 Welcome back to NPTEL, the National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning. As you are aware, our course is entitled English Language and Literature and we have already been through couple of lectures in module 1 and module 1 as you know is introductory in nature. These lectures are or have been designed for students in engineering colleges who have to learn English at various levels where English is sometimes also a course subject. So the course has been designed in such a way as to meet the both the language and literature needs of students and it is also our hope that these lectures would appeal to students at higher levels well as you know the last lecture was on the globalization of English and as I had mentioned in that lecture of course there are differences between phrases like the globalization of English and global English, but we are not we did not go into those differences we simply talked about what is entailed in the spread of English in different parts of the globe both linguistically and politically. So let us do a quick recap in fact of the last lecture. In the last lecture we saw that studying the globalization of English has a huge scope really and the scope includes the study of the power of English, the history of English language and literature, the cultural aspects of the spread and establishment of English, the politics in English studies, the advantages and also the risks of risks of having one language right as a global language and also the diversity that is formed when one language it becomes almost a global language. We also took the help of text by David Crystal on you know the globalization of English and talking about the global imperative we saw that Crystal says that there has never been a time when so many people wish to travel to so many places there has never been such a strange place on conventional resources of translating and interpreting. And then finally as you saw in the last lecture you went on to say in fact that there has been a more urgent need for a global language. Then we also saw the importance of the 90s again a point a very valid very important point that was given to us by David Crystal where he talks about the importance of the 1990s in the sense that there will be new linguistic varieties particularly on the internet. Also the recognition that many more and more languages were becoming endangered there was also awareness of the global position of English and its public recognition as well as the identification of new social linguistic frameworks. Then we also saw that there are some requirements for a language to be recognized as a language that is that has established itself on a global scale and among these are for instance the language has to have an official status for instance it has to be used in government in law in media and education and also there has to be evidence of foreign language teaching in those countries. Then we also saw the importance the global reach of English as far as press the press advertising broadcasting the motion pictures transport and communication and sound recording are concerned and this is the point that we had taken up in the last lecture. We also saw we also went through a couple of quotations mostly by David Crystal and Crystal talking we sought Crystal talking about language and power when he says that why a language becomes a global language has little to do with the number of people who speak it. You may say that well there is there are perhaps more people speaking languages other than English all over the world there are more people speaking Mandarin Chinese perhaps than the English language. But Crystal says that numbers do not matter here what matters as far as the power of a language is concerned what matters is something else and there he says that it is you know it has much more to do with as he says in the slide to do with who those speakers are who what is the reach of those speakers are those speakers though less in number more powerful there is a closest he says links between language dominance and economic technological and cultural power and in that sense Crystal argues that English has considerable power. Then we also saw that there are several risks involved again in the spread of English as a global language in the sense that they it would it may give rise and it has given rise to an elitism to an elite class as we see here a class a new class that speaks English and therefore English well and is resourceful has better networks and more contacts and more power. So, there is also a cognitive edge for native users of the language relative to people who use the language as a second language there are there is also obviously the danger of language deaf and language extinction and as well as a triumphalist know that many would harbor as you know adept speakers adept speakers and users of the English language and reduce opportunities for many others. So, we saw that these are the global the story of the global reach of English or the globalization of English is not a triumph just a simple triumphalist story it is a story or it is a phenomenon so to speak that has many aspects both positive and negative fine. Today's lecture is entitled world Englishes and it is related to other terms like global English like international English as which you know are having part of our course. So, we are now going to spend the next few minutes in this one hour lecture on what world English is and again we shall unpack the term world English like we had done in the case of you know global English and see what it has to offer us well as always let me declare the text to be used in this lecture the text and references from which I have gleaned most of the points for our lecture from which I books from which I shall also be quoting right some of the more important points and sentences. The first book is Andy Kirk Patrick's world Englishes implications for international