 I think we'll start this out with the demo. We've got the Hilbert chain, as you're going to have eight pads. You grab by the function. You might be wrong. We're buddy. Alright, so we kind of talked with you already about some of the basics with regard to schedules and reinforcement. So let's just jump right into it. We don't need to go back over it. Well, maybe we should just a little bit. Schedules and reinforcement, the patterns with which the reinforcers are actually the patterns of which... Folks, leaves, it's fall. I mean, there's lots of fun to be had around here. This is deep and wet. This could be great, which I'm not being as naughty as that sounds. I promise. So schedules and reinforcement. So we're going to look at two basic schedules right now. We might get into some others in a minute to bring out how long the video takes. So the fixed ratio. So when we think about non-continuous schedules, we think about intermittent schedules, right? The first most basic one... The first most basic ones are the ratio schedules. So the ratio schedules are pretty simple. They are focused on the number of responses that one makes before you earn a reinforcer. So let's say that Mr. Awesome cameraman happens to have me on a VR4. Well, I've kicked these things... Sorry, an FR4. So I've fixed ratio four. So I'm going to engage in four behaviors in order to earn my reinforcer. So I'm going to kick these once. I'm going to kick them twice. I'm going to kick them three times and a fourth time. That was really awesome! Alright, we got it. So a fixed ratio four means we're going to fix the amount of behavior that needs to happen before a reinforcer is delivered. That, in turn, produces some interesting patterns of responding. It produces this cool thing called a step. It produces this step defect, right? So if you're looking at behavior on the cumulative record, see the cumulative record videos. The behavior goes up and it pauses and it goes up and it pauses, right? So that step effect in the behavior is a predictable pattern. You can use that pattern to do all sorts of stuff. So anyway, sorts of stuff, that pause, right? After you've done a whole bunch of these things three and four! Yay! So now I'm on my poster reinforcer pause. Why? I'm not engaging in the behavior. I'm not kicking the leaves. I'm not engaging in that particular response. So I'm on a pause. I'm on a pause. But here in a moment, because I'm on this FR-4 schedule I'm going to start a ratio run! One, two, three! Yay! That was the ratio run, right? Now if he put me on like an FR-75 so I'd have to kick the leaves 75 times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. I can't quite get that many. In other words, I'm going to have some what's called ratio strain. So you're pushing too hard. You're requiring too much behavior in order for the reinforcers to maintain that. So I'm probably not going to achieve that. Oops! I'm probably not going to achieve that ratio. So the behavior is going to die out. It's going to go on extinction. Fixed ratio, stepped effect. Ifish resistance to extinction. End your poster reinforcer pause. Some people will talk about a procrastination pause. So the poster reinforcer pause is before the ratio run, right? Before the behavior starts to accelerate and complete the task. So is this really poster reinforcer? Maybe it's a procrastination pause. Because it starts before the run. Who knows? It's one of those kind of cool things that can go both ways. It really depends on which article you're looking at. So anyway, that's it for the fixed ratios. Let's go into the variable ratio. So variable ratio schedules, we have no idea how many times I'm going to have to kick. Yay! It could be a variable ratio 5. Yay! It could be a variable ratio 7. It could be a variable ratio 30. So I have no idea how much I'm going to have to engage in behavior. Yay! Forcers, which guess what? It maintains a strong steady rate of responding. It keeps the response rate up there. That's not a leaf. It keeps it moving pretty quick. It also means it's highly resistant to extinction. So how does it work? Variable ratio, on average, a particular number of responses is reinforced. So a VR 10, on average, the 10th response I make of kicking the leaves is going to be reinforced. That might mean I get reinforced after the first one. Yay! Or it might be I get reinforced after 15 of them. And I'm not going to do 15, but you get the idea. So it can maintain all sorts of behavior. The variable interval, sorry, the variable ratio and the variable interval schedule, which we'll get into, do maintain strong steady rates of responding. And they're also highly resistant to extinction. Those are the types of schedules that we see often in the real world, all right? There's not a lot of fixed stuff that we typically run. There are, my brain's going to come off with too many examples as I say that, but the point is that the variable ones are the ones that we often like to work with the most. So let's get into interval schedules. It's not about the number of responses because you only really need one. They're really about time. So I fixed interval schedule. Ladies and gentlemen, so now that we've done all this stuff, I've realized maybe this ratio schedule video went a little long. I'm going to pause. We're going to go do a variable interval schedule on another video because sorry, the interval schedule is on a different video because well, you know, this one's just getting a bit long. We try to keep these things about five minutes. Just for a quick primer, just a quick reminder. Ratio schedules are about the number of responses and then a reinforcer delivered after a certain number of responses. We're going to get into the interval schedules which are about amount of time and then a response. So that's all I got on variable ratios and fixed ratios. Anyway, just in general, schedules of reinforcement are awesome because skin are never expected when we stand in a pile of leaves in the snow in a suit delivering information that you might find useful. Have a good day.