 Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course, Sandhi in Panini and Grammar. We continue to study At Sandhi, that is Vavel Sandhi. We said that At Sandhi can be classified under two heads, Ekasthanika Ekadesha, One Sthani and One Substitute, Ekah Sthani, Ekah Adeshaha, One Substituent, One Substitute, One Substitute coming in place of One Substituent, One Substitute replacing One Substituent. That is the first type of At Sandhi and the second type of At Sandhi is Dristhanika Ekadesha, where we have One Substitute replacing two Substituents, One Substitute in place of two Substituents. We shall study this second type of At Sandhi little later. Right now, we have concentrated on our study of this Ekasthanika Ekadesha. We have already studied the first instance of Ekasthanika Ekadesha, namely Ekoyanachi Sutra, which prescribes the Sandhi called Yen Sandhi. We studied this Sandhi in detail. We looked at the Sutra and its meaning. We also looked at the Udeshya Videyabhava by the application of Anudit Savarnasya Chapratya Yaha. Then we looked at the criterion for selection of the substitute. Then we looked at individual examples. We also looked at the discussion points, including the interrelation of Yen Sandhi and the accent rules. And finally, we also studied the Sthanivat Bhava that is discussed in the Panimian Grammatical Tradition while discussing the At Sandhi. We also observed that there is one small gap in the treatment of Yen Sandhi which was observed by none other than the earliest commentators on Panini. And a solution was suggested and then the desired forms were generated and justified. Now, it is time to move ahead and look at the second instance and study in detail this second instance of Ekasthanika Ekadesha. And so, this Ekasthanika Ekadesha is a Yava-Yava Sandhi. To put the Ekasthanika Ekadesha in the diagrammatical form, we have been studying this diagram for some time now, which says that you have A plus B, both of them in Samhita mode in extreme proximity. And in this situation, A is substituted by C, A is the Sthani, B is the right hand environment and in this environment, A is substituted by C. The input is A plus B and the output is C plus B. This is the substitute. This is the substituent. One substitute in place of one substituent. This is what is Ekasthanika Ekadesha. This Ekasthanika Ekadesha is stated in the Ashtadhyayi in the section 6172 onwards up to 6183. And as we said earlier, we have studied in detail the first instance of this Ekasthanika Ekadesha, namely Yansandhi, stated by the Sutra Eco-Yanaji. Now, we plan to study the second instance of this Ekasthanika Ekadesha, namely the This is stated by the Sutra Eco-Yanaji 6178 and I have already broken the Sutra for you into two components. The first one is H-O and the second one is A-Yavayavaha. The Sandhi of these two can be done and the Sutra is in fact read in the text of the Ashtadhyayi as H-O-Yavayavaha. And this Sandhi and this Sutra, we shall study later on when we study the Dvisthanika Ekadesha, namely Enga Padantadati, this Sutra. Let us come back to H-O-Yavayavaha. There are two padas, H-O and A-Yavayavaha. H-O is A-Chaha 6-1 of H. What it means is in place of H and A-Yavayavaha is 1 slash 3 of A-Yavayav. H is a Pratyahara formed by the Sutra 4 and 5. It begins with A and ends in Auch. So, H Pratyahara covers Sutra 4 and 4, 5 and these sounds A, O, these are stated in Sutra number 4 and I and O stated in Sutra number 5. A-Yavayavah consists of four elements A-Yav, A-Y and A-V. We also have studied a methodology to study the interpretation of the Panini Sutras, how the meaning of the Sutra is made. So, there are some words that are continued from the previous Sutra. In this case, A-Chi is continued. A-Chi is 7-1 of A-Chi, A-Chi meaning vowel covering the first 5 Sutras in the Pratyahara Sutra. A-Chi stands for a vowel. A-Chi stands for immediately before a vowel. This word A-Chi is continued from the Sutra Eco-Energy 6177. The other word that continues in this particular Sutra is Samhita-Yam which is 7-1 of Samhita and so Samhita-Yam means when in the Samhita mode, when in extreme proximity or close proximity which means that when two sounds are uttered in extreme proximity, the right hand sound is ach and the sound that appears immediately before this ach is nothing but H and then this Sutra applies and generates the output in the form of ay, av, ay and av. So, the meaning of this Sutra in a nutshell is this when in extreme proximity immediately before any vowel that is ach, ach that is A-O-I and av, H is substituted by ay, av, ay and av. This is the meaning of this particular Sutra. To put it in the form of an equation, we can say that if we have H