 How would you define Jugaad? You have to use what is abundant to address what is scarce. The need does not wait for invention to reach you. The need will make you innovate to make invention happen. Adversity is quite an important spur. Turn adversity into an opportunity. Ideas that come out outside the box. Jugaad ultimately is a mindset. They say that, you know, necessarily mother of invention and we believe that scarcity is the grandmother of invention. 25 years ago, when I started my career in Calcutta, I used to see over 100 patients a day who required heart operation but hardly anyone turned up for the operation because people simply couldn't afford one and a half lakh rupees 25 years ago. So, that is the time I thought that, you know, something has to be done to reduce the cost. You know, this is the journey started then. 20 years ago when I was talking about affordable healthcare, the US doctors were laughing at me. You know, there is nothing like affordability. For saving life, people will pay. What Dr. Devi Chetty has done is quite remarkable, which is that essentially looking at a country like India where heart surgery is almost like a luxury as he calls himself, he has found a way to essentially make heart surgery much more accessible to everyone. Essentially, he has taken an approach which is used in other industries like, you know, automotive or in the retail business, which is creating a highly specialized kind of process whereby doctors do not waste time and actually perform more surgeries on a daily basis. So, in a way he has industrialized, you know, healthcare, which has never done before. There is actually a real business model behind it that allows even the kind of porous kind of customers or porous passion patients in India to avail of this heart surgery using a micro-credit payment model. We believe that charity is not scalable. Good business principles are scalable. So, Nara and Radhalaya is not a charitable organization. It's a company. It's a for-profit like company like any other company. You can maintain the highest quality standards, yet you can do it at a fraction of the cost, what it costs in U.S. There is a hospital getting built somewhere in U.S. It's a 300-bed children's hospital and they're likely to spend over $600 million. We have built a 200-bed super-specialty heart hospital, including equipments for $6 million. Now, is this $600 million hospital going to have better outcomes than us? Certainly not. Are they going to do anything what we cannot do? Certainly not. Devi Shetty is really quite a hero, not only in India but abroad. And this is because he has done something that even the most advanced economies have failed to do. So what's amazing about him is that he's applied modern principles of management, Fordism, you know, looking at division of labor and specialization and so forth to reduce the cost of heart surgery to less than $1,500, where in the West it might be tens of thousands of dollars for that same quality surgery. And he has done this at scale. For me, if a solution is not affordable, it is not a solution. We have to come up with innovative processes, innovative product to make a difference with the common man. And in the end, it has to be sustainable and it has to be scalable. I used to play with my mother. My mother used to play with her children. I used to go to her and say, get lost. Go and stand there. Go with your mother. Don't stand there. You'll have to take care of the children. The children will get cold. The school girls used to go to school very late. So I used to be so upset that I used to go and play with them. I don't know why. I used to feel that I was getting angry with them. I used to run away from them. So I used to go and play. I used to run away from them. I used to feel that I was getting angry with them. I used to feel that I was getting angry with them. You should take care of the children of the dog. You won't touch a person. If someone says that they have got land and land, they will take care of them. If someone says that they are eating with Achhut and Brahman, they will lie. The problem of the Achhut people, why they became scavengers, the biggest problem was the toilet. We have experienced life. The application of mind is very important. Knowledge you can borrow from somebody. We have told the whole story. If your technology is not scientific, no one will complain. We have given such a simple name. That by making this simple name, the women and the children will have to do the same thing. What can a solution you need to create that will facilitate rapid adoption by the user? You see all these aspects of Jugaad innovation, the frugality, getting more with less, the flexibility of the solution where they might have a different model in the city and a different model in the countryside, and importantly the inclusivity. How you are involving people who are otherwise left out of the formal economy, who don't have good sanitation and maybe livelihoods as well. They have increased their expectations. If our daughter is a double M.A.B.A.D., then the boy should be two classes ahead. I have said that everyone has changed. We have also changed, the other society has also changed. So people's expectations have also increased. India is actually very special because on one hand you have over 1.2 billion people who have great needs but also great aspirations. On the other hand, you have immense scarcity of resources. So when you put it all together, this combination of great aspirations and great limitations on resources, it actually creates an amazing recipe for disruptive innovation. As soon as you go to a village, what is the typical way the village behaves with you? They think that you are God. They think that you have brought opportunity. They think that you are better than them. Why? Why do they think that just because somebody from outside is better than them? Because the way those people behave, that they know better than them and they are better than them because they have this literacy, this education, this access, that access and all that. The whole argument that people keep giving is that you don't have money to eat on the internet. You don't have a home to stay on the internet. You don't have a school to study on the internet. You don't have a toilet and you talk about your mobile. I say, yes, I really don't need all that. I don't have all that because I don't have access. So by bringing actually internet access to rural areas, I can exactly see how