 What is forming? Forming is a process of fashioning metal parts and objects through mechanical deformation. The workpiece is reshaped without matting or removing material and its mass remains unchanged. It is characterized by very high loads and stresses and large heavy machinery depending upon the temperature and strain rate. Forming may mean either hot working or cold working. Hot working is accomplished at a temperature above the reclassification temperature but below the melting or burning point. It has many advantages like no residence stress, refined weight structure and improved physical properties but compromises surface finish and cooling cost. On the contrary, cold working is done at a temperature below the reclassification temperature, normally at room temperature. It has better dimensional control on the expense of ductility. Let's take a step away and jump into some of the optimal stress-trained curves, dominated by the UV acid region and the plastic region. The curve after the heat point is then plotted on a log-log scale which gives a linear relationship given by sigma equal to k into e power n. Per sigma is two sets of mega-pascals. k is strength coefficient in mega-pascals and equal to strain hard and exponent. Any later curve from the beginning point marks the beginning of the plastic region and the sense called as a flow curve. Metal forming makes use of this theory of plasticity to deform our workpiece. A typical process normally consists of a dye which applies stress to the material to exceed its yield strength. The two desirable properties of metal forming low yield strength and high ductility are highly affected by temperature. Metal forming consists of first rolling. Rolling consists of passing a hot ingot through the two rods, rotating in opposite direction at a uniform speed. Hot rolling consists of seven types. First, two hot ingots. Second, third, four high rolling mill. Fourth, tandem rolling mill. Fifth, cluster rolling mill. Sixth, planetary rolling mill. Seventh, universal rolling mill. A type of rolling called a shape rolling is generally used to produce different shapes. For example, threat rolling is used to make threads on a workpiece roll forging is used to make large reductions in cross-structure of a billet. Roll piercing or stainless tubing is used to produce tubes by passing a billet through a mandrel. Last comes defects in rolled parts. First, surface defects which occur due to scale, rust, cracks, etc. These can be remedied by proper material preparation. Second, internal structure defects which occur due to design constraints and result in the formation of wavy edges for zipper cracks. These can be remedied by jamming the rollers to get even rolling on the billet. Second, in the list of form and process is forging, which is a process of shaping heat and metal by application of solid glues or steric pressure. It is normally done by machines in mass production. It is of five types. First, open die forging which consists of solid workpiece placement in the two flat dies in which lower die is fixed and the upper die is moved. This reduces the height of the workpiece and compresses it. Open die forging operations produce reforms of workpiece. Hence, further finishing is needed to refine the parts to its final shape. Closed die forging is performed with dies which contain the inverse of the required shape of that component initially. The casting rod is placed between the two impress dies. The die closes to its final position forming a flash. This flash is then removed in further operations like trimming. Third comes drop forging which utilizes closed impression die to obtain the required shape. The die's hard match is simply attached to a movable ram and fixed anvil. The force of the blow can be buried by changing stroke but the boards are liable to frequent breakage and the process introduces more noise and vibrations. Fourth comes press forging which is done in presses rather than hammers. They offer more accurate dimensions while squeezing the workpiece. These presses have high durability and produce less vibrations and noise. They are used to manufacture large, diverse propellers, etc. Last type of forging is machine or upset forging which consists of applying longitude pressure on the hot bar which is firmly clipped between groove dies. The pressure is mainly applied using a punch. This process produces better dimensional accuracy and can be easily automated but cannot handle heavy components and has high tuning cost. Third and the second last type of forging is extrusion which is a compression process in which the work metal is forced to flow through a small opening which is called as a die to produce the required cross section shape. Many products like tubes, rods, etc. are made by using extrusion. Last and fourth process is trying in which the cross section of a bar, rod or wire is reduced by pulling it through a die opening. It makes use of four things and encompasses stresses. It is normally used for wire sensors up to 0.03 mm. It's time for this episode's question. Why are lubricants used in forging? It's time to answer our last episode's question. What is casting process simulation? Casting process simulation uses numerical methods to calculate gas component quality considering mold filling solidification and cooling and provides a quantitative prediction of casting mechanical properties, thermal stresses and distortion. So like, subscribe and comment with your feedback to help us make better videos. Thanks for watching. In the next episode of Mechanical Engineering Insiders, find out what machining processes are.