 Thank you so much, Jana, for the lovely introduction. I've taken the interview just a little out. I forgot to tell you, sorry, for the reason that I think it actually doesn't help anything to do with this paper. I mean, there is, but there's, it's not just that. So, scholars agree that without the swift, impressive action taken by the paper to chumble in clearly close, immediately following the election of Bartolomeo Prignano as Pope Urban VI in Rome on the 8th of April, 1378, the election of the second pope, Fartman Slater, which in all the relatives of great resistanceism, may never have happened. Seeing that Urban VI had been elected under a certain jurist by a tense conclave of caravans, with the Vatican besieged by the Roman people clamoring for Roman or at least an Italian pope, Pierre de Croix sees the paper treasure to keep itself safe in the casper San Angelo. Among the most valuable items were the matrix of the verso of the paper bullock, the seal with pieces of the Kossel's guitar pole, and the paper regalia, including the pope's tiara, so to have been the one granted by Pope Sylvester. Thus, when five months later, at Fondi on the 16th of September, the same group of caravans declared Urban VI an intruder and proceeded to elect Robert of Geneva as Clement VII, the second new pope could be properly crowned and take up the business of people government. In fact, most of the treasure was at any rate seen in Avio. When the previous pope, Gregory XI, had merged the paper seat from Avio back to Rome in 1377 in here before his death, he had only taken part of the treasure with him. The greater part of the goldsmith's work, the textiles and most of the people's library, together with the majority of important documents, had remained in the city of Rome, together with the treasurer, Pierre de l'Avignon, following Clement VII's election, Pierre de Croce returned to Avignon with the part of the treasury that Gregory XI had taken to Rome. And when Clement VII finally re-entered Avidor himself on the 20th of June, 1378, joyously received by the burgers and escorted to the paper pallets under a dyes of gold cloth, he found his entire treasure ready for use. The family of furniture, tables, the church gurus and objects, the important papers and books, and, at least, the cost of objects that could be liquidated if necessary. The treasure treasure was mainly a 14th century collection. Before the papacy, this is probably just more great by and by, but you can't remember the 14th century books anyway. No, I can't remember. Before the papacy settled in Avignon, the popes, when they were present in Rome, had left their books and drawings in the sacraria of the Vatican, under the control of the sacrister, and later in the messiania. The office of treasurer had developed only in the 13th century as a result of an increase in cultural wealth and objects. In 1295, Boniface VIII ordered an inventory to be made. He was the one who died at Anani after having been looked at by the Philippine affairs man. Boniface's successor, Benedict XI, had taken his treasure risk name on his journey to Brugia when he died in 1304. The following claimants' pips was in France, in Gondor, when he heard of his election, likely later in 1305. He ordered that the part of the treasure that had been left in Brugia an important part should be sent to Lyon when he wanted to be crowned. No idea of returning to Rome at that stage. And unfortunately, on arrival in Lucca, the treasure fell into the hands of the Giebulins and the Ubu-Chura did a factura and was designated. The larger part of Boniface's treasure had been sent from Brugia to Assisi, where it was presumably safely stored in the upper church until the towel also fell into the hands of the Giebulins and the Musio, who took all the money and precious objects as he would expect. Therefore, only a few of the items arrived in Aminon, where they were always identified in early inventory as the old treasure or Boniface's treasure. Even in 1371, so 80 years after the events, the wooden staff of your Boniface was still recorded. These objects were clearly important to the Aminon cults, not only for their value, but also for the loot they provided to the earlier Roman cults. And in particular, with Boniface, whose staff seems to have been preserved to this reverence after all it was only a wooden staff. Therefore, grown out of the jungle of an ad hoc collection of secular and sacred objects, the Ubu-Chura treasure comprised different things, including all that was needed for daily life as a legal court, from detergent objects to daily utensils. The inventory is recorded furniture and plate, as well as reliquaries and a church for vestments, silk and tapestries to decorate the rooms, and important partitions in documents of people government. The table bus stop in the post bedroom was duly recorded, as well as numerous images of the Virgin. And all types of books, of course, from local to local, to Bible, from missiles to the desert, are still there. Together, all these objects form the Cesarus Romanaicrasia or Cesarus Domino Scripacca. Especially under the prompt loving climate physics, the treasure increased, and at the same time became something of an institution under the control of different and specialized offices, such as the Boticularius, the master of the plate. The Custos Serra, the keeper of the max, and the master of the chapel. They were under the over old authority of the treasure whose role also changed that relates to Cesarus' neighbor, and he became much more of a treasure under the modern British sense in the person responsible for finances during the 14th century. But all of the whole was remained under the authority of the chamber, then the camaraderie in the records, which is the office that Pierre Croix occupied in 1778, and