 Thank you for joining us for this week's lecture and planning series presentation. Our speaker for today is Ines Sanchez de Madariaga, professor of urban planning and director of the UNESCO chair on gender at Universidad Polytechnica de Madrid. My name is Carolyn Swope and I'm a PhD student here in Columbia's urban planning program, and I'll be moderating the session. I'll just start with a few brief technical and logistical announcements and then turn to address introducing our speaker. During the talk, I'd like to remind audiences on Zoom to please mute their microphones. The chat box should be used only for discussion regarding the session. If you have technical questions that apply only to you, please message me or my hosts, Rangini or Helena privately. We encourage all of you to type questions into the chat box during the presentation. And after the presentation, we will have time for Q&A. We'll start that around two or two 15 ask that we have time for everyone's questions. I'll be coordinating the Q&A with attention to diversity and inclusion. So if you have already had a chance to ask a question, please allow others to do so before asking another one. To ask questions participants can use the raise your hand feature and we will call on you to unmute and ask your question directly, or you may also type your questions in the chat box and I can read them out. So with that, I'm delighted to introduce today's speaker. Ines Sanchez de Madari Aga, Professor of Urban Planning and UNESCO Chair on Gender and Science, Technology and Innovation is a leading international expert on gender and transportation, urban planning, architecture and STEM with extensive experience in policy practice and research. She has led numerous successful international collaborations as chair of the advisory group on gender issues to the Executive Director of UN Habitat, chair of the International Cost Network Gender Science Technology and Environment and co director of the EU US Gender and Innovations Project. She has played a key role in introducing gender dimensions in Spanish and European urban planning, working with national regional and local governments, as well as with private developers to implement legislation programs plans and projects that integrate gender issues into planning and transportation. She has held public office as Deputy Director General for architecture, advisor to the mineral Minister of Housing, advisor to the Minister of Science, director of the Women and Science Unit at the Cabinet of the Secretary of State for Research. A former Fulbright grantee, she has been visiting scholar at UCLA the Bauhaus Weimar London School of Economics and Columbia University. She has a number of over 100 articles and have two reference books on gender in planning and transportation. In 2008 she coined the term mobility of care which is being used by policymakers and researchers around the world. And in 2021, she received the Mathilde Euclid Prize in recognition for her professional trajectory in promoting women and gender equality and transportation mobility and urban planning, awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Transportation and Urban Affairs. Her talk today is entitled gender and planning from research to implementation. So Professor Sanchez de Madariaga, if you're ready, I will pass things over to you now. Thank you. Thank you so much, Caroline. Thank you so much for organizing this, this lecture. I'm very happy to be back at Columbia online. Nice to see you there at every hall. Thank you. Thank you so much. So I will proceed with sharing my screen. Please do let me know if, if it's, if you can see it. Yes, we can see it. It's not that we can. I'm trying to put it full screen. Is it full screen then. Yes, exactly. Okay. Okay. Well, thank you very much. So I'm starting by presenting. What is the UNESCO chair that I'm directing? It's one of the UNESCO has a program that is called the UNESCO Unitwin chairs. And they are chairs that they, that they are establishing around the world on topics of interest to UNESCO. There are like a dozen of those that address gender issues. The one I'm director of is the only one that is established in a technological university and addresses technological and technical fields such as architecture and planning and transportation. So it was established in 2016 and we address all fields related to the urban environment to city building and some related science and technology aspects as they are relevant to women's careers and women in the profession. And the kind of activities that we do are the those that are the typical of universities, research, dissemination, advocacy and engagement, consultancy and technical assistance, education and training, of course, strategic advice, and we also do some things with with professional women. So, you know that gender equality, we have this international framework that puts together gender equality with sustainable urban development. One of those is the agenda 2013, which gender equality is objective 91, UN international agenda for sustainable development, and cities are objective 11. There is this interrelation and also gender cross cuts, many of the other objectives of the agenda 2030. And then we have the new urban agenda that was adopted by by the UN in 2016 in Quito in which there is an extensive reference to women and gender in cities. So gender mainstreaming is like him, like the tool to support a sustainable urban development within this general framework established by the United Nations. I have been an active participant in this process leading up to integrating gender into the UN habitat programs. And for the last, since the last year, I'm the chair of the advisory group on gender issues to the executive director of UN habitat. I have been a member of the of the of the expert group that has that worked on the new urban agenda, working on its gender and women's aspects, and on the expert group that drafted the first and the second part of the annual report of the new urban agenda. This second part of the report is going to be announced and published next month. It will be presented by the Secretary General of the of the UN Antonio in the high level meeting of April 28. So I have made a thorough review. I was asked by you and have to do this thorough review of