 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Ruby College, University of Allahabad. And we are nowadays discussing topics under the main heading of qualitative research methodology, means monatmak, research methodology means anusandhaan vishleshaan, anusandhaan ki vidhiya, jis meki hum ground rate theory pe baat kachuke hain positivistic and, positivistic and post-positivistic paradigm ke beesh mein antal dekhah jaa chuka hain qualitative quantitative research ke beech mein hum logon hain antal dekh liye hai. Qualitative research kya hain uspar baat hoi hai. Ab hum po qualitative research methodologies pe baat karni. Kis tari ke se qualitative research ki jaati hai. To naturalistic inquiry par aat baat karenge ho naturalistic inquiry ka umbrella term hai. You can say aur uske anantar gag bahut saari vidhiya aati hai. Ya aap kya hai, saari vidhiya kaheen agai naturalistic inquiry ke andar hi aati hai. Kyuhi humko natural settings mein hi adhehan karna hota hai qualitative research mein. To lecture bilingual rega aur subscribe my channel aur bohot saari vishayon ke liye aur examinations ke liye aur aap hi research purpose ke liye hi video piyogi ho ka. So, let's start. Naturalistic inquiry. Kya hai naturalistic inquiry? It is an approach. Yeh ek upagam hain to understanding the social world jisse ki hum samajik sansar ko samatsak main hain in which the researcher observes. Yani ki researcher kya karta hain qualitative research mein. Observe karta hain. Preaction karta hain. Describe karta hain. Varnan karta hain. Interpret karta. Aur apnein shabdo mein likta hain. Kya anubhav? The experiences and actions of specific people and groups. Vishish to logon aur samohon ke kaarion ko unki anubhavon ko interpret karta hain. Kis context mein? Societal aur cultural context mein. Unke sanskritik aur samajik sandarb hon ke beech mein. Isi liye hi naturalistic inquiry hai. Kyuhun kyunki natural setting mein karenge hum real world setting mein karenge kahin kisi setting ke san koi chair char nahi karni hain. It is a research tradition that encompasses qualitative research methods originally developed in anthropology and sociology. Ye ek tariki ka research tradition hain aur qualitative research method ko apne aap mein samahit kiya hua hain aur aap jitna aap jadata dekhye, to unki shuwaat aap ho anthropology hai, sociology se milti hai. Anthropology mein humko manav vighyaan hain. Manav vighyaan. Matlab kisi vishisht humko adibasi sa moho padhiyan karna hain. To hum kya garenge ki unki beech mein jahkar aap ho rahe na padeka. Wo khutdhuri hain kya aap ho batane ke hain ki hum aise rahe hain. Ya hum se questionnaire bharwag ke unse kuch rating scale pe tick laga ki unki baare mein nahi jaan sakte humko unki beech mein rahe na padeka. Wo kis tari se utte batane unki values kya hain. Ye aadhyan karne ke liye humko naturalistic enquiry aur qualitative research ki sharan mein hi jaana ho ga. Include in participant observation ya to aap participant observation ki tari se kaan ki jaye. Matlab ki aap unki group ka hista banjaye aur observe ki jaye. Wo kis tari se rahe hain. Direct observation kal sakte hain. Ethnographic methods isthimaal kiye jaate hain. Ke studies hoti hain. Grounded theory hum ne aap ho batarya ki tari emerge hogi data se. Aur humko pehle se nahi pata hain ki humko kitna sample lena hain, kitni deer baat kane hain, kitni glom ho se baat kane hain. Jab theoretical saturation ki isthiya jaatiye tab hum data collection ko rukte hain aur data collection aur analysis aur emergence of theory. Ye sab simultaneous process hain, in grounded theory hain. Ye baat ho gali thi. Unobtrusive methods and field research methods. Yani ke itna sabu kuch ishme Then, working in the places where people live and work. Humko kaha par kaam karna hain, us un jagon pe jaha log rehte hain jaha kaam karte. Unki natural setting me ho ek jum exactly jose naturally behave karte. Wahi humko adhyen karna hain. Wahi jaana hain. Naturalistic researchers draw on observations, interviews and the sources of descriptive data as well as their own subjective experiences. Yani ke bohot tari ke se humko adhyen bhi karna hain aur apna experience us me involve karna hain. Quantitative research ki tarah se humko detach nahi rahna hain humko objective nahi rahna hain, kyunki hum rahe bhi nahi pahenge. Aur