 A very good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankar A.S academy, today's date is 21st November 2023, displayed here are the list of news articles that we are going to discuss today. So without much delay, let us get into the first news article discussion. Take a look at this news article, the news here is that Avere Millai wins the presidential election in Argentina. Mr. Millai is a far right populist, he promised various drastic reforms like reduction in taxes, reduction in subsidies and denouncing the local currency paucy and adopting the US dollar as legal tender. See many times in the newspaper we have seen the terms right wing and left wing, but many of us do not have a good understanding about the concept. So in this news article discussion today, we are going to see the difference between right wing and left wing. Before that, let us look into the origin of the term, see the terms right wing and left wing originated during the French Revolution in the late 18th century. During the French Revolution, members of national assembly who supported the monarch sat on the right side of the assembly hall while those who supported radical change and the revolution sat on the left side. In other words, those who wanted to stay closer to tradition were on the right and those who want more change were on the left. This physical seating arrangement led to the term right wing and left wing to describe political ideologies. This is how the term right wing came to associated with conservative and left wing came to associated with liberal. Moving on, let us see the major difference between the right wing and left wing. Firstly, let us look at their ideological differences regarding the society. The right wing is associated with individualism, order and strong social hierarchy. The right also supports conservative social values, but the left wing focuses on equality, social justice and collective responsibility. It also supports progressive social policies like LGBTQ plus rights, gender equality and environmental protection. Now let us look at their ideological differences regarding the economy. The right wing supports free market capitalism and minimal government intervention in the economy. It also favours low taxes, reduced welfare program and deregulation of industries. The left wing on the other hand supports government intervention in the economy to reduce inequality, provide social welfare programs and ensure equal opportunities for all. It also advocates for higher taxes on the wealthy and more regulations on businesses to protect workers and consumers. So these are the major differences in the ideology of the right and the left. But you have to note here that in reality, no political party follows the right wing or the left wing ideology 100%. Most parties have qualities of both right and left wing ideology. For example, the right wing in India is often associated with the Bharati Janata party BJP and its affiliated organizations. They emphasise Hindu nationalism that is Hindutva, cultural conservatism and a strong national identity. This makes the BJP a social right wing party. But in the economic sphere, the BJP has qualities of both the right and the left wing. For example, the BJP on one hand supports capitalism by reducing corporate tax from 30% to 22%. At the same time, BJP also supports various social welfare programs like PM Kisan and PM Ujwala. Like this, all political parties fall within the spectrum between right and the left wing. I hope I have helped you understand the difference between the right and the left wing. That's all regarding this news article discussion. So with these learnt points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this news article. This news article reports about the Agri-Tekna trade fair, which was held in Hannover in Germany. So in this trade fair, tractor manufacturer Taffay unveiled an electric tractor and a hydrogen powered tractor. This is part of Taffay's plan to expand into the technologically advanced European market. So this is about the news article. So in this news article discussion, let us look into the working of hydrogen powered fuel cells. See, a hydrogen fuel cell operates through an electrochemical reaction. The hydrogen fuel cell converts the chemical energy stored in hydrogen directly into electrical energy. This reaction also produces water and heat as byproducts. Now look at this image. This is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell. A fuel cell consists of two electrodes, a negative electrode or anode and a positive electrode or cathode. These electrodes are placed around an electrolyte. The electrolyte used in the hydrogen fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane or PEM. In a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen is fed to the anode and air is fed to the cathode. With the anode, hydrogen molecules that is H2 molecules are split into protons or hydrogen ions and electrons E minus with the help of catalyst like platinum. As the protons are positively charged, they move towards the anode which is negatively charged through the proton exchange membrane. After that the proton move through the electrolyte to the cathode. The electrons that are generated in the anode region flow through an electrical circuit generating electrical energy. At the cathode, oxygen combines with the protons and electrons to form water as the byproduct. See, this is the simplified version of the working of the hydrogen fuel cell. As you can see, the only byproducts of the electrochemical reaction in hydrogen fuel cell are water vapor and heat. Hence, they produce zero emission of harmful pollutants like carbon dioxide CO2, carbon monoxide CO, particulate matter or nitrogen oxides NOx which are typically associated with internal combustion engines. This is why hydrogen fuel cells are considered