 This study examined the interactions between RNA polymerase II, Paul II, which is responsible for transcribing DNA into messenger RNA, and various other proteins involved in the process. The researchers used a technique called subgenic transcription elongation to isolate Paul II complexes from two distinct regions of a single gene. This allowed them to identify the specific proteins associated with each stage of transcription. They found that the transcription termination factor I1 was present in the early stages of transcription, while the protein I1 was present later on. Additionally, they identified the ubiquitin ligase British-English one as being involved in the later stages of transcription. These findings provide insight into how multiple proteins work together to control the different stages of transcription. This article was authored by Kevin M. Harlin and Al Stirling Churchman.