communication and English language teaching. Brudge Kachru as we know is a very well known name as far as world English is concerned as far as global English is concerned we also had a lecture on the alchemy of English based mostly on or largely on Brudge Kachru's work. So, the two books rather the two texts that we should be shall be using are a book edited by professor Kachru which is the handbook of world Englishes one of the better books or one of you know the most useful books that you could you know you could peruse also Kachru's essay world Englishes approaches issues and resources Kingsley Bolton and Brudge Kachru's edited volume world Englishes published by Routledge and Jennifer Jenkins's world Englishes resource book for students. So, these are some of the books those of you who want to explore this domain may look at such books and we begin with one of the books that you know that feature here in this course and that book is by Kingsley Bolton and if you recall this is an edited volume with Brudge Kachru entitled world Englishes and Bolton let us begin by saying with Bolton that there are several interpretations as far as world Englishes the term world Englishes is concerned. So, obviously, you know there is no a world English even though English has or rather because English has had a global reach there are world Englishes that is there are many Englishes in the world and that is why this you know term entitled Englishes. So, Bolton says that there is no one definition of world Englishes and world Englishes may be interpreted or may be explained may be described and discussed from several viewpoints. So, let us see through Kingsley Bolton what those are. So, he says the expression let us look at this slide please the expression world Englishes is capable of a range of meanings and interpretations. In the first sense he says perhaps the term functions as an umbrella label look at this this is important the first way of interpreting or understanding world Englishes is that it is a you know a framework term it is a huge term and really an encompassing term which he calls an umbrella term and let us look at this here as an umbrella term referring to what referring to a wide range of differing approaches. So, world Englishes is a almost a paradigm term or an umbrella term which refers to different approaches in the description and analysis of Englishes worldwide. So, it has over you know it it accepts the fact that no one one approach to the study description analysis of Englishes all over the world would suffice and it refers therefore, to a wide range of approaches. Then he says well in a second let us look at this in a second narrower sense the term is used to specifically refer to the new Englishes says well there are others who do not take such a you know a very wide almost panoramic so to speak view of world Englishes and they say that well world Englishes should refer to the new Englishes found particularly let us look at this slide in the Caribbean and in West African and East African societies and to such Asian Englishes also as Hong Kong English Indian English, Malaysian English etcetera. So, many of you at least are familiar with the term Indian English it is said that we have made and there will be another lecture or lecture devoted entirely to Indian English language and Indian English writing. At this juncture we may say that we are all aware of the fact that English the English that we use and speak today. In fact, even the English that is being written by authors by creative writers who write in English in India differs in many ways from what is we know what we call the queens English. English spoken in for instance English I am speaking now you know neither in pronunciation nor in perhaps some syntactical you know aspects these do not my this English does not you know or is not the same as the English that is spoken in Great Britain for instance. So, the second way of understanding the term analyzing and describing writing about in academic journals about the term new world Englishes sorry is new Englishes of these countries. Yet there is yet a third way and let us read from Bolton in a third sense world Englishes refers to the wide ranging approach to the study of the English language worldwide. So, there are I said many different scholars seek to focus on different approaches to the study of world Englishes. This first point that we have raised through Bolton should make us aware of the fact and therefore, that the scope of studying world Englishes may or may or should also be very wide. So, what is the scope of studying world Englishes? We study world Englishes from the point of view of the history of the English language not simply as you are or as it is obvious the study of the English language in Great Britain on the United Kingdom, but also its trajectory as it travelled to you know different countries whether through colonization of direct colonization or trade and commerce etcetera. So, the study of the history of world Englishes is a very important part of the scope of English of world Englishes and therefore, if you talk about English spreading to other countries we have to talk about the diasporas people who have settled in other countries or sorry in English speaking countries and what is the history the nature what you know the kind the varieties of English spoken in these diasporic or by these diasporic communities. Then obviously, that would lead to the question let us look at the slide here please lead to the question of the variations after history diaspora the next point is obviously, the variations of English that have taken place or that have come up because of its long and complex history and it is used by diaspora communities. Then in what ways have these Englishes in different parts in different diasporas in different parts of the world in what ways have they acculturated themselves you know acculturation is a word is a term