rahna manchaniye bhi nahi hain. Humko hi disha deni hain. Humko hi shape karna hain ki kis tari ke se interviews schedule ke jayenge to hum aap usse detach nahi rahna hain. Toh usse kya ho ba? To create rich evocative interpretations of social phenomena. Toh jose samaji ke ghatna jis kaha hum adhyen karne gayate usper hum kuch rich description nikal kar de pahenge. Naturalistic enquiry designs are valuable for exploratory research. Toh hi jo naturalistic enquiry design kis ke liye ye mulevan hoti ye exploratory research. Mathe jis me humko kuch explore karna, humko kuch nikal na hoon na hoon na hoon na hoon. Particularly when relevant theoretical frameworks are not available or when little is known about the people to be investigated. Aur visisht kab ho jata hain ye naturalistic enquiry jab hum kisi aisi samu pe adhyen karne jaar hain jis ka humko theoretical framework jada pata nahi hain. Ya un jin logo para madhyen karne jaar hain hum jada nahi jaanthe, ya kam jaanthe. Okay. Toh ye toh one naturalistic enquiry ka tana bana. Ab characteristics kya hain? Iski visisht hain hi isko khaz banaate hain. Yaha par kya hain? The aim is not to find a representative case from which to generalize findings to other. Baar baar ye baat ki jaari hai ki jab bhi aap quantitative research ki baat karenge, experimental research ki baat karenge, toh hain aap se kaha jaata hai, ki jo sample hai, wo population ka representative hona chahi. Tab hi jab aap result nikalenge toh usko aap poori population pe generalize kar sakne hain. But qualitative research ya naturalistic enquiry ka ye udeshin nahi hain. Ki hain koi representative case le aur uski finding ko poore group pe generalize kar dein. Yaha pe kya hain? It is to develop interpretations and local theories that afford deep insight into the human experience. Yana ki jis par hum adhyen karne jaar hain usko humko gehri antar drishti nikalke rakhne hain interpretation kar nahi. Local theories develop karne hain. Kis mein naturalistic enquiry hain. Naturalistic researchers spend large amounts of time interacting directly with participants. Ki hain, jo quantitative research hoti usko data collection hain alag hissa hota hain aur analysis hain alag hissa hota hain. Data collection kale field mein aapko jaye ya aap ka questionnaire hi jaay sir aur waha hain se jab data collection aaj aata hain toh aap usko batkar analysis karte hain. Toh hi bohot lamba kaam nahi hota hain kar aap ne mail ke through bhecha hain yaa kaise bhi bhecha toh questionnaire khanta rukke bhi questionnaire wapas leh sathne hain hain hain hain hain. Lekin yeh hai ki bohot matlab time ticking kaam yeh nahi hain. Lekin naturalistic research mein ke aapko kisi group ka adhiyan karna hain. Kuch vishishtita humki jaanani hain. Participant observations karna hain. Toh lo maha jaakar rahehte hain hain us aadi wasi sagoon ke saath. Ya us vishesh group ke saath. Ya bank, kisi khaz bank ke workers kaap lifestyle, work place pe kese rahehte hain. Toh naturalistic research, toh spend large amounts of time, bohot saara same dein hain aapata hain. Taaki hain participant se interact kar. Asa thodi ki hain kisi se pehli baar baat shizz karne baite hain hain. Aur wo aapna sab kuch vishishtanubab hain humko share karne nahi. Usse leh humko se rap ko establish karna hoa. Usko yeh sahas dehla hain hain hain. Koi haani nahi karne jaan hain. Jo information humko milegi hain hain usko leak nahi karenge. Yeh saari ethics ka jo consideration hain ki hi nahi kate hain. Hain hain aap kisi ka personal kisi ke personal zakm, kisi ke personal life ko touch karne hain toh yeh bohot ethics ka yaha pe issue aata hain. Toh the researcher is the research instrument. Aur hiya research instrument kaun hain. Bahi researcher hain. Bahi tool hain. Kyuki haami ko baat karne hain. Haami ko questions nikalne haami ko se aur aage shape dein hain apne interview ko focus group discussion ko, participant observation ko. Toh sabse researcher. Toh researcher yaha kya hain. Research instrument hain. Engaging in daily activities and conversations with group members to understand their experiences and points of view. Within this tradition, language is considered a key source of insight into socially constructed voids. Di ke language ki bohot mahatta hain. Kaise bola jaara hain? Kisi lehji me bola jaara