actually make a third less than their European American counterparts. And there are some things which did go well with them, one of which is that when they asked for better nutrition and their food, they were able to ship in vegetables but that did cost more money. On the other hand, there's a situation called the worst winter. What ended up happening is a lot of snow fell into the cave that they were working at. Because a lot of snow fell into the cave that they were working at, many of the people actually froze and died. In the spring, they would end up finding these bodies and then this is when the Chinese people actually did the first strike. The first strike, they had a lot of people, but they didn't have everyone. They demanded better hours, better pay. But that's when the Central Pacific Railroad said, if you're going to do this, then we are going to bring in African Americans who are working in the south to do your job instead. That's when it ended. Even though it would have been more expensive for African American people to be shipped in to the West Coast in order to work on a railroads. They still use that as a threatening point. Not only that, not only that, this is important because it shows that they were willing to fight back when the stereotypes at that time was that they would not fight back. And that was the main point as to why Central Pacific Railroad hired so many Chinese people. Now if we go into agriculture, agriculture. Agriculture in California, we know that a lot of it was built and a lot of it was actually built by the Chinese. They created all that irrigation systems, which we ended up benefiting afterwards too. And then domestic servants, of course, made them were chefs and then some of them were laundry workers. And then even some of them at like one of more famous houses in SF, the historic house, they had a Chinese man as a laundry worker there when the kids were running around. With that being said, I am done with my part of the section. Oh, right. And that's the definition. If you all just take a moment to just look at the slide, you'll end up seeing that there's words as well as very, very two different sides to that picture. In this case, we can look at the man's arms, and you see that he's doing all these works, all these jobs. And then you see the men on the other side, kind of waiting, waiting for a job. And that's also because the Chinese men took jobs that paid less, but at the same time, the American dollar and money was actually much stronger and when they sent it back to China, it's a lot of money. But not only that, if you were to look at their hairstyle, their QQ. That's something which causes a lot of difficulties for them, because it's such a weird hairstyle to maybe European Americans and Europeans that it, that they end up pointing it out. And they also point out like that their clothes, their hair, everything looks so much more feminine compared to the European American men or European men. And if we were to go into language, Chinese sounds completely different. Like I can say my name is Carmen, but when I say it in Chinese, it sounds completely different. And if we were to look at the food as well as their music. It's so different that people are just like, what are you eating, as well as the opera Chinese opera is completely different by their inflections and their tones. But that of course does not stop people from coming to America. I'm done with this portion. Thank you, Carmen. So as Carmen kind of walk us through, you can see that Chinese immigrants were really playing a really important role in the economy. But we're all going to see because of that, that pretty soon they're almost immediately they're going to start to face racial discrimination, which is soon going to be reflected in the local state and federal laws that are clearly race based. And so what you're going to see almost immediately at first is what is the 1852 foreign miners tax. And so this was actually building upon a prior law that existed in 1850. And that was something that California adopted, which was the foreign miners license law, and that charged all non US citizens about $20 a month. And so what happened though was that fee was seen as pretty high. And so it was actually repealed, but in 1852 they bring it back. And this law is mostly targeting actually Chinese immigrants and Latino minors as well, because European minors they typically were not forced to pay this. And so this actually, you know, prevented people from going into mining because of the tax that was so high. Because what was happening was during the height of the gold rush, about 20,000 of the 67,000 people who were coming to California that year. Those were from China. And so Chinese miners, they were, you know, constituting a significant portion of the miners. And so they found themselves really being treated harshly by other miners, especially white miners. And they were kind of at a disadvantage because they also didn't speak the language. And so the, you see that right from the beginning that they are being taxed and they are being treated unfairly. And they are passing laws that are racially based. And so then another major law that is going to happen that is local is the San Francisco Q ordinance. And so as Carmen mentioned the Q that was a long sort of braided hairstyle that was a mandate of the King dynasty. And so the cues they were sort of an important identity marker for many Chinese immigrants. And so not only were they an important kind of identity marker but they were also politically pretty important. And they needed those to be able to return to China, because again they were