to be non-polluting. In addition to this, hydrogen fuel cells are more efficient at converting fuel to electricity compared to traditional internal combustion engines ICE. This efficiency reduces overall energy waste and contributes to a cleaner energy system. Finally, if renewable energy is used to produce hydrogen, the overall process becomes even more environmentally friendly. So this is about how a hydrogen fuel cell works. So with these learnt points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. This article talks about the impacts of gamma rays burst in the Earth's ionosphere. See, large stars at the end of their life undergo supernova explosions. During such an event, they emit bursts of gamma rays. Such gamma ray bursts traveled 2 billion light-years and reached our Earth last year. This gamma ray burst caused a significant disturbance in Earth's ionosphere. This incident shows how far away incidents can influence Earth's atmosphere. See as I said earlier, this gamma ray burst originated some 2 billion light-years away. If such a gamma ray burst took place closer to Earth, that is within the Milky Way galaxy, then the impact on the ionosphere would be severe. So the article here says that the probability of such an event is really negligible. This is the crux of the news article given here. So in this news article discussion, let us revise about the various layers of Earth's atmosphere. See, the Earth's atmosphere is composed of different layers, each with distinct characters, composition and significance. In this, first we have the troposphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer and extends from the Earth's surface up to about 8 to 15 km high. The height of the troposphere varies with latitude and season. Troposphere extends roughly to a height of 8 km near the ports and about 18 km at the equator. The troposphere is thickest at the equator due to intense, convectional currents. All the weather phenomena including clouds, precipitation and storms occur within troposphere. Temperature generally decreases with altitude in this layer. Temperature decreases at the rate of approximately 1 degree Celsius for every 165 meters in altitude. After the troposphere, we have the stratosphere. Between the troposphere and the stratosphere, we have the tropopause. The air temperature at the tropopause is about minus 80 degrees Celsius over the equator and about minus 45 degrees Celsius over the poles. One of the important features of the tropopause is that temperature in this region is always constant. Now, moving on to the stratosphere, it is located above the troposphere. It extends up to a height of 50 km above the Earth's surface. The troposphere contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer absorbs much of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. This layer is where commercial aeroplanes fly due to its stability and lack of weather disturbances. Temperature gradually increases with altitude in this layer as the ozone present in this layer absorbs the UV radiation. After the stratosphere, we have the stratopause where the temperature will be around 0 degrees Celsius. Moving on to the mesosphere, it is located above the stratosphere. It extends up to a height of 80 km above the Earth's surface. Temperature in the mesosphere decreases with altitude. At around 80 km from the Earth's surface, the temperature reaches 100 degrees Celsius. Another significance of this layer is that meteors burn up in this layer, creating, shooting starts. After the mesosphere, we have the mesopause. Mesopause is the coldest of all the atmospheric layers. Then we have the thermosphere. It lies above the mesosphere extending from about 80 km to hundreds of km above the Earth's surface. This layer experiences extremely high temperature due to the absorption of solar radiation. However, despite the high temperature, the density of molecules is so low that it would feel very cold to a human. It's where the International Space Station also orbits. The inner sphere is part of the thermosphere. It is actually the lower portion of the thermosphere. It is called isosphere because sunlight breaks gas molecules into charged particles, that is positive ions and negative electrons. These electrons move around in the ionosphere like electric current. Because of these charged particles, the ionosphere has unique trait. One of them is the aurora. Aurora borealis and aurora australis happen in Earth's ionosphere. The radio waves transmitted from the Earth are reflected back to the Earth by this layer. Lastly, we have the exosphere. It is the outermost layer of the atmosphere. It starts from the upper boundary of the atmosphere and extends into space. It gradually makes transition into outer space. The satellites orbit the Earth within this layer. So these are all some of the important points that I have to remember about. Various layers of Earth's atmosphere. So these learned points. Now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this friend page article. Recently, the Supreme Court took a note of Tamil Nadu government's argument. The argument is that the constitution does not provide governor a discretion to withhold 10 bills which were repassed by the state legislative assembly. See, this has been a burning issue in recent times as the Tamil Nadu government has moved the Supreme Court over the governor's delay in clearing the bills. This is the crux of the news article given here. So in this news article discussion, we shall understand discretionary powers of governor and the problems associated with it using a mains question. Now look at this question. Let me read out the question for you. The exercise of discretionary power by any office has the moral obligation of objectivity and impartiality. However, the powers bestowed in the office of governor or often mired with controversy