in the study of culture and particularly in anthropology. So, how has you know how have these different varieties of English a culture themselves to or with you know this different geographical areas in which it found itself. Then what next point is very important really what is what happens in when one is being creative with a language that is not one's own or in the sense that what happens rather let us put it the other way what happens to the English language in its peri-grain nations. So, to speak through different parts of the world where it becomes an important language and last but not the least the question of ideology. Let me tell you a bit about what ideology is ideology is a very important word in cultural studies in political science in sociology. In fact, in philosophy in the entire humanities and social sciences what is ideology? Ideology may be defined as a world view or rather you know it is like a set of lenses that you have through which you view the world right. So, those you know those main propositions so to speak by which you describe what the world is and your own place in it is also going to determine your values your beliefs and the ensuing actions right. So, ideology what you know how does English change once ideology what are the political implications of the spread of English and the building up or the emergence of world Englishes. Does it bring about a change in our ideology or and also when it is acculturated does it also undergo do native uses of English also undergo ideological changes as their language gets changed in many different ways over different parts of the world. So, you see obviously in today's lecture we can we are not going to go through all of these is not possible for us. In fact, you could have an entire course they will not only around you know world Englishes. However, we will see what important points and I hope I can bring home to you some important points regarding world Englishes. Then further again if you need if you wish to go a bit further or if you wish to go a bit deeper really there are several other points let us look at the slide here please. There are issues of pedagogy what is pedagogy you know that pedagogy means the science and art of teaching. So, there are many pedagogical issues how does one teach how does one teach a language which is not which one knows is neither one's own language or nor the native language of or the first language of one's students. So, there are huge pedagogical issues what kind of strategies one uses syllabus also is one of the most important points what goes in the syllabus in teaching English and what is left out. The next is a sociolinguistic context of world Englishes. Then applied language studies globalization is a point we saw in the last lecture we talked about in the last lecture policies. Language policies of language use and language spread and policies regarding official language national language and finally, critical linguistics in the study of language using critical perspectives. So, these are again as I said some more areas of few more areas if one use one is willing to go as I said deeper into the study of world Englishes. So, what is the scope as you saw quickly running through it the scope of English or world Englishes. In case the history of world Englishes spread of world Englishes at the growth emergence and growth of world Englishes the study of diasporas in relation to world Englishes variations acculturation creativity ideology pedagogy sociolinguistic context applied language studies globalization language policy and critical linguistics. Now, I would like to refer because culture is really one of the most you can safely say one of the most important professors one of the most important professors as far as the study of world Englishes is concerned and I did refer to his essay entitled world Englishes approaches issues and resources. Let us see how professor Kachry has you know a spells out the scope of studying a world Englishes and the first point he mentions is the spread and stratification of English. What is stratification? Stratification is obviously comes from the root word strata or stratum different strata study in sociology or in anthropology how society has different strata how populations are stratified. So, also using it in the similar sense here the spread and the different strata of the English language or rather here the use of the English language then second point let us look at the slide here please the characteristics of those stratification remember we are talking about varieties we are talking about Englishes all over the world different kinds of English that have emerged on owing to acculturation owing to hybridization. Then what are the he says what are the international context what are the international context of English on the one hand and native languages on the other hand of different with the different cultural context of interaction among languages. Then number four is he says we need to look at the implications what are the implications what are the things that come up in the spread of Englishes. Now these implications are not just linguistic implications as you know obviously by now these implications are political implications also as we said ideological implications implications to do with power implication to do in the case you know things like applied linguistics. So, this is also another important way in which you can study world Englishes and finally says a descriptive and prescriptive concerns of world Englishes. So, as we saw Kachru also you know adds to the scope many of these points obviously may overlap, but I am just looking at a scholar who you know who has given us you know ways in which we can study world Englishes and in fact going by the title of his essay approaches issues and resources of world Englishes. We can find that there are indeed further ways in which we can study English stratification for