plus ach, plus sign indicates that these two sounds are uttered in close proximity. So, H is immediately followed by ach. To put it in other words, H comes immediately before ach in the Samhita mode and then H is substituted by ay, av, ay and av. So, the input is H plus ach and the output is ay, av, ay, av plus ach. Input is H plus ach and output is ay, av, ay, av plus ach. Now, we note that in the input we have H. H stands for four vowels A, O, I and O and the output also has four substitutes, ay, av, ay and av. So, there are four substitutes in the form of H and four substitutes in the form of ay, av, ay, av. So, we can say that there is this principle of correspondence that comes into play in Sanskrit it is called yathasankhyam nyaya stated by the sutra yathasankhyam anodeshah samanam which says that the elements described in two sets if they are equal in number then they are mutually related by correspondence which means that the first member of the first set is related to the first member of the second set and so on and so forth. In this case H is a set consisting of set consisting of four vowels being the substituents sthani and there are four elements which are stated as the substitutes which are stated as adesha. So, first element amongst the substituents is related with the first element amongst the substitutes A with ayar, O with avar, I with ayar and av with avar. This is what this principle of correspondence or yathasankhyam nyaya says. So, we have H being the substituent sthani four in number and ayav, ayav the substitute or adesha four in number and so we have A plus h as the input in the samhita mode and 6178 would apply and A would be substituted by ayar and the output would be ayar plus h. Similarly, O plus h being uttered in close proximity samhita and so 6178 applies and O is substituted by avar and the output is avar plus h. I plus h is the input and then they are uttered in close proximity and then 6178 applies and I is substituted by ayar and the output is ay plus h. Similarly, O plus h and they are uttered in close proximity and so 6178 applies and A is substituted by avar and the output is av plus h. This is how yathasankhyam nyaya would allow us to interpret this sutra. Now, we introduce the concepts of uddeshya and vidhayya in this sutra through the application of the sutra 1169 namely anudit savarnasya chaapratya jaha. In this case, we have uddeshya in the form of h as well as ach. We already know what h is and what ach is. H is four vowels, ach is all vowels and we know that the vidhayya is ayavaya. This is stated only by this particular sutra 6178. Now, by the application of 1169, we would say that the uddeshya namely h and ach they represent their homogeneous sounds. Let us look at anudit savarnasya chaapratya jaha once again in some detail. Anudit savarnasya chaapratya jaha is 1169. What it means is a vidhiyamanahan uditche savarnasya saudnya syat. An and udit which are not vidhayya stand for their homogeneous sounds. This is the meaning of this particular sutra. What it means is that an and udit which are uddeshya they stand for their homogeneous sounds. So, an which is stated in 1169 is a pratyahara that covers the first six sutras, ayun, ruluk, eom, ayouch, ayavarat and lund. Sutras 1 to 6 and we already have noted that only in this particular sutra the pratyahara an covers the sixth six sutras. Everywhere else the pratyahara an covers only the first sutra. What is udit? Udit is an element which has an ut namely u as ith as a marker. So, ku is udit, chu is udit, etc. ku is udit because ku consists of k consistent plus u which is a marker ut. U stands for short u which is also mentioned as ut. So, ku is a udit, chu is an udit and so on. Now, these sounds stated in the 14 sutras stand for their homogeneous sounds or savarna sounds. This is what is the meaning of 1169. Applying this sutra in 6178 we note that h which is an uddeshya is part of an and so it represents the respective savarna sounds, the respective homogeneous sounds. Ayavayav is a vidheya and does not represent the respective savarna or homogeneous sounds. Once again we have ach being the right hand side environment and this is an uddeshya. Ach is part of an and so it represents the respective savarna, the respective savarna homogeneous sounds. So, if we revisit 6178 after applying 1169 we can rewrite the rule achavayav in this particular fashion. Ach, a-o-i-au they do not have a short variety. So, they have 6 dirhya and 6 plutha varieties. So, 4 into 12, 48 sounds and we have also seen that the plutha sounds do not undergo the sandhi operations. So, we omit the 24 varieties of plutha of these sounds. So, we have 24 remaining varieties of h. Similarly, we