hain? Tone. Haan jab record kate hain toh humko har cheez record kani hain. Yeh ho sakta hain ki shabd saaki nikle hain. Lekin tone galat nikla. Ho sakta hain ki uska shal pristiti me waeisa bolna uchit maana jaata hain. Matlab language ka bohot important role hai, qualitative research mein. Isi lehi isko kya kate hain? Although focused on words, narratives and discourse, naturalistic researchers learn through all of their senses, they collect data at the following experiential levels. Sorry. Yeh neki wo shabdon pe narratives pe o discourse pe hi nikal kata hain. Lekin humko har apne sense organs se data collect karna hain. Comptive level pe, social level pe effective, physical, political, ideological. Sab kuch humko diyaan dena hain, tabhi context specific hum research kar paingin. Tabhi hum bata paingin ki us vishesh sandarb me uska kya art hai. Without context, qualitative research ka koi matab nele. Naturalistic research designs develop over time as researchers formulate new understandings and refine their research questions. Thruhout the research process, jo humare research process chalti kya researchers modify their methodological strategies. Mala koi bhi chis humlo pehle se toh poora fool, proof, plan banaka chagi nahi sakti ki humko aise hi chalna hain. Jese jese research aage bharti, jese jese research progress kati hai, research ko methodological strategies modify kate re na chahi ki kya work kya, kya work nahi kya, kis dishaar me jayin toh behtar data mil payega and all. To obtain the kinds of data required to shed light on more focus questions taaki humko us tarike ka data mil research questions hi humko answer mil sakhi. Ye hi toh udeshe hai humara. Thruhout the philosophical foundation ki aaye. Kil mool bhoot ke jo aapke aapke sakti hai, darshanik mudno par hi aadhari tha hai. Traditional scientific methods rest on philosophical assumptions associated with logical positivism nabne baat kar lii ki jina bhi aapka experimental methodin ko logical positivism pichalti hai. Matlab empirical hona chahi vari-fiable hona chahi, juh hai humka representation hona chahi, yaha kya hai. Objectivity is attained thru the...humko quantitative me kya kate researcher ko objective nahi, aani ki usko apna self-include nahi kar nahi research me. Objectivity attain kya se hoge, separation of the researcher from participant. Yani, humara participant se koi leena dena nahi ho. Yaha hum jayin bhi toh humko saar phaklaa dey apna ki, ye hamara hain aap humko bharate deri jayin. And by the dispassionate as analysis and interpretation of results, but in fact, tap into their own subjective experiences as a source of data. Yaha humara subjective experience bhi ek source of data ka kaam kata hai. Seeking experiences that will afford them as them an intuitive understanding of social phenomena thru Empathy and subjectivity. Yani, humko impati bhi laani hai, humko hum kisi se bohoti kisi ke dukh-dald ka issa share kar rahe hain. Aur hum belkul detach ho kar usse baite rahe hain ki toh batayega, nahi batayega. Humko se impati shokani ho ghi, humko apna bias khatam kani ungi ki kya achhaya kya galat hai. Kya sahi hai kya galat hai. Kya achhaya kya bura hai. Tab to data milega, tab to wo party, wo aap ka, jo subjecthe wo khule ka haapse aur share karega. For the naturalistic enquirer, objectivity and detachment is neither possible nor desirable. Dehi, sambhav bhi nahi hain aur wanchhani bhi nahi hain ki hum objective rahe hain aur apne participant, apne jo humara subject hai, usse hum rech rahe hain. Qualitative researchers are typically far less concerned about objectivity, hum objectivity ke chakkar nahi patte hain, as this term is understood within traditional research approaches than with intersubjectivity. Iske bhajaya hum kiski batkate hain, hum batkate hain intersubjectivity ki. Matlab subjectivity bhi nahi hain. Intersubjectivity hai, doh loko ke beech mein. Intersubjectivity is the process by which humans share common experiences. Hum unse batahin ki hain nere saad bhi aisa hoata, hain hum ne bhi kabhi aisa share kya hain, hum ne bhi kabhi yeh dukh jehla hain, humara bhi hain. Tab saamne waga khulta hain aur aap se share kata hain, humne bhi aisa kya hain, hum unse kya hain, hum nse kabhi aisa hain, hum aap se kabhi aisa hain, aap se aapne sange sleva hain ki, sadoor aap ki koi galti