 of the groundwater monitoring network was set up in the country towards the need for ecosystem needs as well as for agriculture needs. So this monitoring network is something like about 25,000 plus monitoring stations across the country at about which is monitored typically four times a year at a national network. In the regional networks of states they are monitored in some states at a monthly scale and the spatial granularity at which they are monitored is about 80 to 100 square kilometers in the country. Now this is not adequate for urban cities or urban conglomeration in a town or a city. The population which is in an urban city would be very large typically several orders of magnitude than what you have typically in a rural environment. Typically if there is a blending of groundwater and surface water then these people are extracting the water at a much higher rate in or much higher volume in a particular square kilometer because of the density of population. So we needed a higher density to understand the fabric. A national network was originally planned at about one well per every 100 to 80 to 100 square kilometer. We thought that is not adequate for several important decisions in the in the city. It could be issues related to subsurface flooding. It is related to understanding how the how the sustainable development plan can be made for each ward or each unit within the city or even if you want to investigate if the impacts of infrastructure on groundwater or groundwater effect on the infrastructure for example you could have underground tunnel being laid that can be impacted by groundwater or that may have an impact on the use of groundwater elsewhere and so on. So to understand these dynamics one needs to have a good network typically like a rain network. If you look at rain network in a city will be about 100 plus rain gauges automatic by Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitor. But that kind of a network done at a high spatial temporal frequency is not available. So we set out the idea that we should have at least not 8 to 10 stations in the in the city but at least something like about 100 plus. So we started with about 150 plus stations rigorously monitoring in the 700 square kilometer rain. Within the budget it was not feasible for having our own monitoring network of drilling our own piezometers. If we had to do about 150 or 200 monitoring stations would have required something like about something like 20 million Indian rupees or something which was which is not possible. So what we did is we tried to identify already existing boreholes which were drilled by the municipality the BBMP in this case which are not falling into any private properties but it's in the public property and which are under not under use. So we identified them which were not under use for some time and then we tried to pick them because ideally monitoring network of groundwater level should be done in a manner that it should not interfere with the pumping which is happening in the well ideally. So we picked these wells and these were a lot of them available which were under use. So we took the risk of picking up these wells assuming that through the entire duration of the project that we will have them available and that was a calculated risk and with that we picked up these points we had a lot of them we screened them and tried to give a distribution in the city so that the density is uniform across the city. We tried we divided the whole city into grids of 5 kilometer by 5 kilometer there was a reason why we did it we are running a model of 5 kilometer by 5 kilometer at the national scale too for the groundwater. So we thought keeping those grids would help the databases going into those models into the future and hence we looked at this kind of a grid and in each grid we tried to create a network of about 5 to 6 points and so that that way it gets equally distributed and by doing that we are able to create that every 25 square kilometer I have about 5 to 6 points so that means we have something like one monitoring station for every 4 to 5 square kilometer in the city. This was about the granularity in spatial scale in the temporal scale we could have equipped them with an automatic sensors however there was not so much budget available so what we thought what we set out was we went about in a more cost effective way and did a human engineered way of monitoring that's called manual monitoring so the monitoring network currently set up in this granularity was monitored every monthly in the city at all the stations that required a huge additional burden because in a city traveling through the roads to all of these places is not an easy task. The project started roughly about two years ago it started for monitoring network was set up in December 2015 we are now finishing August 2017 and so we continued the network until December the reason why we wanted to look at multiple seasons is that the period of you may call it December to April or May is categorized as summer with no rainfall you still would see a patterns of groundwater behavior because of no rainfall you know typically and during the rainfall you will have an impact of the rain system so by looking at it in a couple of years you can see the variation of the impacts of the rain caused etc on the system so the team of Mr Giriraj and Mr Sanjeev Murthy did this exercise Mr Giriraj is a geologist Sanjeev Murthy is a geospatial analyst and they used to set out and travel every month a week a week long to all these stations and it used to take them about thousand kilometers of travel within the city in a one week to go to these stations and collect the data which is an arduous task if it will replace it with an automatic network of gauging it would be it was it will it will reduce the load on the burden of the human but then there are added benefits since we are going every time to the station we understand many other things what is happening around automatic station would just show out what is the level information but it won't tell the what is