analyze. See, this question can be asked in GS paper too under the syllabus issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure and the structure, organization and functioning of the state executor. So now let us see how to approach this question. See the main directive in the question is analyze. If a question contains the directive analyze, we have to break the question into parts and carefully examine their details and interrelationships. Know that analyze is ticking deeper than examine and it must be supported by facts and data. Today's question is very straightforward. So in the introduction part, you can give a standard definition like according to the parliamentary system of government, the governor is the constitutional head of the state. The executive power of the state is vested in governor under article 153 to article 167 of part four of the constitution. Know that the governor is the nominal head and the chief minister who heads the council of ministers is the rear head of the government. Moreover, the governor also acts as an agent of the central government thus doing a dual role. So you can give an intro like this or alternatively you can give an intro like this. The role, power and discretion of the office of governor have been the source of various controversies in India in recent times. Know that due to political differences, the relationship between office of governor and the elected government has been strained and tense in multiple states. These controversies pose a serious threat to our democratic and federal structures. In this discussion, we shall see the various issues with respect to the discretionary powers of the government and steps taken to elevate them. So this could be your alternative intro. Now moving into the main body of the answer, first we shall give a brief on the discretionary power of the governor which has been a source of tension in recent times. Here you can write the points in a table format to economically use the space. Initially with respect to constitutional discretion, the governor is empowered to reserve the bill for the consideration of the president and article 200 of the constitution. Heyashi can make recommendation for the imposition of the president's role in the state under article 356. Moreover, the governor can seek information from the chief minister regarding the administration and legislative matters of the state. Moving on to the situational discretion of the governor, firstly he or she can appoint the chief minister when no party has a clear cut majority in the state legislative assembly or when the chief minister in office dies suddenly and there is no obvious successor. Secondly, with respect to the dismissal of the council of ministers, when it cannot prove the confidence of the state legislative assembly. Lastly, the governor has discretion with respect to the dissolution of the state legislative assembly if the council of ministers has lost its majority. The exercise of these discretions result in political differences between the governor and state governments which is manifested in the recent times like with respect to the passage of bills recently issue regarding the Tamil Nadu governor's discretion to withhold the 10 bills which were repassed by the state legislative assembly has reached the supreme court. There was also an issue regarding the need bill in the state. Secondly, Kerala approaches supreme court saying that three bills have been pending with the governor for more than two years whereas Telangana has argued that more than 10 key bills are pending with the governor and seven of those bills were passed by the assembly in September 2022. You can go to these examples and show the misuse of his or her discretion under article 200 of the constitution. Then with respect to the appointment of chief minister in case of hung assembly. Know that there are various instances like Karnataka Maharashtra where governor's appointment was criticized as biased and partitioned over political party. This was criticized in the Rameshwar Prasad case 2006. In this case supreme court held that the governor cannot shut down the post poll alliance and he or she should give a chance as per law to every political party. Then the major issue is the misuse of article 356. See it is a discretionary power of the governor to submit a report to the president to implement the president's rule in the state. This power has been abused by parties in power at the center to dismiss governments in states which are ruled by their oppositions. For example supreme court in S.R. Omai case 1992 gave a verdict. This ruled that the floor of the assembly is the only forum to test the majority of the government of the day and not the subjective opinion of the governor. There is an issue with the governor removing the ministers from their portfolios without the advice of chief minister and consul of ministers like in the case of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This situation seriously will undermine the democratic political system of government as the governor should act according to the provisions of the constitution and representation of peoples act 1951. Then politicization of the governor. It means the active involvement of the governor in the politics of the state. This is also a major issue. For example there were instances where the governor of Rajasthan asked support for the central ruling party in elections. Moreover various issues which we have discussed surfaced from the states where it is ruled by opposition. This shows the inherent problem is more political than constitutional. So you can write these points in the main body of the answer. In the conclusion part you can write about the recommendations of various committees regarding the issue. Firstly you can quote Sarkarya commission of 1988. This committee gave suggestion