mandatory under the Qing dynasty. And so to lose one's queue, not only prevented you from going home but it was also sort of seen as a mark of disgrace. And so the Q ordinance, what that did was it made it possible for Chinese prisoners to have their hair cut after arriving at the jail. And so you see them again being targeted in this way racially. And you're going to see the same thing as well with the laundry ordinance. And so the laundry were one of the businesses that a lot of Chinese immigrants were involved in and did very well in. But again, you there are laws that were passed around that time in order to make it more difficult for people to be able to run those businesses. And so we're going to see soon after that these laws are going to start to, along with these laws there are also kind of social movements political movements that are going along with that. Next slide please. And so what you start to see happen is what's called the Chinese must go. And so what you see illustrated in this picture here you see a Chinese man who is has the word monopoly on his hand. And so what you see that his fingernails kind of are curled up like talons and over his hand or sorry underneath his hand are some of the trades and services which were associated with Chinese at the time and so that was like cigar making andry. Anything clothing box factories. And so this sort of imagery was really popular at the time because it was used to sort of as a propaganda to sort of have a fear of Chinese immigrants and to sort of kind of have white people being this as a sort of like enemy so and so you see that the Chinese immigrants really start to become a scapegoat, especially with the depression of 1873, which really caused a lot of widespread unemployment. There were a lot of labor strikes as well. And so the, what you will see happen was that Chinese laborers were sort of made into those scapegoats because again they were willing to work for a lower wage. And so a wave of sort of anti Chinese sentiment is really going to start to build. And one of the people who really kind of gets this movement going is a man named Dennis Kearney who was a labor worker in in San Francisco and so this slogan was actually adopted in California's first statewide anti Chinese convention, and it was something that he typically ended his speeches with was that the Chinese must go and so you start to see this movement really growing outside of San Francisco and outwards into federal law. And so, next slide please. And so you here we have an example of some of the different ways in which different acts were being passed and so not only was legislation being passed that was targeting Chinese immigrants, but you also have violence that is happening. So you see that in 1871 there is a law thing with Massacre 1885 there was the Rock Springs massacre. And so they are not only the targets of laws but they are also targets for violence as well. And so they're really sort of the really being targeted in many different ways. So, next slide please. So all of these kind of local and state laws that are being passed are eventually going to reach federal laws and so what you're going to have in 1882 is the Chinese Exclusion Act. And so this was signed by President Chester Arthur. What it did was it made it illegal for Chinese workers to enter the United States. And it also was, it also banned anyone from who was born in the US from ever becoming a citizen. And so initially, this was a 10 year ban on immigration of Chinese laborers. And again, it prohibited the naturalization of Chinese persons so even if you were born in the United States, you could never become a citizen. And so this made it really difficult for people who wanted to go visit back home with China. They would have to get the proper certifications in order to be able to get back into the United States. And so it was, it was the first federal law that was really targeting a specific group of people based on race or ethnicity. And so this was again, an initially a 10 year ban. But what happens is in 1892 after those 10 years are up, the Geary Act is going to extend the act for another 10 years. And it's going to now force Chinese immigrants to carry permits. And in 1904 Congress is going to make the act permanent. And so this law was actually in place for about 60 years. And so during that time, again, you, it was banning the, it was banning Chinese immigration and it was also not allowing the naturalization of Chinese persons in the US. And so we see that this law, you know, is targeting them. But there are people who are going to fight back against this. And so we get that with the example of long Kim arc. Next slide, please. And so before that, though, there were also other people who were fighting against these unfair laws, challenging them using the courts. And so you have these examples here, people who were, you know, again, trying to overturn these laws that were unfairly discriminated against them. And so it was really important for people to challenge these laws and they also had the support of their community as well. And so we'll, we'll get a little bit more into that with the, with the case of us versus one Kim. So next slide please. So we have one Kim arc. And so one Kim arc was actually born in San Francisco in 1873. And he was the son of Chinese immigrants. And he had, you know, grown up in the United States, and he and with his family. His family decided to actually return to China, but one Kim arc decided to come back to California. And so he was working at a restaurant. And he was decided one day to go to China. He was able to do that a couple of times. The first