 Hello, students! It's Shayna, your teacher at espressoenglish.net, and today you're going to learn all about how to form possessives in English, especially when the noun already ends in S. Now, this is just a little piece of English grammar, but if you'd like to get a more complete study of grammar, check out my Advanced English Grammar course because it covers verb tenses, adjectives, adverbs, complex sentence structures, conditionals, and so much more. You can click on the link in this video or in the description to see the lesson list. All right, let's talk about possessives. First, let's review. If you want to talk about a bicycle that belongs to a boy, you would write the boy's bicycle, B-O-Y apostrophe S, the boy's bicycle. Now, what if you want to talk about two boys and their bicycles? Well, the plural of boy is boys, and to make the possessive of a plural, we just put an apostrophe after the final S. So we would say the boy's bicycles, B-O-Y-S apostrophe. Okay? The two are pronounced exactly the same, the boy's bicycle singular and the boy's bicycles plural, but as you can see, the position of the apostrophe is different. Now, most nouns, when we make them plural, we add S. Boy becomes boys, but some nouns are different. They're irregular. So for example, child singular becomes children, plural. Okay? There's no S in the plural. So in this case for the plural, we actually do add apostrophe S. So the child's bicycle and the children's bicycles. Got it? Okay, that's the easy part. So now what do you do if you have a noun like boss or class, which already ends in S? How do you make the possessive? Well, it's simple. You just follow the same rule as you would for any other noun. So you would say, my boss's name, just add apostrophe S to boss, my boss's name, and the class's homework. Got it? Now what if you have multiple bosses? Maybe you have two or three people who are managing your work. Well, the plural of boss is bosses, B-O-S-S-E-S. And to make the possessive here, we follow the same rules we do for the other plural nouns and we add an apostrophe at the end. My boss's names, that's B-O-S-S-E-S apostrophe. Now let's look at the most complicated case, which is what if you have a proper name? So a proper name is the name of a person or a place and it is capitalized. What if you have a proper name? So it's singular and it already ends in S. So examples would be Jesus or Charles. Well, there's some disagreement on this even among native English speakers. And in fact, the official grammar books disagree. Some say that you should just add an apostrophe at the end. So you would write Jesus' words and Charles' job. And then other books say that you should follow the same rules as any other name or any other noun and add apostrophe S. So you would write Jesus' words and Charles' job. So those are two different opinions among native English speakers. And I would say that if you're writing informally or casually and you come across the situation, a proper name that ends in S, you can write it either way with just an apostrophe at the end or with apostrophe S. If you're writing something for publication like an article that's going to be published in a journal or you're writing a book or something like this, then ask the publisher of the publication or the editor of the publication which way they prefer because most publications have a standard that they prefer all their writers to follow. So this is just a quick overview of possessives. Again, if you'd like a lot more grammar, not only you can learn it, but also use it and understand it. Check out my Advanced English Grammar course. And your homework for today is to write a sentence or two in the comments using possessives correctly as you've learned in this lesson. Thank you for joining me today.