have also seen that ach stands for 132 sounds. A-e-u and ru these 4 sounds they have rasva dirhya and plutha into udatta, anudatta and svarita into anunasika and anunasika that is 18 varieties each 18 into 472. Then we have lu which does not have a long variety. So, we have 12 varieties of lu and then a-o-i-au do not have the short varieties. So, they have only dirhya and plutha varieties of sounds which is 48 sounds. So, 60 plus 72 that makes it 132. Now we remove 6 plutha varieties of each that means 54 sounds which means that 132 minus 54 that is 78 sounds they act as the right-hand side environment. So, we can now rewrite the equation related to 6178 where we say that h 24 in number plus ach 78 in number and those many combinations h plus ach uttered in extreme proximity and the output generated is a-e-o-i-au plus ach after the application of 6178. The output is only this a-e-o-i-au being the substitute plus the right-hand side environment ach 78 varieties. This is how we can rewrite h-o-i-au. Now the question is if you have 24 varieties of substituents and 4 substitutes obviously you cannot apply the principle of correspondence Yathasankhanyaya over here. So, then what is the criterion for selection of the substitute? The criterion for selection of substitute namely antharatamya or proximity is the place of articulation, ucharana sthana within the oral cavity. So, now if we study the ucharana sthanas of the respective substituents and the substitutes we come across these following matching pairs. A, the place of articulation of A is kanthatalu as described in Paniniya Shiksha and the phonetic description of the place of articulation of A is also kanthatalu. O is described as kanthoshtha, O as a substituent and amongst the 4 av is also described to have kanthoshtha as its place of articulation. I is described to have the place of articulation in the form of kanthatalu and I also is described to have the place of articulation in the form of kanthatalu. And finally, aau has got kanthoshtha as its place of articulation and av also has got kanthoshtha as the place of articulation. So, aoiau, the 24 varieties of these vowels have got similarities, have got matches with the place of articulation in the form of aau and av. Based on this now the substitute is selected. Six varieties of A and they have aia as the substitute. Six varieties of O and the substitute is av. Six varieties of I and the substitute is aia. Six varieties of aau and the substitute is av. Now, at this point, we need to study the interrelation between two sutras, ikoyanachi and echoyavayavaha. Ikoyanachi is 6177 and echoyavayavaha is 6178. We need to also understand the structure of A, O, I and aau. A, O, I and aau, they are considered to be dirgasvaras and also sanyuktasvaras. They are made up of two vowels. A is made up of a followed by e. O is made up of a followed by u. I is made up of a followed by e and aau is made up of a followed by u. If we now replace aoiau with this information and rewrite the rule, we will get the following situation. So, now we have a plus ech which eventually is a plus e plus ech in samhita mode. O plus ech eventually means a plus u plus ech. I plus ech is equal to a plus e plus ech. Aau plus ech is equal to a plus u plus ech. What is happening over here is that even though we are applying 6178 actually it is only 6177 namely ikoyanachi which is actually taking place. So, we have e plus ech, u plus ech, e plus ech and u plus ech. This is what is happening and we are substituting e by e and u by v in all these four cases. Whereas this first member of the conjunct vowel remains intact. So, we have a plus ech and 6178 applies and the output is aau plus ech. So, this a remains as it is, e gets substituted by e and so we have aau plus ech as the output. When we have aau followed by ech in close proximity in the samhita mode, it is aau is followed by ech and so this aau is getting replaced by the substituted vowel and so we are getting the output in the form of aau plus ech. Similarly, we have i plus ech which means aau plus e, once again e is getting substituted by e and so we have the output aau plus ech. And finally, aau which is made up of aau plus aau and so aau is getting substituted by v and the output is aau plus ech. This is how the interrelation between 6177 ikoyanachi and echoyavayavaha can be explained. To summarize, we studied how 6178 is interpreted in the tradition of the Paninian grammar. This included the application of 1169 and the interpretation and the interrelation of 6177 and 6178. It is clear that in 6178 we are applying 6177 internally. Now we study the individual examples. We study this in the next lecture. Thank you for your attention.