time that he returned into the US it was difficult but he was able to get back in but the second time that he comes back. He is not going to be allowed to re enter the United States, based on the grounds of the Chinese immigration act, where they're arguing that he is, because his parents are Chinese, then that he is not able to enter. And so that's going to happen in 1894 when one Kim arc is just about 21 years old. And so what's going to happen is one Kim arc he is not going to, he's going to fight this and so he's going to do this with the help of the community. And so here we have again one Kim arc. And on the left here we have what is known as the Chinese six companies. And so this was a group of some of the biggest merchants in Chinatown who were sort of kind of business organizations. But this was, they provided a lot of help to the community and so they provided a lot of services such as helping people travel to or from China, or they would help people who were sick, or they would help return bodies back to China for burial. And so they played a really important part in supporting one Kim arc with his case. And so what's going to happen is that one Kim arc is going to sue and this case is going to go all the way up to the Supreme Court. And because he believes that, you know, that us born Chinese should not be denied American citizenship. And so this case is going to actually establish what is known as birth rice, or sorry, yeah, birthright naturalization and so they're going to use the 14th amendment, which had been passed after the Civil War, saying that all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction there of our citizens of the United States and of the state were in their reside. And so it's thanks to you know one Kim arc that you get this really great sort of establishment of what it means to be an American and really proves that case of birthright citizenship. And so you're going to see, you know that this is just one example of Chinese people in California who were fighting back against those unfair laws. Thanks Sherry. So we just got a quick overview of the ordinance ordinances the laws the policies that were set in place right to actively discriminate towards Chinese immigrants. So it's definitely, you know, really important to keep those policies in mind. And all of that kind of starts to kind of really be exacerbated the anti Asian sentiment, the racism, the policies kind of really start to be exacerbated by public health crises. And so I'm going to start transitioning into how infectious diseases really played a role into exemplifying and really amplifying already existing anti Chinese sentiment in San Francisco and even you know around the United States and around the world. So this image here is an illustration that was in 1882. So the date that was before the plague was officially identified in San Francisco in 1900. But this illustration already shows how infectious diseases like malaria smallpox and leprosy were already being blamed on Chinese immigrants. So again, this idea of who are we going to blame who's going to be the scapegoat for, you know, any issues society is having and Chinese immigrants were unfortunately subject to that. So as we can see here, you know, infectious diseases have a long history of stigmatizing and ostracizing Chinese immigrants. And in fact, misinformation spread by San Francisco officials regarding the spread and prevalence of leprosy in Chinatown was a prime cause of anti Chinese sentiment in California since the 1870s. Smallpox epidemics that afflicted San Francisco in 1869 1876 and 1888 were also unsurprisingly blamed on Chinese immigrants. And we're going to see that same pattern when we're talking about the bubonic plague, which again March of March and March of 1900 is when it was officially found. So a bit of background on the bubonic plague. I'm sure you've heard about it in your history books, but it is a disease that has killed about 200 people throughout the course of three major pandemics. And the third plague pandemic began to spread throughout the world. Port cities, you know, trade really has expanded in the 19th and 20th century. So this third plague pandemic really kind of started to spread in the second half of the 20th century. Even though the plague, you know, has been around for centuries, the plague wasn't really well understood by the time it hit the shores of the United States. And so keeping this in mind that plague epidemiology was still poorly understood. It's really important because we'll touch up on this later how this disease was really not well understood. So although, you know, epidemiologists during this time period already kind of knew about the bacteria that cause plague. They didn't really know how infection occurred in humans or how it was being spread. So instead, the plague was already being racialized and begun to be seen as an Asian disease due to observations that were made in areas like China, India and the Middle East. Observations that were happening in those areas was that the highest death tolls were occurring in poorly sanitized cities. So in these poorly sanitized cities, we are going to see, you know, people that have not as much access, you know, to set more sanitation. Maybe the clothing does play a role and we'll get to back in a little bit. And so people are starting to notice seeing these higher death tolls right in these communities. However, there were also European colonists living in the same regions, but they were not succumbing to the plague at the same rates. So this was these observations were sufficient for the general public to start perpetuating the idea that