 These, what you're hearing right now, are the turbulent radio waves captured by Juno as it entered the realm of Jupiter. When the Juno spacecraft was traveling through space, it was affected by the interplanetary magnetic field, a huge spiraling field that the sun's solar winds carry toward the planets. But when the craft locked into Jupiter's orbit, it changed environments. First it passed into the bow shock, the boundary where these solar currents are deflected by the furthest part of Jupiter's magnetic field. As it did, it experienced a sonic boom like jolt of turbulence as it encountered the magnetosheath. Welcome back to this brilliant atlas of our universe. Today we're doing the, tonight, excuse me, we're doing the outer planets. And we're going to start with the largest, most magnificent, Jupiter. This book is, uh, quite, it's pretty big. It's the biggest Jupiter, though, magnificent of, uh, the perspective from a moon of Jupiter to think that this Amalthea, Amalthea, Jupiter's colorfully banded atmosphere is ever churning, ever changing. This would be our view of the colossal, belted globe from Amalthea, Amalthea, one of its inner moons. Amalthea is a reddish, rocky little world, about 110,000 kilometers from the top of Jupiter's clouds. I'd say maybe that's roughly a third of the distance between us and our moon, but nonetheless Jupiter wouldn't be that much smaller if it were where our moon is probably massive. Its most prominent feature is, of course, the great, great red spot, a hurricane-like storm that has probably been raging for centuries. At lower left there are three smaller white storm areas, Jupiter's bands shimmer against the black sky. These icy bands may be upwelling atmospheric gases composed of giant molecules. This king of planets is one and a half times larger than all the other planets put together. It's also the fastest spinning. The pioneer and voyager flybys of Jupiter told us much about the planet. The two voyagers discovered its 14th through 16th moons, but they found fewer moons in Jupiter's orbit than in Saturn's. The voyagers also discovered Jupiter's ring system, as we can see very faintly aligned here. We see it as a thin line slanting along the equator, but they left many interesting questions. How did Jupiter get its rings? How does Jupiter's atmosphere support primitive life forms? If it does, what is the planet like beneath its massive cloud cover? It's almost 12 of our years for Jupiter to orbit around the sun. It's named after the king of the Roman gods. His name is a fitting one for our largest planet. A traditional sign for his lightning bolt. It gives the planet its symbol, and it looks like a 2 and a 4. We can see it's average orbitable. Yeah, returning viewers are gonna laugh at that mistake. Let's see how long I can keep that up. Its average distance is really, really far. See, I don't necessarily like to read numbers like that, because a lot of times it's vacant facts. It doesn't really have an impact when you say it's 778 million kilometers. At that point it's so mind-boggling. It's really just out of our realm of imagination. But that's about six or seven times further than we are from our sun. The fifth planet holds a faint ring system in at least 16 moons in its gravitational grip. Four moons are as big as small planets. The combined poles of Jupiter and the sun also keep, and this is really, really interesting, I think. They also keep two asteroid groups called the Trojans. So, sorry, they're all Trojans, but there's a Trojan camp and a Greek camp. Let's see if they talk about the Lagrange points. Moves along a sixth of the way ahead of Jupiter, and the other equally far behind. They bear Hero's names. Jupiter's tiny outer moons may be Trojan asteroids trapped when they strayed too close to the planet. Space, Trojan asteroids, gravitational theory, two-body system, three more distinct. Four more, actually, I think, ones out here. And I have an episode I did a while back. It's before I started taking this seriously. I did do an episode about Lagrange points because I had just recently discovered them. It was one of those things that science, one of those things that a mathematician, Lagrange, I guess, is really his name, French mathematician Lagrange, in the 1700s, I think, determined that in a two-body gravitational system based on Newton's, perhaps Kepler's equations, there would be kind of gravity wells, distinct, unique locations, and any objects flying to near these wells would interact with that location relative to the... as though there were gravity wells. If you're interested, then maybe you are an astronomer in some sort of interference pattern, like the way a magnet run along a wire, a closed metal wire. If it's run along it, it can use its magnetic field. Using that field, that field will start to induces a counter-magnetic field. Magnetic fields interact with one another and push, cause a electromotive force. Champion of the worlds, Jupiter, right. Here we can see just as pretty larger it is than our solar system outside the sun. It would take 318 Earths to equal Jupiter's huge mass. Gravity, two and a half times, creates intense pressures in the swirling gases of its atmosphere. Voyagers found one bright ring flanked by a faint vertical extending ring, an even fainter, Gossamer. Here's what the Jupiter is made of. At