potentially there may be some next generation entrepreneurs who can actually use this access to information to start creating some solutions out of the village. So I think it will have multiple kind of effects. One in terms of education, bringing more educational and knowledge to young people in villages. And then the next level would be say, once you have this knowledge, how do you use it actually, that will create more value for local communities. And the process actually, it will make the rural economy more prosperous and keep young people in the villages. Digital is now the medium. When we have digital as a medium, do we really want the whole and whole world to be illiterate on digital media and suffer again of being illiterate? What excites is that when you give a technology in the hands of the people, the way they use it is just awesome. It really, really empowers them in such a way that I mean, they are standing on the wrong side. Because they are first time users, they don't have to do anything un-learning for them. We really wanted to learn the internet. So here we saw that the internet is taught here. So we came here, we had a party in it. So we got to run the internet here. And its fees are also very low. Other than that, our time is also not bad. And I mean, we get a lot of help in education from it. Like I have heard about anything new and I don't understand it, computer is relative. If anything is relative, I come here and look at it on my net. And I try to understand it. Whether it is related to any house, or it is related to education, or playing cricket, anything. I don't understand anything. I understand it on the internet. I also did shopping on the internet. I had bought Nike shoes. I was told that they can be surfed. So I tried surfing and it was done. Osama Manzar's story is another excellent example of how people in solving a social and economic problem have learned to do more with less. So he has taken this very interesting approach to piggybacking. You know, piggybacking up on the infrastructure that is already there to then breach that last mile. When I came to make a pair in Jaipur, Mr. Mehta met me. He asked me what I would do. So I said, I didn't know what to do, he kept me in the hostel, he taught me everything, and when I asked for his job, he gave me a job in Jaipur food. Jaipur food was invented because the western designs did not satisfy Indian requirements. It's an impuity, getting a western design with a search foot. Now he does not bend at the ankle. Now Indian sitting, Indian lifestyle styles involved a lot of sitting on the ground, squatting. A Muslim, for example, or a Hindu going to a temple and kneeling before the door. Now without this, he can't do it. And then they were very costly. So these two requirements were not getting satisfied because of the western designs. If you're a social entrepreneur, you are driven by the empathy to solve fundamental problems facing, let's say, people in villages in areas like access to water or sanitation or energy, for example, or education. So yes, you have to tap into this through ingenuity if you really want to achieve your social goals. More than anyone else, I can see social entrepreneurs really leveraging Jugaad to bring more economic, but also social value to larger number of people. You have to boil your solution down to its essence. You have to also boil the problem down to the essence. What is that one big need that's unmet that you're trying to solve? And what is the one main way in which you're trying to solve it? It actually helps you to reduce cost and make it affordable to help you to do more with less. But it also has another very interesting aspect which is the inclusivity. For people to be able to use it and maintain it, and so for it to be a long-term solution, it has to be simple because maintenance is often also a problem in the last mile. So in a social context, it's very important to realize that, you know, billions of people around the world do not have access to basic services, whether it's healthcare, energy, education, etc. So we see actually social entrepreneurs actually using this Kana Jugaad mindset to create scalable solutions that are very affordable. You know, everyone thinks the Barefoot College is a huge organization. Actually, it's a very small organization with a huge idea. All development starts from the bottom, starts from the community. It cannot come from the top. A rural problem must have a rural solution. Look, whatever I did, I did it with my heart. And I also did it with interest. And when I kept it here, I also had this interest. If I had to do anything, I would do it with my heart. I didn't care at all about my work. Just like the doctors used to tell me, we used to ask them three times. I was scared. I didn't say anything. I just learned something. Who can say that without an MBS degree, you will not call him a professor? If he does such a good job, how can we say that he can't be a teacher? If he teaches the kids in a very good way, and gives them so much interest in their studies, then why won't they call him a teacher? In the Indian context, Jugaad Innovation is often about the form of organization and the service element. And Barefoot College is a fascinating example of frugal, flexible, inclusive innovation that involves people in providing the solution to the problem they face. Jugaad entrepreneurs as modern-day alchemists because they are able to do two things, which is essentially transform something of less value into something of high value. But they are also alchemists in terms of the mindset because actually they can turn adversity into an opportunity. India first needs to look within itself and see the tremendous power they have which is underutilized today. In the villages that Mahatma Gandhi said lives in the villages of India, that is still true today. We don't respect this vast knowledge and wisdom that we have in villages. Respect it, identify it, and apply it on a large scale because what you really need is sufficient villages. So we have managed to show, demonstrate that a simple idea can be replicated not only by one individual but by whole communities. And that is what makes the idea innovative and makes it workable and makes it impactful. So I reached on the terrace and then I pointed my DSLR and telescope on Mars and I clicked a picture and I posted it on our Facebook. And lots of likes with that that we have reached this point where the whole India is enjoying, we have reached this point.