Asians were more susceptible to the plague simply because of their race and were also carriers of the disease. The belief of racial superiority was not only due to genetics, but also diet and lifestyle. So there was this other idea that was being perpetuated that diet had a huge role in making people more susceptible to the plague. It was believed that a diet rich in protein obtained from meat provided greater immunity and resistance against disease, whereas by contrast, a diet with rice lowered immunity. So we can see here this dichotomy of the meat and rice diet that was already kind of again perpetuating even more racist ideologies that Asian people were more susceptible to the plague. There were carriers of the plague due to their genetics and also the diet that they were eating. However, class and social standing definitely played an enormous role on who was more susceptible to the plague. Europeans living in the same areas actually usually wore clothing that were pants and boots and that actually deterred and kept fleas from biting. And fleas, as we now know, were actually the vectors that were transporting the bacteria that caused the plague. Whereas the poor individuals that were living in this area didn't really have access to these type of clothing that protected them more from flea bites and their full-fledged exposure. So again, this shows how the plague was already racialized before it reached the U.S. soil. And in fact, Dr. Rosetta E. Taylor in her book The Environment and the People in the American Cities from the 1600s and the 1900s quotes, the pattern of infection and death from the plague dovetailed with the racial theories prevalent in the United States. So as we already talked about all the policies, all the anti-Chinese sentiments that were already in existence, the plague was just kind of, you know, amplifying that. The plague also strengthened the arguments of white supremacists who believed that Europeans were superior to other races and had somehow developed immunity to the disease. So this already existing racism, xenophobia, and lack of understanding of how plague was truly spread really set the stage for the public health response in San Francisco's Chinatown. Next slide. So how did San Francisco respond to the plague when it was officially, you know, identify that somebody got the plague in March of 1900? So, of course, there was concern of contagion. And so, of course, quarantine was used as a tool to segregate and eventually, you know, isolate residents. And then we're already interested to definitely displace Chinatown. So unfortunately, this public health crisis, we know that the bubonic plague was very deadly, right? This was kind of really used as a reason to isolate and eventually displace the residents of Chinatown. Quarantines and even fires were already used as tools to deal with the plague. And in fact, this actually happened in the Chinatown of Honolulu in 1899, where fires were used as a way to kind of get rid of the plague. Again, at this time, they didn't fully understand how plague was, you know, actually spread. So fires were used as a tool and definitely quarantine and isolation. So this was already done in other Chinatowns in what is now the United States. So there was quarantine, there were orders. And the next slide, we're going to see exactly, you know, what these quarantine orders were imposed by the city of San Francisco. Actually, the case that was involved due to these quarantine orders. So I'm going to read this quote here. So the quarantine order says, or this case, right, that came due to these quarantine orders that were set in place when plague was in San Francisco Chinatown, Ju Ho versus Williamson in 1900. The reason for that, that this case happened is because Ju Ho and other people felt that this quarantine was only being imposed on the Chinese residents that were in this area. So not everybody was being quarantined. And like this quote says, that it is not enforced against other residents of said district than those of the Chinese race, and that by its enforcement, that said Chinese residents of said district are deprived of equal protection of the laws, and of the rights and liberties under the Constitution of the United States. This case was important, because Judge Moro threw the quarantine out on legal grounds, it lumped all the Chinese homes and businesses together, while exempting white occupied buildings. It didn't distinguish between home of plague infested and homes of healthy Chinese, but confined them all together increasing risk of transmission. It forbade Chinese from access to physicians of their choice. So we really see this case play out and kind of really highlights the way that San Francisco handle this public health crisis and how the way it handle it really was shaped on already existing discriminating policies and sentiments at the time period. Next slide. And so, again, fully people didn't fully understand how the plague was spread, but there were so many people that were suspecting that rats were being made the main carriers right of these fleas that were responsible for the plague. So definitely there was concern to target rats. As you can see here on the stats, you know, what were they doing to handle the rat populations, what were they doing, how they were killing them, and even how they were testing rats for the plague. And very interestingly enough about, you know, the study of the plague itself during this time period, there were already doctors in Asia, quite a couple of Japanese doctors that were already kind of suspecting that not only were rats responsible, there was really the fleas that were