the very core, molten rock, water and ammonia decreases, decreases in space. The upper team, 50, come ice and the ammonium hydro sulfide crystals. Crystals are separated by tenable gases which turn liquid and form a kind of a steamy slush. If you can imagine that, wow, it would be so, so with pressure. It would be like just like the steam in a sauna or in a hot tub or out of your. You could imagine that being scientists even think about halfway down to the planet's core, heat and pressure force the hydrogen to act. They actually create Jupiter's giant magnetic field that we're about to see. First, first, first, we have the giant, almost 360 miles, kilometers an hour, sorry. That's still upwards of 200. This is actually a real picture caught by the Voyager spacecraft of the photons of light. Leave journey through the solar system. We will pass safely through the asteroid belt just as the two Voyager spacecraft did in 1978. First, they were flung out. They send off speed of 52,000 kilometers an hour. Earths and the sun's gravitation gradually slowed them down. Eventually the Voyagers entered the gravitational field of Jupiter, which has their slingshot around it using precise calculations from the astrophysicists or rocket scientists, nautical engineers, maybe. One of those really well-trained individuals. Sun's gravity were no longer as impactful, I guess, on its speed, on its carefully constructed engineered speed as it zipped around Jupiter. It was flung away. It flew one and a half years before reaching Jupiter, though, because it has all the planets have their own orbital speeds. They had to line it up precisely so that Earth was here. It was flung out. And maybe it caught Jupiter all the way over here. Very fast and very, very, very precisely to hit Jupiter, firing its thrusters at just the right moments for just long enough with just enough power. The giant had just the right angle for gravitational well. 1300 Earths could easily be packed inside a giant planet with giant surprises. 7 million kilometers out from Jupiter, Voyager 1 entered the planet's powerful magnetic field. 7 kilometers. Voyager safely crossed the boundary where the solar wind clashes with Jupiter's magnetic field in an electrically turbulent area called the Bow Shock. Jupiter's inner moons within the magnetic field are continually showered with high-speed charges. It's spread too thin to harm the spacecraft, but, and except perhaps in the highly charged region between Jupiter and its moon Io, the movement of Io through the magnetic field sets up an electrical current of 5 million amperes. Strength flowing in a 100 watt light bulb is only one. The electricity linking Io with Jupiter is gradually eroding Io's surface. Here we have the magnificent of Jupiter's magnetic field. Gases explode out of Io's volcanoes and break up into charged atom atomic particles. Jupiter captures them along with surface particles, form an invisible donut-shaped electrical cloud. As Io circles Jupiter's satellite keeps the satellite a prisoner within this enormous, energetic... Voyager's surprise from the Voyagers was that Jupiter, in fact, has a ring system. The faint ring stretches 52 to 58 kilometers, 1,000 kilometers. An inner halo ring is even fainter, enough thick, thicker and more diffuse. Then there's a third tenuous gossamer ring, which goes about 58,000 kilometers to above the cloud, almost the orbit of 58,000 kilometers above the cloud tops to almost the orbit of Jupiter's moon, Amothea. And what are they made of? Most scientists believe they're rocky debris from Jupiter's innermost moons, Métis and Androsti, which are slowly being broken up by the planets. Jupiter's invisible magnetosphere is far bigger than the Sun itself. If we could see it pulsing in our night sky, it would look about twice as big as the full moon, twice as big as the full... The Sun is a major furnace of tenuous nuclear reactions going off all the time, every second. So you can imagine there's a lot of output, a lot of thrust in a generally concentric outward direction. Jupiter, just like the scale, has this huge enveloping magnetic field protecting it by the sheer magnitude of Jupiter's intents. That's just the vowel shock. It stretches outward to beat Jupiter's ionosphere collect in a thin sheet of electrical current, yellow, near Jupiter, deadly radiation, thousands, thousands of times at our Jupiter's major satellites. Jupiter's atmosphere is a churning sea of rising and sinking clouds of many colors, which really is interesting. It's like it's a super hurricane, hurricane force winds. They tear at the clouds and add to their motion. It's been compared to an enormous boiling kettle of brightly colored dyes that can't be made to the reason they may be, the reason may be that these cloud cells contain different chemicals, which originate at various depths within the lower Jovian atmosphere. We have studied the green red spots, a giant whirlpool of gas in Jupiter's southern hemisphere near the equator. It's a kind of weather phenomenon, unlike any on Earth. There's turbulent winds. Planet's rapid rotation keeps the 40,000 kilometer wide blob in a football feature of Jupiter's atmosphere for at least the last 300 years. Galileo was able to point his telescope up. He actually saw it, but it wasn't long after that that we had finally, but it is truly a