instance was not a point that was mentioned by me in the last two slides when you talked about the enormous scope of world Englishes. There are also other again other issues that come up other approaches through which you we can study world Englishes and really you know if you are interested in doing work further work in these areas you can also find out the so many you know so many areas that we are talking about so many issues so many approaches that we are discussing right at this moment and some of you may even want to go on to do research in these areas and among them are bilingual it is very important really bilingual creativity and the literary canon. Take the issue of English you know take the example of English in India for instance the English that is being spoken and written in India today is particularly by writers who are writing for instance fiction Indian writers or writers in India who are writing fiction in English their language their tropes the figures of speech that are you know that are being used today are not though not or other they have changed a lot from those who are writing novels in English in a now I may use a word in an older generation for instance. So, Mulk Raj Anand is very different from Arundhati Roy and those of you have read novels by you know Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things there you will see how different how there is so much of you know there is so much experimentation with the English language. So, if you are bilingual then does your native language determine your creativity in the English language I mean there are many important issues here and also I should add you know in the translations translation also is an important point here as in this first point which is bilingual creativity and the literary canon. Then also we must according you know to scholars we must also look at the slide here please we must also recognize the fact that there is no A canon today we cannot talk about A canon why because the minute we say A canon there are a lot of implications here there are a lot of there are a lot of issues of exclusion of inclusion who get included in the canon in the great great great grand canon who is left out. So, today we have multiple canon which is really I think a very good thing right. So, because of world English is also apart from the native languages that they use there also is nativeization and Englishization these are the two words these again nativeization of the English language and the Englishization of native languages then there are the fallacies that come up because of this these interactions which have been pointed out by Braj Khashog and of course, the power and politics of English which is a point really which that is want to run through all of the lectures really I feel and teaching word Englishes how does one teach does one which English does one even does one eventually teach what kind of fallacies what kind of errors are going to be errors and what which are and which you know usages are not really errors. So, this really is a dynamic process what is an error today is not and not and there are many words we use in Indian English which would be would be considered erroneous for instance a word like prepone apparently there is no word like prepone. So, we have a word called postpone. So, when you say you prepone a visit or you prepone a lecture apparently this is a term we have added in English the preponing because of you know we have considered postpone the post as a prefix. So, we have changed the post to a pre. So, it is not really considered erroneous you find so many people using so many persons using it. So, what is again it is as we saw question of pedagogy what is considered correct and what is not considered correct also changes from time to time. So, scholars I cut through point to three diasporas really remember we talked about diaspora being an important scope of studying world Englishes and he is they say that the first diaspora comprises Wales, Ireland and Scotland and the main issues to be studied here in the first diaspora of world Englishes are really to the political rearrangements and the cultural assimilation with regard to the spread of English and the you know the emergence and the growth and development of different kind of Englishes. So, the Wales, Welsh, Irish the Irish and Scottish English are different from the so called standard English. Then the second diaspora really coming after the you know the establishment of the new world the establishment of Australia and New Zealand the second diaspora is really the spread of English speakers to different to these countries and continents and North America, Australia and New Zealand these are the this form the second diaspora. So, remember the first diaspora was really at home right English of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish varieties or rather in Wales, Scotland and Ireland that would be more proper and the second diaspora was after the movement of English speakers to North America to Australia and to New Zealand. The third diaspora it is important it is the spread again of English right through trade and commerce right two places to many places in South and East Asia to South and West Africa, South America, the Caribbean and Europe. So, this these form the third diaspora those of you who are you know will acquainted with history it will not be difficult for you to understand how this has happened. So, we have again we have the emergence of and growth of different varieties of English of words Englishes in these areas. Then there is really a fourth diaspora now which is not to do so much with you know with migration with the with conquest with political rearrangements etcetera it is really what is happening today. The fourth diaspora is not we cannot really talk about it country wise it is to do with a plural setup right let us look at the slide here the fourth diaspora is say it is