the features happening so the team could collect many other photos many other images of what is happening to the system and also there is a robustness to it if vandalizing of a network not guarded by us in a city we would have lost the instruments but in this case we wouldn't have lose anything because it's a human engineer so they're combining sometimes automatic networks with human networks would play out because they bring not only the information about the level but they also bring some other value added information from that particular site that goes into in making analytics and modeling much better brown water modeling mapping for the run smoothness So, we did the rigging. We used to do it in the area of the groundwater level. The fieldwork was a bit difficult. We had a lot of problems in the middle and in the middle. We were confused about the road in the middle. We were confused about the road in the middle. We were confused about the road in the middle. We were suddenly stopped by a bulldozer. We were suddenly stopped by a bulldozer. We were suddenly stopped by a bulldozer. We were immediately confronted with a complaint. Secondly, when we saw a bulldozer working in the motor and cleaning, and the bulldozer was working in the motor and cleaning, all of a sudden the bulldozer was in a state of difficulty. The condition of the borehole in Bangalore is not so good. Sometimes drainage is involved. When we measure the tape, it is difficult to understand the tape. When reading, it is difficult to understand the tape. The tape is irritated because of the smell of water. The area of the borehole is very large. The area of the borehole is very large. The area of the borehole is very large. The field work is very important. I am very happy to be a field worker. I have been continuously doing this for 16 to 18 days. I have done it in the ground water level. I have done it in the ground water level. I have done it in the ground water level. I have done it in the same project 21 times. I have done it for the last 3 times. I have done this project 21 times. I have done it in the ground water level. I have done it for the last 3 times. The ground water level is at 725 km. I have done it for the last 5 to 10 days. The ground water level is 1 week. one type of building. If we plan it, we will understand the fieldwork. We have set up a water shed. We will give the visit for the first time. We will decide the location of the first building and the GPS. We will select the area. We don't know the location of the road or the location of the area. But I know the location of the first building. We will tell them that we have come and have come. We will give their support in the community. We are looking for a time to touch them. We will tell all the details about the project. We will continue the project. We will let them know the location of the site. This is the first trip. This is the first trip. We mark the grid points. The left and right points are up and down. There is at least 100 meters, 150 meters, 200 meters difference. This is the signal. It is searching for 100 meters. The grid is 5 square kilometers. And the grid points are 5. It takes 1 borval to 1 borval 10 minutes. We plan to do that project. My instrument is probe. The pump goes to the cable. I leave the cable in the center. The cable goes to the center level. The probe goes to the water. The touch of the touch of the touch is the beep sound. The beep sound is the static water level. It is very low ground level. I am happy to plan for fieldwork. But I have to plan for 4 grid points. I plan to go from here to there. The grid points are up and down. But first we start with the water shed. The water shed is surrounding. I move the grid points first. First I plan the project. We start at the same time. The project continues. We do not change the project. We go to the same river, to the same borval. We do not change the project. We create a new borval. The borval is alternate. But that is GPS location. I do not change the location. I don't think I will be able to go further than 500 meters. If the location is the same, then I will be able to go further. The ground water level should not be measured. I will be able to move from 30 seconds to 3 minutes from 30 seconds. It is so difficult. It is so deep level. I have been doing four glibs in Bengaluru. I have been doing four glibs in Hasekpur. I have been travelling for four hours. I have been challenging myself. I am not able to go further than the ground water level. I have been struggling a lot in case of an incident. I have never experienced any problem with the ground water level. I haven't experienced any of it. Most of the 90% of me have not struggled. I have done the remaining glibs in Bengaluru. I have done the remaining glibs in Bengaluru. I have done the remaining glibs in Bengaluru. 21 borewells, 3000 borewells, 3000 borewells, really here. One, two or three times I didn't have to struggle here. The most of the borewells were abandoned. Abandoned and this installed pump, but it's not working. That's why we have been fishing here. I have a very good experience here. I don't use any instrument. I don't use any instrument. One instrument is just right. The second instrument. Dr. Shekhar from the industry of science, he and his team, basically we have done the first very dense mapping of groundwater levels in any city. We've gotten to 150 locations with a dedicated team taking manual measurements every month and we've sampled groundwater at 150 locations, so almost one per five square kilometer, which has never been done for a city of this size in India at all. And so we've got about 20-22 months of this kind of data. Now we're in the third phase right now, which is in some ways an even more difficult one, which is to try to make sense of the data we've collected. And then moving forward, we'll hope that we can, with the sense that we've tried to make of this data, that we can then approach policy and see how this can become part of the system of how we do things and understand our city going forward.