magnificent sight when you can look through, if you've had the fortune to look through a telescope. And you see Jupiter, the one I've looked through is not large enough to discern the spot, but it is good enough to discern a, even more uncanny as that. At any given time they might be in different positions, but there's four white dots that if you didn't know better, you would mistake for just background stars. But they're perfectly, relatively lined up with the center of Jupiter in the telescope lens, and they're in the same plane. It's really, really cool, so they must be its four biggest telescope into my red-knocked minutes away. But it revolves along the rest of the cloud bands, but at a slower speed, it revolves along with to the red spot and pass beneath it or around it. The spot also spins, and spin every six, use the red spot as a clock. I don't know if you guys are interested, but the pencil, number two, pencil, are three white oval only 40 years ago. 1973, space probe, Pioneer 10, photographed one. And when flew by, it had its reappearance over, perhaps. Because of its strong gravity, Jupiter has kept much of its original atmosphere. The bulk of Jupiter's air is hydrogen. It might be, like, four tons. Jupiter's swift rivers of jet stream, since how it started, but it ends with, sorry, I can't say that, settings adjusted to 130 Celsius red spots, like all good, is much cooler than its surrounding atmosphere. And Jupiter probably lacks a solid Earth-like surface. An explorer of Jupiter would first pass through a dense atmosphere, hydrogen that grabs liquid layer. There may be a layer of hydrogen so dense, it acts like a metal. This is 25,000 Celsius, so the rock and ice are probably in, and I suppose it's ice because it's not only water, also ammonia, methane, as he has it bad. This is what Jupiter's interior actually is like. Then its metallic hydrogen layer probably carries the electric currents that produce the powerful magnetic field, measured both by voyagers, the voyager spacecraft. This voyager gradually moved. As the voyager gradually moved into Jupiter's shadow zone, it revealed more surprises toward the polar region of the planet, Grand Aurora. The voyagers found that Jupiter's upper atmosphere is alive with lightning, super bolts, and astronomers believe that the lightning may cause Jupiter's whistlers or bursts of radio noise. And perhaps I'll add a little fucking remember. The lightning bolts may also provide the atmospheric energy, which triggers many of Jupiter's chemical reactions. There must be a region that Jupiter A star that failed. It's more energy than it receives from the sun. Twice as much. In its early history, maybe even hot enough as the sun warms the really, really low-resolution. This is a man-made spacecraft, so close it can take a picture. There's two moons as they drift across, illumine innermost of the ink displays and icy cracks. Like our moon, all four keep the same side inward, frozen that way, which might be the ones I was referencing. Seems it might have been hotter. Imagine the scene 4.6 billion years ago, when the solar system was taking shape. Jupiter two and a half traced and heated up, heated up just as the infant sun was doing. But unlike the sun, Jupiter had far to send its core temperate to start fusion, atoms of hydrogen, clear forces, of reaching the millions of degrees needed, the core heated up only a few tens of thousands. Maybe perhaps glowed cherry red like a dwarf star, and for a while it bathed, its inner moons faded as Jupiter slowly cooled. Probably only the inner moons formed as satellites at that time. The eight small outer moons are believed to be former asteroids captured by Jupiters. Voyager gave us our first few good views of the giant planets, four largest moons, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. I have a little cousin named Callisto, and I love that name. It's discovered by Galileo in 1610. So the early 17th century. Looking through his telescope, Galileo saw only three moons in a straight line. Two at the left and was behind. They must have been orbiting Jupiter. This reflects the moons to multi-state, a purple-plumed volcano on the horizon called Loki, and others like it. Spew out enough sulfurous material to resurface the entire moon. Every million here, such fountains, can shoot. They're like to say, big, big. Your sport is inspiring. It somehow has dust on it. Left it open as unreligious as I am, or as in some, some, some, the surface of with our science and our philosophy. And perhaps we get deeper and deepest with our x-ray. The relations we have with each other that have allowed us to work in concert and work as a collective, progressive trail of history. Maybe that interaction and state of harmony yet. Of course, not all. We've had much tragedy to go through. Perhaps there is no upper limit, a sense of all we can get if we work together. And I'm just glad I can maybe, perhaps, inspire you a little bit to let you know that I'm here. I'm doing this, and this is how I feel. And it's, at least for me, it's okay. It's okay to feel that way. And as the great Jim James says, there will be bigotry, and there will be days of peace. You'll never have, and as always, wake up tomorrow and just do, let's go out there with a sense of com-rocked person. We can't enough of those individuals like you and I.