mono from mono centrism really to a pluricentric use of English where there are as he as scholars have pointed out very correctly many autonomous Englishes right. So, Englishes that are not you know both linguistically and ideologically dependent on any other kinds of English right and this obviously has been enabled by none other than globalization and the rapid growth and development of information technology right. So, really this is if this is not really in geographical space like as we saw in the first the second and the third diasporas we are not talking really about the spread and the growth of world Englishes on actual you know geographical sense we are here now also talking about cyberspace which is not geographical space but cyberspace. So, you see the world Englishes the whole trajectory of world the growth of world Englishes culminates in the internet culminates in globalization and culminates in the information technology and its facilities right. So, this is as far as the spread in different stages of world Englishes was concerned. Now, we also have an association an international association which studies you know body that studies conducts research conferences on world Englishes and it is called the IAWE or the International Association for World Englishes. So, now you know that world Englishes is really an area of study with its on its own right and the International Association for World Englishes also has journals for instance there are these three important journals that I could name here world Englishes English Worldwide and English today. So, again you know those of you who are interested may like to look at you know articles in these you know these three journals. So, again let us go back to Kirk Patrick who is you know we we know that his we are referring rather his one of his books is part of our text and reference right. And then he goes on to talk about the causes of linguistic variation we have agreed that there is variation we have agreed that there are world Englishes and that is why we have a term a new term called Englishes. So, he says let us look at the causes of these variations through and the Kirk Patrick's work. So, he says that linguistic variation happens because of contact with other languages contact with other languages may lead to syntactic simplification and regularization. There is also the influence of local cultures and ways of speaking once a language arrives in a particular place there is there are issues of identity formation and membership and communication across cultures these are really the these are really the say the umbrella areas are the which one could study linguistic variation including world Englishes. As we saw what are these this contact with other languages and the influence of local cultures and ways of speaking on the language that has arrived on then on identification sorry there are issues of identity formation and membership and communication across cultures. Now, let me refer to what Edwin Sumbu has to say about literature and world English all this while really we are talking about language Sumbu on literature and world English has these very important points he has made these very important points for instance if we look at countries like India like Sri Lanka and Malaysia countries that have a long and elaborate written and oral traditions with countries that whose history of writing and whose history of literary and creative works go back several hundreds of years what happens to world the variety of English in these countries. Now, there are also powerful and sophisticated you know oral traditions countries where you know orality has been part of parcel of both you know of both of literature of creativity and also of everyday ways of life really. So, on the one hand we saw countries like India for instance which had a long tradition of writing we also have countries with a long oral tradition countries like Nigeria like Ghana and Kenya and Papua New Guinea also colonial needs that is South China Singapore and the West Indies that is this is another way according to Sumbu another way in which English has come to these countries and has made an impact on also on their literatures. So, all these countries no matter what kind of literary tradition whether oral or written they may have had no matter what kind of reasons for instance colonial needs all these literatures all their the literatures that have been you know part of their tradition are the writing in these countries is also impacted by world Englishes or the varieties of English therein also English has been impacted by these long traditions. So, when we study these literatures what are the let us ask what are the ways in which we may approach say you wish to do your inquiries about or is actually you actually want to do formal research on you know the interaction the negotiation between English and you know the long tradition in a country. So, what are the different ways in which we can look and study and analyze these aspects of negotiation and interaction and these are according to thumbo unity the unity and commonality then also the resistance right the this is resisting depersonalization how do the literatures or how have the literatures in these countries resisted the depersonalizing of their native literatures by the English language then third the reworkings how have it could be you know how have traditional works been reworked because of the impact of English because of the growth of a variety of English or even you know many Englishes within it could be as an India for instance many Englishes also in one country right how have these literary how has a literary canon for instance being reworked what are the new kind of texts that are coming up because of the growth of varieties of English and has tradition being have traditional has traditional or our traditional works being restored paradoxically because of the development of varieties