hu ki, toh kabhi koi aap se share ne karega. And subscribe to shared understandings of reality. Di ki reality bhi ki understandings bhi shared hoti hain. Ki hum ne bhi bahi mahsoos ke hain, jo aap ne mahsoos ke hain. Naturalistic researchers seek involvement and engagement rather than detachment and distance. Yaani ke aapin jo researcher hoinvolv hota hain, gej hota hain apne interviewee ke saad aur usko detachment and distance nahi show karne hain. They believe that humans are not rational beings and cannot be understood adequately through objective disembodied analysis. Yaani ki jo naturalistic researcher hain, boi maan ke chalti hain ki jo humans hain, boi rational being nahi hain, aur unko hain kattai poori tari ke se study nahi kar sate hain, agar aap objective tari ke se chalain toh, ki wo so complex and they are so unpredictable hain aap. Aur kya qualitative researchers reject determinism? Haan determinism ko bhi rejet karte hain, matlab sunishchite ke yahi hain, aasai hain, aasai nahi hota hain. The idea that human beings are lawful and can be predicted, kabhi bhi aap human bhi bhi ko predict nahi kar sate, ki kis dasa mein kohan human kis tari ke se behave kareega. Traditional scientists, kyun ki context badal jata hain toh behaviori badal jata hain. Traditional scientists try to discover relationships beyond the experimental setting. Jo aapka quantitative researcher hain wo jo relationship discover karte hain kis ke bhijh mein, charon ke bhijh mein, variables ke bhijh mein. Aur ye maan ke chalata hain, ki jo variable hain remain consistent, hain aasha consistent rahenge across individuals jahi individuals badal jahain beyond the experimental setting, yeh ne experimental setting ke beyond bhi, jaki qualitative research ya naturalistic inquiry mein, yeh nahi hain, yeh maan hain jaata, yeh assumptioni nahi hain haara. There are different methods and roles used to study the material, but aap jahane gayi ki naturalistic inquiry fye sabse baniya kaam linkan guba ka hain toh unka bohot, jab kitab apni likni wo shun karte hain, toh sumin bohot, unka pehle, yeh hi argument hain ki aap kise humans ko wese hi uni method se study karte hain jase aap non-human ko study karte hain yeh sambhavi nahi. Aapko dosara tari ka ekhtiar karna perega. That's why ki wo qualitative research ki baat karte hain, wo naturalistic inquiry and naturalistic researchers are socially constructed constantly changing and multiple realities, realities yeh hain missing hu gaya hain. Yani ki jo sbse zyada interest ka mudda hain naturalistic researcher kele wo kya hain ki jo reality hain, wo socially constructed pehle baat poon, jo yatha hain wo samaj doara ne met hain. Constantly changing hain, kabhi amara kise ke zang relationship constrain nahi rata, kabhi achcha rata, kabhi bura rata, kabhi bohot achcha rata hain, change rata hain. And multiple, yani ki main jis li haat dekthi hu aisa aap nahi dekthi hain. Then naturalistic researchers hold that all human phenomena aakar within particular context cannot be interpreted or understood apart from these contexts. Kisebi do vyakti ki baat aap without context nahi samaj satte aur unka context, unke nazariye se dekna perega aap ko aap apne nazariye se unka context ya unka viewpoint nahi dek satne. Ye naturalistic researchers maankar chatte hain. Then common assumption inki kya hain? Neen mukhe general mool hoot maanata hain iski kya naturalism, phenomenology and interpretive nature of naturalistic result. Naturalism matlab ki humko kyaise study karna hain context mein, real world setting mein, natural world setting mein. Phenomenology kya kaiti? Phenomenology kaiti hain ki the belief that the object of interest is examined without any preconceived notions or expectations. Yani ki jis ko hum jiska par adhiyan karne jaar hain jiska adhiyan karne jaar hain So, we don't have to go with the notion that they do this or that or they do wrong or right. Humko without any preconceived notions jake humko experience karna hain. Phenomeno. Then presupposition less research matlab researcher makes his or her own norms, values and ideology apparent and does not assume they are shared. So, we don't have to presupposition. Then, interpretive nature of naturalistic research mein kya hain ki the belief that the researcher while trying to see the situation or