 So, hello everybody and thank you for letting me speak here today. My name is Penille Freleksen and I'm from the Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces, which is a governmental institution and the official name for the Danish Heritage Agency. So let's jump into it as we don't have so much time. Just to begin with, I want to explain to you what it is that we do at the Agency. So in Denmark we have about 32,000 scheduled monuments spread out all over the country. These monuments have been covered by a legislation since 1937, which forbids any changes made to the state of the monument. So the Agency oversees that this legislation is applied in a restricted manner, which means that any drastically changes or removal of a monument needs to be permitted by the Agency. So the monuments are in fact not only protected from private people, but are also protected from archaeologists. And therefore scheduled monuments in Denmark are almost never being excavated. The exception is of course if a monument is in risk of disappearing altogether, then you could permit archaeological excavations. Most of the cases that we handle in Denmark are regarding man-made changes made on the monuments, for example from agriculture, forestry, tourism and so on. And these cases are somewhat easier to deal with because you can talk to a person or in worst case you can take legal actions against them or you can maybe do information campaigns of making people stop these damages on the monuments. But within the last decade something has changed in the pattern of incoming cases. So within the last 10 years we have experienced an increase in cases regarding damages on ancient monuments caused by coastal erosion. The incoming cases seem to peak in winter time after some horrible storms that we experienced from 2013 to 2017. So Denmark is a low-land country with a coastline of more than 7,000 kilometers. And the soils mainly consist of sand and clay. There are no really, there are no cliffs in Denmark except of the eastern most part on the island of Bernholm. And therefore the country is also especially vulnerable to increasing sea level rises and more extreme weather conditions. And just to show you an example of damages due to coastal erosion, I brought you this illustration of a historical cemetery in the northwestern part of Denmark where the erosion is really bad. I think this picture illustrates our problem very well as it shows you much of the coastal erosion has accelerated within the last decade or so. Of course coastal erosion is not a new phenomenon, in fact it has always existed. But what is new is the acceleration and the occurrence of damages being done in the coastal zone within the last couple of years. So of course we decided at the agency to get an overview of how bad things actually looked like in the country and therefore we started the process of mapping all the schedule monuments within the coastal zone in Denmark. So as we started the mapping project a couple of years ago we were actually very lucky because the same year the Danish coastal authority released some reports regarding coastal erosion patterns and the effects of climate change in Denmark. So these reports showed that coastal erosion was going to be much worse in the future than anticipated just 10 to 20 years ago. One outcome of their work was this web-based map showing all the erosion patterns in Denmark and the average erosion impact on the coastline. And up here you see the same site as before with the erosion data attached and it shows that the erosion at this place is taking away about one meter of the coastline per year. So at the first part of the mapping we gathered all the information on the erosion patterns. At the second part of the mapping we gathered the information in our own database about schedule monuments using aerial photos, LiDAR scans and 3D models in global matter. In that way we were able to measure the distance between the monument and the coastline. So the results of the mapping showed that 711 schedule ancient monuments are within 50 meters of the coastline. About 248 of the monuments are in risk of coastal erosion. And about 92 monuments are already under destruction due to coastal erosion. So in the continuing work we decided to focus on monuments in risk of coastal erosion marked with yellow on the map and then monuments already under destruction marked with red. We have divided the project into four stages after the mapping which is already done follows a physical inspection of all the monuments which is ongoing until 2019. The inspections are being carried out in collaboration with the local archaeological museums and they then report back to the agency. Then we also made a plan for doing the monitoring in the future maybe every year, every second year or every fifth year. Then we have some fundraising and when that's done we can finally make an overall strategy of how to take action in the future and handle these cases. So I've tried to divide the different options we might have to take action in the future. The first one I'll skip here as it might lead to a longer theoretical discussion. Then we have the options of coastal protection or sea protection relocating monuments or keep monitoring the monuments in the future which is what we are already doing. And then last but not least of course the option of archaeological surveys and as I told you in the beginning schedule monuments in Denmark are protected from archaeological excavations but in these cases it will make sense to open up for archaeological excavations in order to save important data before it disappears forever. So coastal protection has already been used in some cases in order to protect ancient monuments. Here you see an old church which lost its eastern part in the early 1900s. Soon thereafter coastal protection in form of a concrete wall was made in front of the church. The thing is that the way the law works today that this kind of coastal hard coastal protection is really expensive to maintain. A concrete wall it cracks and it needs ongoing maintenance. In our experience it's only possible to use coastal protection at places with a mild coastal erosion pattern but building protection other places with strong erosion patterns would simply be a waste of money since it doesn't last without an everlasting upkeep. Yeah so maybe it should only be done at places of high value such as world heritage sites. Relocating monuments is also an option but an expensive one too. Often it also includes a full excavation followed by a full restoration excavation and restoration inland. On the plus side you may say the monument in the landscape but on the downside you lose the authenticity and insecurity attached to the monument. So far the option has only been done on churches and dolmens in Denmark. The method might only be used forward in cases where the monument is a danger to people. Then a good advice is to move the monument proper inland otherwise you can do it again in 20 years or so. Last but not least you have of course the archaeological excavations. This is of course a way of gaining new important knowledge. In some monuments we have preferably we don't give permission to excavate the entire monument but just a part of it if the erosion pattern is at a steady place over a long time. And as you see this example the erosion actually created a perfect profile for us to investigate. So let's try and use that and let's keep the monument in the landscape as soon as as long as possible. So in this case we had to give an emergency permission to the archaeological museum in eastern Funen since a bronze age sword from this bronze age barrel had fallen down on the beach and an artist found it picked it up. So these few examples that I already shown you they've been funded by a very small budget we have at the agency for these exceptional cases but it's not far enough to fund all the damages being done because they also have to cover the man-made damages due to agriculture damages and so on. So when we do get funded I could have my concern because we need to be very clear from the beginning about the communication what is it that we want to do about in our future project. When we get funded this will be the biggest initiative regarding ancient monuments get your monuments in Denmark since 1937 when the legislation was actually established. So being a heritage agency working for different governments and changing politicians you need to be clear from the beginning what it is that you want to do otherwise they will say okay your your project has ended and why haven't you saved all the heritage now you want more money again. So we need to be clear as it was said yesterday that we cannot save everything but we can save something and more important that is that we need to develop new methods to help us being quicker in these cases and act faster and and learn how to handle cases better in the future. So thank you for your attention.