the quadrennial report from a gender point of view. So, how do we, what are we referring when we talk about women and gender in cities and in planning, because we have this body of knowledge that has them have that comes from gender studies and from women and have developed quite a number of concepts and approaches and so on, coming from different fields of research, and also from, from, from urban studies, of which a very important pioneer was dollars hide and from Yale University, books from the early 1980s are really the first and I still think they are the main references for us on what is relevant when we look at cities and planning from the point of view of women and gender. So all this research, how do we translate this, this, this knowledge, this research into actual policies into actual plans into actual policies in a field that has, of course it has social aspects but it has also a lot of, it's a very technical aspect how you build cities. And, and it's, and it's also a field that in many countries is still very much masculine, particularly everything related to transportation, more than in other, more than in other parts of particularly everything that is more physical planning than what is social planning. So, how do we translate a, let me see, I can't advance my, my PowerPoint, let me see why it has got stuck. Oh, here. So, how do we translate this so let me first do a very brief introduction to what the key topics or the key concept that come from gender studies, and that are applicable or relevant to cities and to transportation planning. The first one is the idea of gender stereotypes and social norms, what is expected of individuals and groups in terms of gender. What are the stereotypes and social norms that anticipate behaviors or ways of being in the world. And this is very much related to gender roles to the sexual divisions of labor by which historically it's women who have taken care of care tasks of everything that is related to the reproduction of life. And this is our workload because most women in most countries today work as well as take care of everything of this task related to, to, to reproduction and care. The key concept is the concept of care for asset relates to planning because care is defined as paid and mostly unpaid work performed by adult individuals on behalf of children, the old the sick and the overall functioning of the household. So, other relevant concepts for cities and planning are gender violence and universal design. It's important to note that it's, it's this double workload that it's mostly women who do because statistics tell us that it's women who do most of the care work. And that the gender gap in care work is not reducing significantly it is reducing slightly but it's still there. And the statistics regarding time in around the world shows show us this very different time use that translate into the use of the city because if we make like a simplified scheme of, of what these care tasks imply in the city, the person who doesn't combine care tasks with employment has a simpler use of the city from the home to work, maybe some sport, some leisure, but the person who works and also has family responsibilities or who takes most of this workload has to go to different parts of the city to take care of that. And the data show us that this is mostly women who do it. So, I don't know why this is not running well. So we have this, when we look at planning from the point of view of gender, and we look at what are the foundations of more of modern, modern planning that is embedded into planning techniques. We have to go back to the, to the early in the 20th century with the, I think charters and the, and the functional division of the city in residential production, leisure areas and the transport system that links and separates at the same time, these spaces and the underlying assumptions that are behind this is the personal experience of those persons who live in the city without care responsibilities so pay employment is the main focus housing is seen mostly as a place for leisure and not for its care implication and transportation is the means to link the spaces where all these functions take place. So this unquestioned ideas that most often are unconscious on gender roles and sexual divisions of labor are implicit in urban planning practices. So gender roles and stereotypes, for instance, in the construction of the modern cyber suburb modern American cyber is what Dolores hiding documented so beautifully in her books of the early night of the early 80s. And she sure he shows in her books how the experiences and needs of the persons who assume care responsibilities are not made explicit and hence do not receive the same attention nor priority in policy and plans, nor resource allocation or investment decisions as the needs and realities of the person who mostly uses the city for without taking this responsibility for care tasks. So if we apply this and we look at transportation. There is a lot of research now in public transportation on women in transportation. There is a lot of it in the US and in many countries around the world today over 50 if I would say 40 years now of research that was pioneered by the federal housing administration with a with a series of conferences of women's issues in transportation since the late 70s. The data show us these consistent differences between men and women as regards transportation. Men travel longer distances. Women use more different kinds of transportation modes. Men have more access to private cars. Women travel for more different purposes. Women is the one variable in which there doesn't seem to be significant differences. Women travel for more different trips. The special patterns of trips is very different while many is mostly a commuting long distance trip. I'm sorry I'm so sorry to interrupt but I think the slides are not advancing. I wonder if maybe you could close out of them and reopen them. Okay, so they are not running. They're not running. Okay, so let me see how. Yeah, I think if you reshare it perhaps. Let me open it again and see what. Can you see it now. You can see it. Yes. Does it go well now? Yes, they're moving. Okay, okay, sorry, had you seen this slide before or not? No. No. And this? No. Oh, so it was stuck. This was the last