I think very similar really to the keeper of the wardrobe that Jeremy talked about for the English games. This specialization of the guardians or officers and the many inventories written at least give an idea that there was an interest in the size of the books and the power of the science opposed to demonstrate and not only to protect and organize the treasure, but also to categorize the objects that he gives them to different officers. And of course the main criteria was to keep the objects in the same place. I'm just going to show you one of these inventories, this is the one, the general inventories of the great palace, made in 1769 for Erwin V, who was ex-Italian rule. Provoked an appropriate and secure basis for the treasure and the palace was paramount for the avenue of books from the moment that Clement's successor joined the 22nd century into the old Episcopal Palace, adjacent to the cathedral in Erwin now. And this is after Clare Shaw what the Episcopal Palace looked like. It's part of the improvements that John the 22nd carried out to the old structure was also the construction of a treasure house here, which I would leave entirely lost and we only know from the records and the inventories. It was probably there that the size of the secret house but by the next book, Benedict XII started building a new palace from 1734. The treasure was certainly formed from his mind. The first building, in order to be constructed, was a massive central tower which was 42, still is 42 meters high, with walls of six meters thickness, which is called in the records tourist manor but also tourist sessauri, tourist domini pappi, tourist Sanis Aguilorum and tourist Plumbo Compata, after its lead roof undoubtedly. It was originally, as you can see, Clare Shaw's reconstruction built to be free standing with buttresses on all sides and only as part of the second phase of construction was it connected, as you can see here, to the new cable chambers to the north. It's a reconstruction of what it would have looked like at the time. Although the central tower is often described as a door shop of the palace, it's not best understood as a fortified treasure house. There was a lower vaulted cave, then there was a lower treasure, which I showed you an image of in a moment, then there was underneath the fortification up here, there was an upper treasure, the two treasures, a cave and sandwich between them, the greatest treasure, which was, of course, the pope in his bedshade back here, followed by this by the chamberlain who watched over the whole of it. When Clement VI, Benedict's successor, added two more wheels to the cave of the palace to create another courtyard, the magna of the tourist, tourist magna here, remained, of course, a treasure house but also became some sort of a pivot for the whole palace because the most important construction of Clement VI buildings was the great chapel which occupies this entire place and replaced an earlier chapel here. And you can see how the tower now collects the two parts of the private building, set the pope in and out of black pivot. Here, from the inventories, there's the interest in organising and categorising the treasure under the care of various officers had only limited effect on the storage of the treasure. Compared to some contemporary inventories, like the French royal ones, some of them, the papal ones appear particularly unsystematic. As a general rule, everything would be stored anywhere, even outside the treasurery, with only some exceptions, as I really explained. So if we first start with the great tower, the lower cellar here, so that is the one-stage as a wine cellar, especially from wines of bone, the pope's always knew what was doing here. But the upper treasure is effectively as if a revenue of the elsewhere, or decorative room, with red boards springing from an elegant central column. The room is nine meters high and the boards are four by fours. It was clearly in time filled with chess, coffers and bags that were, as we've heard before, also here classified by the letters of the alphabet. The 1342 inventory, for example, lists first of all the monies in different currencies, then cups, bowels, plates, next various types of textiles, amongst them two pieces of just the red cross that were hung in front of the ring room from where the indulgences were given. This is 1342, so before the present indulgences window was built, or one that's where the old one was. Then also this is especially for younger, two cross, they were used to decorate the famous bridge of Avignon where the bus guests were arriving. But the same list also included various interticular cooks decorated with gold thread and pearls, bibles and traditional books. Most storage room could be found below the cave in Stirling's. There were cavities of one meter 50 in depth, which are probably reserved for more important objects, certainly during the restoration. Archeologists found gold in their bulls, remains of vaccines and fragments of the resider as probably from the windows. At the accession of Inesem's 6th, the room was filled with treasures of recent ADC's cardinals, bishops and abbots. Of course, as you may know, the folks reserved for themselves so-called right of spoiler, the right to encourage the good of high-level guests on the grounds that their belongings were the possession of the church with LBC. Such treasures were often sold, or simply integrated into the paper, treasure that I wondered, was that in 1752, there were so many still around, still not integrated in the slower treasure, but this was perhaps the result of the Black Death in 1748. So as I read above these books, here's the room of the chamberlain and then the people bed-chained up, which you all know. And then the upper treasure called the Tory Superior in the