 Welcome to the AI for Good Global Summit here in Geneva on day 3 of this summit and I'm joined now by Bilal Jemoussi who's the chief of the study groups for the ITU himself. Hello. Good morning. Basically, one thing you've been focusing on is the three AI focus groups. Tell me about that. So the focus group is a group that allows open, is an open platform that allows the ITU members and newcomers to the ITU to sort of have an incubation phase for new standards. Last year at this summit, AI for Good Summit, we had a track on AI on health and well-being and at the end of the day it was clear that there is a need for a platform where all the stakeholders, both healthcare providers and technologists, to come together and discuss how artificial intelligence could be used for healthcare. You know, all these applications that could be provided to provide diagnostics, for example, the machine learning that goes behind it. And so the WHO, the World Health Organization and the ITU got together and through one of our study groups created this focus group on AI for Health. And they're looking at benchmarking some of the algorithms that would be used for AI for Health for diagnosis, for treatment, for clinical trials. And the idea is to look at data sets because when we talk about AI, it's really two components. There are data sets and the algorithms. And this focus group is looking at having enough data sets that are annotated, that are usable for really telling whether the algorithm is working or not. Another focus group that we have is using machine learning for 5G. And this year is the year of 5G. We will have a World Radio Conference at the end of the year to decide on the spectrum used for 5G. And as you know, the 5G network is a lot more sophisticated than the 4G network. It has capability not just for more speed, but also for massive connectivity of the Internet of Things. And it also has a requirement for low latency. And so the core of the network where the ITU plays a role in defining the standard is more flexible, more programmable. And with that flexibility and programmability, the complexity increases. And so having real-time machine learning and AI algorithms that help the operator in managing the network is a necessity. And so we have a focus group on the use of machine learning for 5G networks. And the third focus group we have is just created a few weeks ago by the study group in ITU that looks after energy efficiency, the environment, and the circular economy to look at the energy impact of using AI, machine learning, all these data centers that need to be put in place and are being used for processing that data. So they're looking at the environmental impact of AI, machine learning, blockchain, all of these emerging technologies, and at the same time looking at how AI and machine learning could be used in combating the climate change and dealing with the issues of climate change and the environment. But even though you come up with the standards, and all countries are members of the ITU, do they accept it? I mean, can some say, no, we don't like these regulations? How do you impose it, I guess? We don't really impose any of the standards. All of the ITU standards are voluntary. And they are developed by the membership, not by the staff of the ITU. And our membership is the 193 member states. We have about 800 companies, private sector players, including SMEs, small and medium enterprises, and academia, about 150 universities and research institutes. It is them and the experts from that incredible multi-stakeholder platform. They provide the technical solutions and they provide the algorithms and protocols and so on. And they also decide and agree on the best standard that could be used by the world. And then once the recommendation, the international standard is agreed by consensus, then all the member states could decide to make it a national law or a national standard, or simply implement it and have it in RFPs. When you're procuring new solutions, you make a reference to the ITU standard. So it's a voluntary platform. It's consensus-based and it's driven by the membership. Dan, just finally, as we kind of approached towards the end of the week, what are your thoughts on this summit so far? It's really incredible. It's fascinating where we started two years ago and where we are today, the exponential growth in participation, in the quality of the presentations, in the impact and the participation, the inclusiveness. We have 37 UN agencies participating. We have pretty much all the world represented in this event. We even have several ministers that came, took the time from their busy schedule and came to take part and also conveyed the message of the importance of AI and the fact that it has to be inclusive so that we don't have a wider gap in the digital economy. We can bridge the gap by having the required skill sets and the right people and the right strategies at the national level to be ready for machine learning and for AI, to have the data centers, to curate the data, to include this in the curriculum in universities. So we are very pleased as an ITU to see this growth, to see the inclusiveness in the conference and to see that many of these topics are finding their way in our study groups, in our standards making engine in the ITU, to make this really usable by regulators, by companies, by private sector, by policy makers and so we're very pleased with the outcome. Well that was Bila Jammusi from the ITU talking to us about standardization and weather focus groups going. Thank you very much. Thank you.