one we saw. It was the last one. Okay. So, well, you should have seen this and this one with these illustrations that come from Dolores Haydn's book, the ones on the right side. So, I was saying, I think I was saying that I was here, I was talking about transportation. So now there's a sign appearing. Now the participants can see my presentation. I don't know why. I don't know what that sign. Okay, if you can see it. So you should be seeing a slide with some graphs on transportation. You're seeing it. We are seeing it. Perfect. Perfect. So there are these consistent differences in transportation use in that we find in research across the world, both in develop in the developed and in the developing world. I was talking about the special patterns of trips. You see it like a scheme in the, in this part of the slide. The special pattern of trips done by women is more of a polygonal shape because women go for these many different purposes of travel, sometimes in using chain doing chain trips. It's within a closer smaller geographical area and men and men's trips. Women do more chain trips. This means that in one single trip, several segments of the trips are done for different purposes, and sometimes using different transportation modes. So that's a very specific way of moving that is related to care tasks because women do these complex chain trips, because they have to do different things, for instance, going to buy something on the way to getting the kids to school or bringing the kids to school on their way to work, things like that. So also the age of voluntary cessation of driving is much earlier for women than for men. The issue of safety, the kind of injuries is different because of body sizes and weight, and the way that safety design in safety devices are designed in cars, because it's actually designed using models of male bodies than of women's bodies. So this implies that the impact in women's bodies is greater than when there's an accident. And also in terms of being of suffering an accident, when walking on the road, for instance, there's more women that are victims of that kind of accidents as well. The issues of economy because of different body sizes and strength and so on. So this very consistent transportation differences by gender are very, very relevant, and we have found them around the world. 12 years ago, in a research project that I did for the Spanish Ministry of Transportation, I developed this concept that you mentioned in your presentation that the concept of mobility of care. It was the result that they asked me to do a gender analysis of the Spanish transportation statistics. And at the end, when I finished the gender analysis, I had found quite a number of gender omissions, gender biases, and so on. It came to my mind to see it was like this, like a bulb that lived in my head. And I thought this within all these many conventional categories for travel, which is like shopping, leisure, strolling, sporting visits, and even the black box of other, many of these trips are not done for personal purposes. They are done really because they are trips that women mostly do for the purpose of taking care of other people or for the upkeep of the home. So I had this idea that if you give a name to those trips, you would be able to quantify them and make visible and see really what's the mobility related to care tasks and to quantify it. So I define this concept as trips made by adults for the care of others and the upkeep of the home, because existing service do not allow to quantify it within the overall mobility because they have gender biases and omissions. For instance, trips of less than one kilometer on foot are not measured by most travel service because they are not relevant for transportation infrastructure. So those are trips done mostly by women, very often as part of change trips. So that's an example of omissions. So I had this hypothesis that in between maybe, this was like just a hypothesis, a theoretical presupposition that in between one third and two thirds of trips, normally counted at shopping visits, strolling other could be considered or should be considered as caretrips. And that 100% of sporting trips should be considered as caretrips. And I made this counting based on an existing of the main Spanish transportation survey of what this would amount to in quantitative terms. And so this was the result of this theoretical exercise that the number of care trips would be quite significant and relatively close to employment trips. So after that, I had a student who did her PhD dissertation on this and we developed a specific transport survey to measure it because of course the normal service do not allow to quantify those trips, you need to do specific questions, specific more detailed and you need to train the interviewer so that there's no biases in the way questions are made and so on. So the result of this research was that for women, for the population between 30 and 45 years in the region of Madrid, the number of caretrips is very close to the number of employment related trips. And this is the result, as I say, of a specifically designed survey. And then when you look at this by sex, this aggregated by sex, you see that while there is certainly a gender gap in employment trips. This gender gap is much bigger in trips related to care. And it's the number of the percentage of women who do those trips is much much much higher in proportion than the difference in employment. So this is highly relevant because it demonstrates first how big the number of how high the big of the number of caretrips are and then that they are mostly performed by women. So after this, I did some, I applied these concepts in other research projects in other parts of the world, and particularly for the for you inhabit that I did this study in Nairobi. The Matato system is the small buses, which is the only system of public transportation, it's private but but it's public that exists in Nairobi. And I found that women do one additional trip for care purposes that it is not shorter than trips to the workplace that this trip is done before or after going to work that they travel longer distances that the special scope of women's travel is not covered by one bus line requiring them to transfer that many women do not travel because of