records. Here too, all kinds of objects were stored in chests and coffers, each one with an HLC alphabet, and I can't really see a big difference between the things that were kept in the lower treasure to those that are kept in the upper treasury. So for example, again, one of these includes such items as the tavern of the Virgin, the picks, a barber's bowl, two built angels, a sword-seller and a crystal vase, all in one list. However, this upper room did also have a special function, at least from the time of Innocence VI. It was divided into, as Margaret Cologne has shown, beginning of the 20th century by Scream. And there's evidence that on the south side, the screen was filled with shelves that called the Moon July in the records. And this must have been where the main page library was stored, which at the base of the time included about 2,000 solar light books at least, which of course doesn't mean that books weren't stored elsewhere, and I should say that Spever Chocolate had its own library. But this is what, when the records talk of the Vibrarian mother, this is clearly what they mean. And there was also direct access to the room next to it, which was in the so-called bottle tower just to remind you, includes the famous shower for the self, the third room, but it's on the level above here, where to show you close, plan again, when you come up, you can also go into this upper room. It's called the Chamblossal Michael, or also the Kapella Secretare, excitingly, in the records. And it was clearly used as a chapel, and it tended to be one, and I came in the sixth, but from the time of incense, since the successor onwards in the second half of the 14th century, this room was generally used as a storage room for treasure, and probably no longer served as a chapel. The liturgical objects that were jumpy together as other items, as I've just described, were obviously not in current use. They didn't work used for church services while it's used at the time, because the objects that were used for the masses in the paper chapel were indeed recorded separately in the inventories and were specified as being under the custody of the Magista Kapellae party. So this is the new chapel that came in the sixth build, and there's an inventory from 1743, the time before this chapel was built. When the list of the objects that the Kapella includes is really quite small, there's just a couple of them, but then there's in the inventory, next big inventory, 10 years later, in 1753, there's about six times as many items in the Kapella for the new big chapel, including an image of Christ, the apostles in silver to go and tell the priests a silver wheel cross, et cetera, et cetera. Clearly all was used to decorate this vast hall, which is 52 by 15 meters, and which strikes us so empty today, especially this is very elegant, but nonetheless almost was still an architecture. However, it must have looked very different in the 14th century. There exists a contemporary description of the chapel in the palace in front of the cardinals just outside of it all. And that description stresses that the chapel of the cardinal was so richly decorated that not an inch of bare wall could be seen. And I think that's what we have to imagine this chapel back to. We also know that it was divided into by a screen. Of course, it has a kind of drawer of the pope on the left side, and of course, this was also the place where the pope's plate was made out of a telephonic music so it wouldn't be an altogether sensual experience. As a result of research, so where did they keep that stuff? As a result of this research, was documentary and archeological as shown, the tower which was built on the side of the chapel and built as an afterthought was not so much built, probably, but structurally or to a bot, the structure of the chapel here also may of course serve that function, too. But what address of Van Wierlich and other archeologists point out is that in the columns, these towers, which are called the Tour Saint Laurent, is called Nova Tourist, in quite a red revestillarium, the new tower in which the vestillary is used to be, and when it was built unsurprisingly, it's called the Nova Tourist in quite a red revestillarium in which the vestillary now is. So clearly, the main idea of building this tower was to create new spaces, to house a new and enlarged treasure for the chapel. And here's the tower from the exterior, and here you can see the tower was also consistible of various levels, but this is the simplicity of vestillary as it is accessible to the people of the chapel. And that I should just say that this master of the chapel as I said, he had his own library as well, and because we talked earlier about the columns, he also had his own columns, and he was known to buy the surgical objects himself. However, all these objects, where are they? Accepting a small number of books, few of the objects recorded in the inventory of the books that I will now can be identified as survival today. In order to gain an idea of what the treasure looked like, one has to turn to objects given by the books as a gift to various people. And such objects survive just one of the corners from here in the Victoria and Albert Museum with a pattern and a chalice that bears a paper arm here. And they probably belong, it would make sense, to a large number of chalices and patterns made for John the 22nd and given to him by him to various dioceses in the South of France. And there is at least another chalice survival, quite similar. Or, of course, because of all the roles you've got in the music community, a gift to be stolen each year by the Pope or Latter-day Sunday, the first Sunday in the season of Lent, or a high-standing personality was in people's favor. We think more, right? In the catalogue of the 2016, 17 exhibition