regarding the appointment of governor. It says that the governor should be appointed after consultation with the chief minister of the state. He or she should be eminent in some work of life and should be an outsider of the state. Secondly in 2010 it proposed giving governors a fixed term of 5 years in office. It also suggested removing them through an impeachment process similar to that of the president by the state legislature. Thirdly general suggestion like the governor should not be an active person in politics as it impinges their credibility. Thirdly there should be a constitutional timeline regarding the time limit for governor's assent to the bills. So in this way you can give suggestion from various committees and judgements to substantiate your analysis. So that's all regarding this news article discussion. In this news article discussion we saw about some of the discretionary power of the governor. Then we saw how the discretionary powers are misused and what can be done in this regard. So with these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this news article according to the news article the national investigation agency NIA has registered a case against the banned scheme for justice SFJ outfit and it's founder Gurpatwant Singh Panoon. This was filed because of a recent video clip of Panoon. In this video he was threatening Air India with a global blockade of hijack and warned Sikhs that flying with the airline could put their lives in danger. So this is the crux of the article given here. So in this news article discussion we are going to see about NIA in exam perspective. So what is NIA? See NIA is the National Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency of India. It was created after 2008 Mumbai terror attacks. Now that NIA was created with the enactment of the national investigation agency at 2008. It functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The headquarters of NIA is in Delhi. It has 8 branches in Hyderabad, Guwahati, Kochi, Lucknow, Mumbai, Kolkata, Rai Poor and Jammu. Now let us see the mandate of NIA. See NIA is mandatory to investigate all the offenses which are affecting the sovereignty, security and integrity of India. Note that it includes friendly relations with foreign states. Moreover NIA investigates the cases against attacks on atomic and nuclear facilities, smuggling of arms, drugs and fake Indian currency and infiltration from across the borders and etc. Now let us see the jurisdiction of NIA. See the NIA's jurisdiction extends to the whole of India and also applies to Indian citizens outside the country. It also extends to the persons in the service of the government wherever they are posted. Thirdly, it is extended to the persons on ships and aircraft registered in India, wherever they may be. Finally, it applies to the person who commit a scheduled offense beyond India against the Indian citizens who are affecting the interests of India. The scheduled offences are displayed here, you can go through it. Note that the NIA was amended in 2019, this amendment has increased the mandate of the agency to include new offences like human trafficking, counterfeit currency, sale or manufacture of prohibited arms, cyber terrorism under its ambit. Moreover it empowered the government to designate station court as a special court to conduct trials of scheduled offences. So these are all some of the important points that you have to remember about NIA. So these learnt points, now let us move on to the next part of the news article discussion which is the preliminary practice question discussion. Now look at this first question, 4 statements are given, you have to find how many statements given here are all correct. Statement 1 says, all the weather phenomenon happens within the troposphere. This statement is correct. Statement 2, mesopars is the coldest layer, this is also correct. Statement 3, ionosphere contains electrically charged gases called plasma, this is also correct. And the 4th statement says, satellite launched by human orbit the earth within the exosphere. This statement is also correct. So the correct answer for the question is option D, all the 4. Moving on, the Samadhan doctrine is associated with which of the following. See the correct answer here is option C, left wing extremism. See Samadhan is a doctrine proposed as a one stop solution for left wing extremism problem in India. Samadhan stands for smart leadership, aggressive strategy, motivation and training, actionable intelligence, dashboard based KPIs and KRAs, harnessing technology, action plan for each theatre, no access to financing. So here the correct answer is option C. Now moving on, here 4 statements are given and you have to find how many statements given here are correct. See here, first 3 statements are actually correct. Site program is a sub component under the natural green hydrogen mission, SECI is the implementing agency of the program. Its aim is to make India energy independent and decarbonizing major sectors of the economy. Now the 4th statement says, the program focuses on green hydrogen production, electrolyser, manufacture and hydrogen fuel cell production. This statement is incorrect because the program has 2 components. It focuses green hydrogen production and electrolyser manufacturing. So hydrogen fuel cell production is not one of the components of the site program. So the correct answer for the question is option C, only 3. Moving on this question is about NIA, 3 statements are given and you have to find how many statements given here are all correct. See the correct answer for the question is option D, all the statements given here is incorrect. So with this we came to the end of the video. If you like the video, hit like, do comment and don't forget to subscribe to Shankar Ayes Academy YouTube channel. Now, thank you so much for listening.