carrying the rats that were actually transferring the bacteria that was causing plague. However, the larger global medical community didn't really take these doctors seriously, and it wasn't until about 1903 when British, you know, journals started publishing some of these same findings that people were starting to taking that seriously. So I thought that was a very interesting side note about plague epidemiology and how what it took for people to start kind of taking new findings seriously. But at this time we already see that people know that rats have a role to play. And so we have here an image of how the rats population was being dealt with. Next slide. And so just a quick overview of the bubonic plague in San Francisco against the disease that, you know, struck the world through three different pandemics. And this third wave of the plague kind of really struck here in San Francisco from 1900 to 1904. Really by way of infected rats from cargo ships. Again, the Bay Area has long been a really kind of big source of ships for trade. We see that even before the gold rush during the gold rush. So it really was an important place for trade. So it was really kind of a matter of time until something like the plague was going to end up here. But of course, unfortunately, it was already racialized before it hit US soil, and it continued to be racialized when it arrived here. And so another kind of thing to note, right? There are already existing social conditions that worsened the spread of plague. So Chinatown was densely populated, but it was also poorly maintained during this time period. A lot of major cities in the late 1800s and early 1900s were not very well sanitized, but you do have to take in mind how certain communities, especially communities of color, immigrant communities, we're not going to get priority for sanitation. So this was already creating a space where plague was going to spread a lot faster. Another thing to note is that once rats were controlled, the plague stopped spreading. So again, if you tackle one of the main vectors for transferring the plague or the curious of the plague, the plague was going to stop spreading. Eventually there were 119 reported deaths, but many, many were unreported. And again, the Chinese that were in this community were targeted for years afterwards. So just because the plague ended, that did not mean that the anti-Chinese sentiments ended with that. Next slide. So just kind of a quick note on here is that the plague may have ended in 1904, but there was a resurgence in 1906 after the earthquake. So this is just kind of a quick graphic highlighting that. But on the topic of natural disasters, public health crisis, the 1906 earthquake kind of brought on another situation where again, racist sentiments were kind of amplified. Again, people use this tragedy as an excuse to really try to displace the residents of Chinatown. So the 1906 earthquake definitely really pivotal to the history of San Francisco. A lot of the structures were destroyed since a lot of these buildings were made out of wood. So really a lot of devastation was brought to the city. And even after the earthquake, there were a lot of fires that happened, and those fires really had a huge impact. Not just on the infrastructure, but definitely on Chinese history here in San Francisco. Next slide. And so kind of a quick note about the earthquakes since I'm running out of time is that again, public officials of San Francisco use this tragedy as an excuse to try to again relocate the citizens of Chinatown. And there were attempts to relocate the Chinatown residents to Hunter's Point. They were even trying to incentivize it. But again, Chinatown residents wanted to rebuild instead. Next slide. And so how does this tie into really Golden Gate National Recreation Area? So after the earthquake, there were definitely a lot of refugee camps located in what is now composed of the park. And you can see this image here near Chinatown, near Fort Mason. There's just a Chinese section of the refugee camp in the Marina District, but there were actually more refugee camps located in the Presidio of San Francisco. So that is really how this particular event really connects to the park itself. And just kind of really highlights how these parks are really important places for dialogue and highlighting the local history. Next slide. And so quick notes. You know, like I mentioned, we talked about the plague, we talked about the earthquake and how these natural disasters not only amplified racial sentiments, but it also definitely, with these natural disasters, you really see how racial sentiments existing policies and interest to displace Chinatown really influence how city officials responded to these. So this quote, I'll just share this from Huang Yao. I'm sorry if I mispronounced that. Following this natural disaster, a human created disaster has also come to us. Not only did the government not extend the helping hand to us they wanted to take advantage of the earthquake to take Chinatown away from us. So many consequences from the earthquake happened and when those fires occurred actually there were a lot of records that were burnt and these records were important and Carmen will share more about those. And then the island, also known as Ellis Island in the West was an immigration center. It was not only an immigration center for Chinese people but Asian Americans as well as people from all over. The average state is about three weeks to six months, yet someone stayed until for 22 months, which is hard on people. But if we're talking about Angel Island we're going to have to go all the way to when