of English and of course last but not the least a very important question of modernity how has the growth of varieties of English how has the growth of world Englishes impacted or even brought about or say even changed modernity in different parts of the world so is modernity right is modernity in or can we look at modernity in any part of the world in any region in relation to the development of world Englishes because of the coming in of world Englishes so these are some of the areas being pointed out by scholars that we may look into you know or that has you know things that have happened because of the coming in of world Englishes I would like to look or to bring to you a short extract right from poem by the Indian poet Kamala Das Israel name was Madhavi Kutty and Kamala Das wrote these were these lines have become almost emblematic of the you know scenario of Indian English right or world Englishes in India right so I if you look at these sentences you can understand the predicament of one who is writing in another language so let me read from her poem I speak three languages right in two dream in one the language I speak becomes mine its distortions its queernesses all mine mine alone it is half English half India funny perhaps but it is honest it is as human as I am human don't you see it voices my joys my longings my hopes I have personally personally being every time I have read these lines really I I found them so beautiful and as the words she uses you have found these lines so honest okay this is really emblematic of what happens when there is the growth of Indian English or a variety of English okay let me read it again I speak three languages right in two dream in one the language I speak becomes mine its distortions its queernesses all mine mine alone it is half English half India funny perhaps but it is honest it is as human as I am human don't you see it voices my joys my longings my hopes well again coming back we will end this lecture again talking about brush cut through and his two models of English cut through says that generally speaking then there are two models of English that something we all know which is native English and institutionalized non-native okay native and our two two models that we can see in different places where English has become a language of enormous importance even though it is not a native language native to that particular country or region and these are again as we saw native and institutionalized non-native then also he talks but you know as far as in the world English is concerned he talks about issues of linguistic distinctiveness and national identity these are things that we have already been through I am just simply bringing to you how cut through has made these different paradigms okay for instance contact literatures are to do with national identity and linguistic distinctiveness these are the two areas that can be studied and also we talked about you know we talked about his essay on world Englishes and the issues approaches etc we saw we saw that the first point he mentions bilingual creativity right and when he talks now we are really unpacking that point it talks about bilingual creativity and competence okay once competence is when one is creative bilingualy so he says this competence is characterized by a the ease of mixing okay and switching for instance you know that code switching is one of one is a major area in the study of you know where language is mixed right and cultures mix so there is he says that the competence includes and ease with you know code switching and ease with mixing of not only of words and mixing of you know the mixing of phrases the mixing of tropes mixing of figures of speech right then next is one can also have a variety if not variety of considerable amount of stylistic and discursive or discursive strategies when one is bilingualy creative and one also has a rich verbal repertoire okay rich repertoire of words the words in one's mental lexicon are not simply words from one language words from two or sometimes more than two languages and blending into a new linguistic configuration this also needs leads obviously to new linguistic configurations new parameters okay new ways of using languages and the culture specific meaning system the availability of another language which is not one's native language one also is competing okay you know it has an impact or is again in turn impacted by the meaning system which is specific to cultures okay then such bilingual creativity okay in situations of world English is leads to multiple norms as far as style of writing is concerned okay it may break with traditional forms of writing definitely it does break with traditional forms of writing with established ways of writing okay here are two semantic systems clashing not clashing really one here are two semantic systems I shouldn't have used word clashing two semantic systems coming together and there is this lot of negotiation and interaction going on between these two okay then the situation there is an altered context for acculturation there are multiple codes there are also formal experimentations or experiments in form and there are new resulted norms these norms or new parameters as we say new even regulations sometimes there are cultural aesthetic and semiotic in character let therefore let's read what culture has to say about the bilinguals creativity he says and I am quoting from him the universalization of English may be a blessing in that it provides a tool for cross-cultural communication but it is a double-edged double-edged tool and make several types of demands a new theoretical perspective is essential for describing the functions of English across cultures in other words as he says the use of English is to be seen as an integral part of the socio- cultural reality of those societies which have been using it which have begun using it during the colonial period and more important