 Yeah. And I think I'm just about to share the, okay, I'm going to make sure I share the right apologies for the delay. There we go. Okay, so just similar to, okay, just similar to, I was very glad when I saw the running order for the present presenters to realize that Professor Brown was going to go first. These are actually quite challenging very broad questions. So I kind of felt like I just wanted to approach it partly from an Australian perspective, but also just reflecting more generally on the region. So the first question is, can urban greens make cities physically cooler if yes than how. Now, there's been a lot of talk in the presentation so far around the urban heat island. And we undertook a study in 2017 where we were asked to actually look at the, the sort of mixture of the heat island and where trees were actually present in local governments in across metropolitan Australian cities. And we began to challenge this idea of the urban heat island because, in fact, Australian cities typically do not actually exist on a sort of a flat plane such as in the diagram before. Crucially, the rural or farming areas on the outskirts of cities can sometimes in the summer will dry out and they'll actually be hotter than the center of the city or the suburban areas, which happened to have more canopy cover. And of course that's effect is rendered even more complex by the presence of water, such as you can see here in the city of metropolitan Sydney in the map on the left hand side. So what we did discussing with colleagues, Peter Ciccetta and Drew Devereux at CSIRO, this is the Commonwealth scientific industrial research organization is to try to reconceive the urban heat island as not about a difference of the surrounding rural areas, but the overall temperature of the pre farming land use. So we use the CSIRO data layers of forest cover, elevation and aspect to derive candidate fit points around the city that could provide a comparator for how hot the city was so as to identify those urban heat island effect in a way that was, we felt was in local circumstances. So here in Sydney, you can see the way that the heat is distributed differently, mainly to the west of the city in and completely differently from there's almost a very sharp north. East Southwest split in the city as well as the East West split more generally. But when we think about the urban heat island as well this data set provided us with some really interesting insights into how this was distributed in other ways. So simply by clustering a single extreme heat layer or number. We could actually identify by different colors, how that individual heat island is clustered so you can see here right in the middle. There is a huge heat island right in the center of the city that pretty much covers most of western Sydney. And there's a smaller heat island down to the south and so on. And I think one of the questions to ask, and following on from Professor Yoko Hari's keynote presentation around green corridors or breezeways is, you know, one of the critical things to think about is to how to break up that massive heat island or even a heat continent that is present in the center of the city because those are going to be the places where you get the biggest amount of residual heat building up over a 24 hour period. So you can see a map of how we map that heat island with areas of social economic disadvantage. Of course the typical trends are that industrial land uses big infrastructure produces a lot of heat. These places tend to be places where cheaper housing is located. So there's definitely a link between the two, but also in the, in the longer settled areas you actually tend to get bigger trees. And so you tend to get more shading which is why these places tend to be cooler. In the two years since we published that study, the areas become a lot more complex and interesting. And so colleagues of ours in Western Australia did this nice study that looked at all the different ways on the left hand side that trees and cleaning and heat could be linked into sort of almost using a statistical technique called random forest to try to cluster these different relationships in different ways. So I recommend you have a look at the paper. If you get the chance. Second question, I'll cover this more briefly. My quote if that's okay is how can urban greens contribute to make people feel cooler. In Melbourne, there's a famous study or famous case of the city of Melbourne that wanted to that produced a map of every single tree online for people. And the idea was that people were going to use this map to sort of say that there was a problem with the tree maybe the branch was getting in the way or something or something like that. So it turned out that people were actually keen to write to the individual trees, and the city ended up having to nominate somebody who would respond on behalf of the tree so you can see here. Someone's actually written to the tree. 102.2794 and saying how's it how's it going etc. And I think that there's some definite possibilities there when we think about how to make people feel cooler. Of course there's the route finding app. There's the thermal digital twin as someone has put in the Q&A, but I think there's some review work to be done to try to figure out new directions in making people feel cool through digital information. You'll be interested to know, Makoto, about the trend of forest bathing or Shinrin yoku which has even taken over the Royal Botanical Gardens in Melbourne, where they run classes and I think that this is part of this trend of effect through embodied practices of cooling. Cooling is not just as you're implying a physical thing but also a psychological one. And I think we should really be very aware of the kind of the contrast in land uses between what was anticipated by early pioneers in Australia in landscape where they recognize the importance of water and of cooling spaces, such as for the competition for 1901 on the left hand side. And in fact what the reality is of shopping centers and big urban carpark spaces and suburbanization on the American model, and how much ground there is to make up in terms of cooling. Just a final note, I guess, is thinking about it more generally. I think on the basis of the sort of pattern language, I guess that we have in Australia for understanding greening I think there's a lot to be learned in the regions. And going back in fact to what you were saying in your talk about Japan and the ways in which shading and green spaces are used. Here are some photographs from Yangon that I took in 2017 that are very much along with similar lines where shading and trees are similarly venerated. Okay, that's it for me. Thank you. Thank you very much, Marco. Well, I didn't know that the Shinriyoku is already in Australia. I thought that Wagyu is the only Japanese term you're using in Australia but now Shinriyoku too. That's funny. Yeah, yeah, but it's interesting because you know the botanical gardens and there were many botanical gardens actually in Australia. It's interesting how they're being kind of reinvented for different purposes. So, yeah, that's one of the activities taking place there.