they're actually on the boat. Well sorry before they're on the boat they actually bought their way in because their paper son's paper daughters which means that they paid money in order to say that yes I am this person's child because everyone in San Francisco said yeah I'm a citizen. No records you can't find out if they are telling the truth or not. So everyone took this opportunity to bring their families, but at the same time, there was also lucrative business to bring in people from all over. And in this case, all these people will be learning from coaching books which are pretty much books to describe, like, how does the house look like all these questions that you're expected to answer and know the answers to. If we kept on going into that, once they got off the ship, which they always try to look in their best and fanciest clothes in order to make sure they look as rich as possible. That wouldn't stop people from having to deal with some harshness in it, such as for women, some of them have to be undressed in front of doctors and these are male doctors and they're trying to see whether or not these people brought diseases in. That's one of those things that made it harder for them. But of course, there's also the situation of that some people had to stay there longer. And then there's also the situation for Asian American women, as people have said in the chat. The Page Act is pretty much trying to stop Asian American women to come into America because of immoral reasons and that was because of their forced sex labor contracts. Now these women had to fight and combat that and they've been asked many questions including like, what ornaments did, what jewelry did your husband give you on your wedding day? And one of them answered, what I'm wearing right now? All these things he bought for me on my wedding day. But if we were to continue going down through the list of it, that when it comes down to paper sons and paper daughters, some of them are still living to this day as paper sons, paper daughters, but it wouldn't be this specific generation of the people going to Angel Island the first time. It would actually be just people coming in later on. And just so you all know, Angel Island was active as an immigration center from 1910 to 1940. And then they would end up closing it onto the next slide. So we'll now talk about community resources. The community actually responded to a lot of situations for Chinatown and Chinese people living in Chinatown, such as Cameron House, also known as Donald Dina Cameron's house, Donald Dina Cameron house. And they, pretty much what they do is that they actually help a lot of women out in domestic violence situations, but at the same time, they've also expanded it understanding that anyone could be in those situations. Additionally, they've also had places for them to stay, which they still do. They also offer classes, which is very important. And then one of the notable people other notable people other than Cameron, Donald Dina Cameron is also tightly on Schultz, who was a Chinese girl living in Chinatown, who ended up helping Donald Dina Cameron later on, and then would end up working at Angel Island for a little bit as a translator, but she always kept an eye out for women. Gamun women's residents. This one is pretty cool because this one also gave women a place in order to go babe as well as also help them with other things too. And so they were constructed in 1868. Then we look at Wuyi Joy Lock Family Resource Center. They were built in 1970s in response of the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, they provided family services for people in general and assisted with giving daycare to families for the frontline workers from their most recent pandemic. As a feel y'all are here, you know that they're awesome and amazing. And not only that they have so many more library courses so many more programs, so many more abilities to actually be able to help you with research. So why not go to them. Why not go to their free free libraries. They're amazing. They provided me a lot of fun when I was younger. Now the CHSA, the Chinese Historical Society of America. They're also the historic YWCA from my understanding. This building ended up changing its purposes from not helping not just helping women, but it actually ended up changing for the purposes of giving a voice. Not only that their current exhibit is actually going to be the Bruce Lee exhibit which is pretty cool. And they also still have like a community, they have a community after school program for children still because people still need that. The YMCA y'all know it. They're actually amazing. They're awesome. They're also great for summer programs for when parents are at work, but these programs can also be enrichment activities for children, as well as there's so many more. And these are just some other resources in Chinatown. But if you were to look at San Francisco as a whole, there's so many to understand that communities in general need to help. And so they're going to provide for it. And I am done with this part. Oh, any resource for mental health? Yeah, there's actually CYC Chinatown Youth Center or Children's Youth Center. They actually provide therapists, but they also have a lot of, a lot of after school programs, not only that, I know that there's some in the Richmond, which is a Richmond. They also help a lot of Chinese American families there too. And there's so many more, but I don't fully know them. Thanks, Carmen. Yeah, so these are just a couple of the organizations that, you know, some of them go back a really long time. The camera now is going back to that time. A