have retained it and increase its use in various functions in the post-colonial era fine so with this we come to the end of our discussion on world Englishes and I this is really as I know just touching the surface of what world English is and since it is you know meant for for students that are beginning to learn and talk about the English language and talk about English literature in you know in elementary ways it suffices for us to simply unpack and set a scope talking about bilingual bilingualism talking about the coming together of different languages talking about competence into languages talking about the different diasporas as far as world English is concerned right so let us move on to the questions and the first question we that we may have is a question like what are the various ways in which the term world Englishes may be interpreted and you remember that we began this essay sorry I am sorry I remember that we began this lecture by invoking Bolton's words and Bolton says that it is an A it is an umbrella term world Englishes is an umbrella term which refers to differing you know approaches to the description and analysis of Englishes in the world right so it is a term that talks that you know is used to to talk about the fact that A to talk about the fact that there are so many Englishes in this world and that there are different ways of studying them and different ways of analyzing and describing them in a second sense it says in a slightly narrower sense this is we talk about the new Englishes found and this is specific geographical areas found in the Caribbean and in West African and East African societies the new Englishes in Asian societies such as Asian Englishes Hong Kong English Malaysian English etcetera and in a third sense world Englishes Bolton says refers to the wide ranging approach to the study of the English language generally to the study of the English language as a worldwide phenomenon so these are the different interpretations of world Englishes. Next question if you get a question like delineate the scope of world Englishes that is what is entailed in the study of world Englishes we saw that the scope of world Englishes is indeed very huge it begins with the study or you may say it should begin with the study of the history of you know the history of the spread of you know or the emergence and development of different varieties of Englishes then the diasporas the variations of such Englishes a culturalization with native cultures what is entailed in creative and we saw quite of this in our history what is in entail in bilingual creativity because with world Englishes we know that whenever we use the term world Englishes we know that there is a native situation where there is a different language other than English and as we saw finally most importantly perhaps the political ideological implications of and issues you know in this phenomenon called world Englishes we also saw that if you need to go further into this area then there are issues of pedagogy of styles and ways and the science of teaching of syllabus how do we what is included in syllabi and what is what are being excluded in syllabi in places or in regions countries where world there is a variety of English then sociolinguistic context apply language studies globalization language policy and critical linguistics so this is the scope of studying world Englishes then how has world Englishes made an impact on literature then we saw that through Edwin Fumbo that you know it has made an impact on you know which is a two way and the impact is two ways really the change changes in both canon and styles and strategies and forms and themes in the native languages and in the English language itself the world English variety in that you know that grows also because there is you know because there is experimentation being done in the English language in and there are different situations for instance we can say that there is long in countries that long and elaborate traditions of writing of the written world for instance in India in Sri Lanka in Malaysia and on the other also we see here there are also you know countries where there are varieties of English but these countries have had very powerful you know and very sophisticated oral traditions which no less than written traditions these are long and sophisticated traditions like in Nigeria Ghana Kenya and Papua New Guinea and their countries which has served colonial needs apart from you know India and other countries such as Singapore South China and the West Indies so all their literatures have both impacted the English language and have been impacted by the English language. So, we therefore some of the things that as we said the scope of some of the ways in which we may look at literatures and in world languages are the unity and commonality of how they are resisting the personalization because of the coming in of the growth of a variety of English the reworking that have been done on traditional literatures and the restoring also of traditional literatures which takes through both translations and through you know through rewriting them in the English language in the variety of English that is there in that country and most importantly the question of modernity how has it impacted how has the growth of world English is impacted modernity in various countries right. So, we come to the end of today's lecture and well of course this is just unpacking. So, I you know we had a feel that world English is where the feel of what its scope entails we also knew that also new today through our lecture that literatures in native countries are affected by and are affecting you know the variety of English that is there in the country. So, this also forms part really of international English of global English, but we have divided these into different lectures and really thank you for being with me in this lecture and I shall see you next time.