 Cloudy skies may be nice from an artistic point of view, but clouds are an astronomer's nightmare. And while illuminated cities are a nighttime beacon of modern civilization, bright night skies are also a no-go zone for world-class astronomical observations. So, in the pursuit of pristine skies, ESO, the European Southern Observatory, operates its telescopes far beyond Europe in the remote and arid landscape of the Atacama Desert in Chile. This is the ESOcast, cutting-edge science and life behind the scenes of ESO, the European Southern Observatory, exploring the ultimate frontier with our host Dr. J, aka Dr. Joe Liske. A top-class site for astronomical observations must meet several criteria. To begin with, of course, you need a sky that is free of clouds pretty much all year round. But in addition to that, you also need excellent atmospheric conditions, as well as very dry air, with as little water vapor content as possible. And this is exactly the kind of environment that you find in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The Chilean Coast Range Here, the cold offshore Humboldt Current creates a coastal inversion layer of cool air, which prevents rain clouds from developing. Often, a layer of fog is created, which rapidly disperses in the foothills above the desert. A view from the Paranal Observatory towards the Pacific Ocean clearly shows the top of the cloud layer. In addition to the coastal inversion layer, a region of high pressure in the southeastern Pacific Ocean creates circulating winds, forming an anti-cyclone, which helps to keep the climate of the Atacama dry. The Andes lie to the east, acting as a natural barrier for clouds coming from this direction. So all the possible paths for moisture to reach the Atacama Desert are literally blocked. This results in extremely dry air and clear blue skies, ideal conditions for astronomical observations. But we're not done yet without a checklist of ideal observing conditions. In addition to cloudless and dry skies, astronomers need dark sites and unpolluted air in order to make the best observations. In most places, the world at night is far from being a dark place, and the light pollution caused by modern civilisation can easily be spotted. However, light pollution hinders astronomical observations, as it brightens the night sky and makes faint celestial objects undetectable. Only in places that are far from any cities, like some regions in the Atacama Desert, can the night sky pitch black. Furthermore, because chilly cities are relatively far apart, the air in the Atacama Desert is almost completely free of pollutants and is extraordinarily transparent. Astronomical observations are disturbed by the turbulent motions of pockets of air in the atmosphere. Essentially, this turbulence blurs our images of the night sky. In addition, the atmosphere also absorbs and scatters light. In order to minimise these effects, an observatory should be located in an area with a calm atmosphere above it and on top of a high mountain in order to reduce the amount of atmosphere between your telescope and the stars. Once again, the High Altitude Atacama Desert fits this description perfectly. The Atacama Desert offers many sites at high altitude, ranging from extended plateau in the Altiplano Highlands to high mountaintops close to the Pacific Coast. The Chachnantor Plateau, at an altitude of 5,000 meters, offers ideal conditions for observing in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength domain. This is where ESO, together with its partners, has chosen to construct the Atacama Large Millimeter Sub-millimeter Array, or ALMA for short. At such high altitudes, there is very little water vapor in the air and the disturbing effects of the atmosphere are kept to a minimum. Cerro Paranal is an isolated mountain in the Atacama Desert, only 12 kilometers inland from the Pacific Coast. This is the home of ESO's very large telescope, which makes good use of Cerro Paranal's approximately 320 cloud-free nights each year. Further inland, within the site of Paranal, another mountain has been identified as an ideal place to conduct astronomical observations, Cerro Armazones. This will be the future site of ESO's extremely large telescope, or the EELT for short. The Mars-like landscape of the Atacama Desert is really a wonderful gift of nature. Its unique climate makes it a first-class location for ESO's powerful telescopes, so that night after night, astronomers can observe the crystal-clear skies. This is Dr. Jay, signing off for the ESOcast. Join me again next time for another cosmic adventure.