lot of a lot of these are recent as well but what it shows is, there's a lot of resources that come out of the community. So even though that there's not a lot of financial resources, that sometimes it's people, it's people as resources and helping each other out. And so this was how people, how Chinese Americans were able to remain in Chinatown, despite all these repeated attempts despite the discrimination, despite the anti-Chinese policies that people were able to stay. And so thanks, Carmen, for covering all that. So to end our presentation here, just to thank you from all of us and also some of our contact info, information in case you want to email us about anything. We all work for the National Park Service, so you know you can email us and we'll try to get back to you. And I also saw that there was a lot of great conversation and questions that were going on in the chat. I tried my best to try to keep up with it. And so did Anissa, but it looks like we still have about two, three minutes or so. If there are any outstanding questions, I don't think you're able to come on camera, but you can type it in or put it in the chat or in the Q&A. And Christina, Sherry, Carmen, Anissa and I will stick around until eight o'clock for another, you know, three, four minutes. But thank you all for joining us. Let me see if I can go back to some of the other Q&A. There was a question about children at the time and if they were being educated. So my answer was, I don't think there was a lot of children coming at the time. And I assume that later on as the communities grew and that there were children that they were educated in the public school system. What I will say is that there are photos, including in this one of what looked like children. They are children, sorry, they are children. But these happen to be the children of the wealthy merchants that came on. So this was in the very first waves. These are the wealthy merchants who can afford to bring their entire families over. That these aren't the bulk of the Chinese who came as the workers and the laborers. The children that you see in the photos that we share are of the wealthy people because they're the ones who can afford photos at the time. So I got a lot of photos of just, you know, poor people, because can afford them. So yeah, so it's a long way of answering. They probably, if they, if children didn't have to work because labor laws were more lax at the time, they probably went to the public school, if the family could afford to send the child to school. That's my assumption. Anyone else have anything to add about that. That's totally correct in my opinion. What else do y'all do at NPS. Well, my role is more front facing usually while everyone else y'all have a lot more projects in my opinion, but I did get the opportunity to be able to participate and try to lead our ability to go to private rate so that's something different. Yes, no. We all do slightly different jobs for the Park Service, but we're all part of the same team. I work with the outreach in it. And Jerry do the education programs and working specifically with K through 12 institutions from all over the Bay Area. Let's see we have the Mamie tape I'll look into that Denise thanks for the heads up. Did the images come from the NPS archive. I don't think so. They, some of them come from internet sources or Anisa has helped us with some of them as well. Sherry, did you have something to add. Yeah. So, there were a couple of questions I'm sorry if I wasn't clear about this but with the one Kim art case. So that was a successful case and so yes he, he did win that case and the Supreme Court did roll that yes he because he had been born in a state where he should be allowed citizenship. And so yeah that was the outcome of that case. Yeah sorry if that wasn't clear. And the tape be hurly case that's another really great one. There's so many cases that are really worth looking at. And you know, we only had more time. We could definitely talk a little bit more about this. But to piggyback on the one Kim arcade, he won he won the case but by the time this is years later it has to go to the Supreme Court has to go through the entire system before it gets to the Supreme Court. It was probably a decade later before it was decided and so by that time long time market are even denied entry entry back so he went back to China he couldn't come into the United States, when he tried to come back that second time. So, and there's not a lot known about what happens to one can mark after he returns to China, and then years later the Supreme Court deciding on this particular case. So yeah that's that's definitely one of the landmark cases that is actually it's coming up it, you know has come up in modern day, you know recent court proceedings that that case is brought up still to this day. Okay, so I think that's all the time we've got we're at eight o'clock thank you all for for joining us tonight if you do have any additional questions, please email us and get in touch I'm going to stop sharing the screen right now and also hand it back to Anisa. Yay, thank you so you see why we continue this partnership because it's just so rich and so fascinating, and I threw the link into the chat once more for the document, which has all of those resources that I could keep up with. And they provided so much for us tonight. And this is why we continue, and we'll have to have you back for I am thinking of like housing issues that would be an amazing one so planting that seed now, my soulmate. And library community, thank you for coming out tonight we appreciate you we love you, and we'll see you all next time.