her own view. Yani ki humko interpretive rana hain. Yani ki humare reflexivity aegi hain, humare subjectivity aegi hain hain, humare inter-subjectivities mein involve hogi kis mein research mein. Yani ki data collection mein, data analysis mein utheri ke emergence mein bhi. Hum. Matlab humko aapke angle se dekhna hain lakin humara angle usse detached hiyoga kahin na kahin usse khessa baneega. Then, the difference with rationalist paradigm is ki baad baad baad rau hain, aapko pata ho na chahiye dikh linkin gubaki hi kitab se liya gaya hiye ki kaha hain ki rationalistic or naturalistic. Matlab unne kaha ki rationalistic paradigms aap non-humans ko study kata hain. But, humans ke liya aapko naturalistic paradigms jile na hoga. Then, kaha kaha antar hain. If we talk about axiom, then rationalistic paradigm and naturalistic paradigm reality kogar axiom mane, then rationalistic paradigm lakin naturalistic paradigm kata hain ki multiple hain, intangible hain, divergent or holistic hain. Inquirer or respondent relationship kya hain ki hain respondent se bilkul independent hain lakin naturalistic paradigm hain interrelated hain i.e. researcher or researcher ki jaar hiye po dono is usse par ashrit hain. Then, nature of truth statements yaha pe context-free generalization hain jo hain, so hain variables ki bhi chmi yeh relationship usse koi context nahi aata hain But, yaha pe context-bound working hypothesis hain. If we look at relation and explanation of action then yaha real causes, intemporary, precedent or simultaneous manipulable, probabilistic and yaha attributional shapers hain interactive hain, non manipulative hain plausible hain. And relation of values to inquiry yaha value free hain. We have not given any context We have not given any context We have not given any context We have not given any context We have not given any context So, mark ouraken Then, conclusion, avatar hain. If we want to conclude natural let us say, we understand that we have to external reliability, validity, and objectivity, then how to conclude that naturalistic inquiry attempts to document and to fix a place for a form of inquiry, which would be a genuine alternative to a positivistic social science methodology, that is, we have to find a genuine alternative to a positivistic social science methodology. This is its efforts in naturalistic inquiry. Then showing how science is limited by its dominant mode of investigation. Science is not unlimited. Science doesn't tell us anything about science. So, Lincoln and Guba gave us an alternative paradigm. They said, do it with naturalistic, rather than rationalistic. That's why they told us the difference between rationalistic and naturalistic. In which the investigator avoids manipulating the search outcomes. That is, the naturalistic researcher, the researcher, the investigator, doesn't manipulate any kind of search outcome. Whatever comes out, it comes out. A paradigm shift is under way in many fields. So, there are many ways to shift from rationalistic to naturalistic. How? The different assumptions of the two approaches regarding the nature of reality changed. There was a single, here is a multiple. The subject-object interaction changed. There was an independent, here is an interdependent. The possibility of generalization changed. The concept of causality. Because when we do quantitative research, we tell the cause-effects of what is happening because of which. When there is no such thing here, where in naturalistic. And the role of values. And whenever we talk about the context, we will talk about the value. The value will be laden. Okay. So, in this manner, I have completed naturalistic inquiry. If you want to read it, then you have to read it deep, read it, read it, read it a lot. But still, to understand its theme, I think, that it is so complicated. That this is naturalistic inquiry, then you can say that all kinds of qualitative research methodology that you are using will come under naturalistic inquiry. Because we all focus on the real world setting. Then you read ethnography, ethnomethodology, focus group discussion, everything will come under it. So, next time we will do ethnography. Okay. So, thank you. And don't forget to like and subscribe my channel, explore education, and join my techgram group too. Okay. Done from my side.