dedicated to empathize the force, Youshifite and Marcus Hirsch have been able to identify another gift. On the 6th of April, 1772, the Chamberlain, so it says in the inventory, the Chamberlain and the Treasurer went together to the upper treasury of the table palace on the order of Pope Gregory XI. In order to extract a gold cross with precious stones weighing four marks and 17 dinars with less than a kilo, they also took on another cross which had previously been broken by a mark called Frata Veranus, as mentioned, as well as several precious stones and a cameo. All this was used to create a new cross through Dundoo Imperatory to give to the emperor, who was upon childs of force. This cross must be the relic of the cross, now the Treasurer's invites to consider a cross. At the center, a relic of the cross covers the relic of Christ's long cross, which, as the inscription says, represents the Dundoo childs of force. Kneeling on the left are the arms of the cross, are urban and Cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort, the later of Rev. P. XI. And to the right are the emperor and the sole authority of the court is useless called... I'm trying to make the clothes. Let's have a look at the technology. Let's have a look. But we quite covered the medium active here. No. No. In the past, it had been so as to charge commissions for the advocacy that we see for urban, and that therefore it must be made in either Italy or in Prague. The new evidence suggests that the public cross was commissioned by urban success and recovery, and that it was made in Avignon, possibly by a series of artists who had been there present for many generations in the city, or alternatively the public may have employed particularly talented artists from outside Avignon to do this task. Of course, it was Gregory also who acceded to the emperor Charles IV's dearest wish and took the presidency back to Rome. As we have already heard, his death inaugurated the great schism and Avignon tragedies were once again in active use. The hard period was however over for Avignon. Admittedly, the decline that has often been associated with the Avignon presidency during the schism has not been recognised to have been exaggerated. Clearly, papal liturgy continued to be celebrated with all the necessary work, and the pattern of the rituales did not lack any flamboyance. Nevertheless, as a 19th-century art historian in a journal Moons noted, the treasure was increasingly demolished. The cost of the walls in southern Italy, which was a payoff for the support the folks received from the arguments, was probably one of the factors that forced the folks to sell much of the gold and precious objects. Even if there were no truths to the story told by modern Italian historians, that the pink tiara, which appeared close and so successfully seized in 1378, had to be released from pawn in order to crown Benedict XIII, the last Avignon pope. Certainly many other precious objects were definitely found. The last face of the Avignon treasure, and the Pedro de Lunda, who was elected as Benedict XIII in 1394, was undoubtedly the most dramatic and destructive one. Besieged by the French army, Benedict fled under cover of darkness from the paper palace on the 11th of March 4003. Benedict, along the ethiologian, was an ex logistic collector of books, and he came with William to the Port of the Library, while he lived an itinerant life, moving between Marseille and later Papua. Finally, after the election of Martin V, in 1417, he retreated to Pinescola, and a primeval peninsula on the eastern coast of Spain under the rule of King of Arden, as the spotter still of the Avignon pope. The entire treasure from the paper palace, including the library of Magda, and what remained of the precious object, was then sent to Pinescola on boats, carefully inventorying it. On Pinescola, Benedict lived another six years and continued to acquire new books for his library. When he died in 1422 or 1423, he was surrounded by a small group of cardinals and servants. One of them, Jean Carnegie, arrived only after Benedict's death, and he arrived in December 1423, and he described how found that the cardinals had already divided between them, the money, the rings, the relics, the rights of the Holy Cross, and the saints, the chalices, and the vases in golden silver. Only in 1429 did Pierre de Foire, the legate of Martin V, take possession of the place. By then, only 561 of the ones who were 2,000 books remained. Pierre de Foire sent many of these to a colleague collage. He found it in Toulouse, and from there they sent to the Royal Library in the 17th century. One of them is the Lectura and Biblia by Dominicus Grima, which is the master you see here. So some of them are the Bibliotheque Nacionales now. As for objects, they are perhaps our survivors and were sold previously. A coat, made in Angus, Anglicana, now a moderate, has been identified by Maria Angela Frappumata, as built from Benedict to Scully to Church, of Santa Maria in the Roca in Saracossa. Also, in Madrid, there is a Crozier, the head of the Crozier, which Jose Manuel Cruz Valvinos, since the upper part is perhaps from the time of John the 22nd, certainly the lower part here was in possession of one of Benedict the 13th, Pedro de Luna, remember because we find this table, coat of arms, the cross keys and the harpoon for de Luna. And this lower part of the staff is certainly similar to a challenge called Calzota de Luna, which is apparently still in the passage of a tennis collar. But of course, these are only small fragments of what once was one of the most important treasures of sacred and secular objects. A treasury that is effectively lost to us due to Pierre de Croce's astute, but ultimately disastrous annexation of the people treasure in Rome in April 1378.