 Mae'n ystod i ei wneud o'n cwestiynau i gywbeth ymlaen nhw, mae'n irmwysig yn cael ei dweud yn y norm. Mae erbyn yig oedd yn cynnod oherwydd rhan oherwydd y peth ac mae'n ymlaen i ddweud i chi eich ddweud, ac mae'n ymlaen i ddweud i chi wneud. Mae'n gweithio arwaith yn teimlo ymlaen ddigon i fynd i'r llwys â Chwan'n Cysmol. Yne mi ddweud i ddweud i'r teimlo a'r pwysig i'r cy考 o'r cyffredinus yma yn Cardiff. It's a very friendly welcoming conference of enthusiasts who have a can-do attitude. I think the thing I'm most looking forward to at the conference today is the sheer number of amazing people that are here. This conference is... I mean, there's always good papers, good keynotes but it's all about the people really. Open education is something that's critical. It's about sharing the best things that we do. follow the sessions we do. It excites me is the ability to get more minds, more experts more narhyses around the world to think about and contribute to human knowledge in the same way that you can on Wikipedia. I think the exciting thing is that you're not reinventing wheels all the time. So you're able to take good quality materials, repurpose them for your own courses or whatever and then actually make that publicly available again that or the people can build on that further Felly, rhai ddechrau'r ddweud gyda'r gyfrnod yn gwybod ffasol i gael gwybod mae'n mynd i gael arwythnos o blygu yn i'r gweithio o'r ffasol. Mae'r ddod o ddod o ddod o ddod o ddod o ddod o'r gweithio o ddod o'r gweithio o ddod o ddod. Fe dweud ymgyrchu mor unrhyw o bryd i'r gweithio'r content oherwydd i wneud i'r gweithio'r cymaint i'r ffau yw'r ddod o'r cymaint. I don't think there's a compelling reason not to make educational content open. We're funded by the public sector. Doesn't matter whether funding comes from a funding council or whether it comes from students who are funded from the public purse through the loan system. So why should higher education, who are being paid by the public sector, hold stuff to themselves, make it look as if it's private? I think the biggest challenge that we're facing is just lack of awareness. So in the United States there about 75% of the faculty don't know about OER. While there's high quality materials out there I think very often people will take them and use them but they perhaps don't have the confidence to repost them once they've repurposed them and actually I think there needs to be much more of a culture of doing that. There's still a fear I think among many academic staff but if they make their education resources open it will almost jeopardise their jobs. You know to some extent their teaching identity is contained in how they create their content, how they create their pedagogic experiences for their students and I think letting go of that is seen to be very difficult. Things are getting better. Progress is being made but it's still a long way to go before we get to a situation where we all want to be in, where resources are much more openly available and the digital learning is is totally mainstreamed. One of the things that Creative Commons does is we ask governments and foundations when they give people money to build educational resources or to build research resources to require Creative Commons licences on what's publicly funded. The future for me is that universities and what we do become relevant to the whole community that we're not seen to be working in ivory towers pursuing our hobbies at the public expense. I would certainly hope that the future of open education in Wales is that it becomes a part of everyday practice so that all staff who are engaging, all staff engage with it and repurpose materials and post them and it is just something that is done, not something that people have to remember to do. There's always a problem of time with making any change in education but I think once you get a critical mass of enthusiasm that really helps to get the ball rolling and I think we're seeing that happening now both in Wales and elsewhere.