 Now, we will discuss the second type of communication strategies, that is compensatory strategies. We have already discussed avoidance strategies and now we are going to discuss compensatory strategies. These both types avoidance and compensatory, they are a part of communication strategies. Compensation strategies are communication strategies used by learners to compensate for limitations in their language, compensate for these strategies actually enable learners to fill in the gap or how to cope up for the missing information, missing knowledge that is there when they are using language for the purpose of communication. We have seen that avoidance is one type of strategy where in terms of feeling problems with regard to syntactic, phonological, lexical or some complexity in a topic which actually provides a communicator or a person who is communicating second language to come up with different ways to solve the communication problems and keep on avoiding or use avoidance as a strategy. Now we have compensation strategy where if some information is missing or deficit of information is there when you are using a language for communication then you follow certain strategies which compensate for the deficit or the lack of information that is there. So, it is more like bridging the gap or filling in with the help of these strategies you sort of fill in those areas with certain techniques. Different kinds of learners have preferences for different kinds of learning strategies. So again, there are multiple ways, multiple strategies through which different learners can benefit and can have smooth communication or you can say communication with this which is an effective communication. Now broadly there are 11 compensation strategies that a learner can use to overcome the communication problem. So, let's discuss each one of them separately. You have in front of you 11 strategies which come under compensatory strategies. So number one is circumlocution that means describing or exemplifying the target object of action. For example, the thing you open bottles for cockscrew so exemplifying or you can say you use a phrase that moves around an idea with multiple words when maybe fewer words can be used to describe the idea so your phrase actually runs in a circle. Now this is one strategy where you feel if you do not have the information you use that as a compensatory strategy. Then you have use of all purpose words that is extending a general empty lexical item to context where specific words are lacking for example the overuse of thing stuff what do you call it thingy so you have basically use of all purpose words and they are basically empty lexical item to context. Then we have foreignizing. Now foreignizing is also a compensatory strategy which means using first language word by adjusting it to second language phonology with the second language pronunciation and or morphology which means adding to it a second language suffix so second language suffix is used then we have approximate approximation now approximation means using an alternative term which expresses the meaning of the target lexical item as closely as possible so using a term which actually conveys or meaning which is quite close or you can say as closely as possible to the target lexical item such as ship for sailboat. Then we have non-linguistic signals now non-linguistic signals include mind gesture facial expressions or sound imitation then we have word coinage that is creating a non-existing L2 second language word based on a supposed rule for example to give you an example in our context Pakistani context you would coin a word and you would say bouquet instead of books bouquet or email so that is a creating of a non-existing L2 word. Then we have code switching this is another strategy which is used the reason that this is used it's more like switching code which basically means using a first language word with first language pronunciation or a third language word with third language pronunciation while speaking second language. Then we have prefabricated patterns that is using memorized phrases which are basically used for tourist survival where you have just can you help me please tell me the name of the road or they are just memorized stock phrases so these these are also fabricated pattern that are used as compensatory strategy. Then we have literal translation that is translating literally a lexical item idiom compound word or structure from first language to second language. Then we have stalling or time-gaining strategy now this strategy means using fillers or hesitation devices to fill pauses and to gain time to think for example well now let's see as a matter of fact etc we also have appeal for help as a compensatory strategy that means asking for some assistance or aid from the interlocutor either directly such as what do you mean or indirectly rising intonation pause eye contact puzzled expression. So these are the compensatory strategies that we have just explained to conclude compensatory strategies is a type of communication strategies which learner uses in order to compensate limitation in learner's language.