concerns of sexual assault, and that men are also concerned about safety but not of a sexual nature. So this is an example and this concept of care. We have applied it in other in some mobility plans in several cities in, in, in Spain. So let me know with this, I wanted to show you this concept as an illustration of how care, the, these concepts that come from gender studies can be relevant to planning and transportation. And now let me show you where we are now in, in, in terms of implementation. And with a general overview of the Spanish of the Spanish situation. So we are a little bit more advanced than other European countries in integrating gender into planning. Although the situation is a bit heterogeneous there are significant differences among regions. This is mostly related to legislation as I will show because it is planning legislation in Spain is a regional competence and different regions have acted quite advanced, which is requirements regarding gender in their, in their land use legislation and some others have not yet. So, and also this, the different stage of implementation is also very related to, to political aspects, and also from from the, from the pressure that, that the women in the academy and also as the grassroots have been putting on, on their, on their, on the, I would say that the political and the, and the technical staff in, in, in governments. So, this is like a list of the legislation in Spain that affect both planning and have gender, gender requirements in Spain you see it's quite a big number of, of, of loss. The first one from 2002 in Andalucía. The last one, just last year it's, it's with respect to housing in the past government. The type of the topics the planning topics that are covered by these different experiences, covered from transportation to housing to urban regeneration, safety in public space, the quality of public space urban facilities, specific around facilities addressing women's needs, train stations, economic development, rural areas, and also a tertiary office, office space areas. And the kind of planning experiences and instruments and tools used to cover also from regional planning to urban city planning scale to municipal ordinances to mobility plans to urban, urban projects infrastructure development, urban agendas heritage catalogs, urban regeneration projects and projects in transportation infrastructures and trains patients. I will show you now some of these, some of these experiences, some of the examples, and then I will put a focus on on two of them. Just to show you first the wide range of of this some illustrations of this, and then I will go more in depth into into into just to two of them. First thing relates to the participation of women in planning processes. There is a very interesting methodology that was originally developed in Canada in the 1980s 1970s story called exploratory walks or gender audits. This is a methodology that is done with local women, supported by a group of technical experts planning experts. And it consists of doing exploration a walk during the day during the night of a of a neighborhood with a previous election of, of what's the, the specific park pool that will be done to to identify the locations where there are issues of safety or quality of public space and transportation, and then to to identify what what are the reasons behind this perception of insecurity or unsafety, and to propose ways to address to address it. So, this is done by you and women and by you and habitat in many countries around the world in Spain we have been doing this in many different cities, and the kind of results that that come out from these exercises are very interesting because we also do segmentation of the profiles of the women who are more relevant to specific areas for instance you can do, you can take into account intersectional aspects such as age or ethnicity, or, or physical ability, and identify what are the, the specific needs or ways of, of coping with, with those issues by different groups of women. So that's, that's one, one thing. Here you can see some of the train stations in which we have collaborated with the Spanish train and railway operator, which is it's like the equivalent to Amtrak, they're in the US. And they own and operate train stations and the railways, and they have integrated, we have advised them on how to integrate some gender requirements in the, in their public procurement projects when they, when they provide the briefings for the renewal of the stations and the, and the railways, and they have integrated now them systematically in all their, their, their projects and this is starting to become like an ongoing normal mainstreamed, as we say, criteria in the, in the renovation of train stations around the country. Regarding housing, we have advised the vast government in their housing legislation with a number of standards related to, to, to gender for housing design. That have to do with the minimum size of the main things that have been integrated as housing standards that came out of recommendations of analyzing the typical, the existing regulations from the point of view related to, to increasing the minimum size of, of rooms of kitchens of, and of other standards and the spatial relationship between different spaces of the, of the, of the, of the home. And issues of safety and so on. And we have also advised on the procurement of house of pilot projects of innovative pilot projects, housing projects in the regional of Valencia, and we have also produced for them a manual with recommendations on how to design housing, introducing gender criteria of course these recommendations go are more extensive than what is integrated into into the legislation because when you do legislation you have to be standards you have, you, you put a standard few few things can become standards you have to be very sure what can become standard, but you can do recommendations in much wider ways and address many more issues when you, when you recommend and in that kind in that kind of, of policy as, as a, as the guidelines are, and this is what we did for the balance. So, when it comes to planning at the urban level. There's an instrument that is in the Spanish legislation which are gender impact statements and several regions in Spain have this as a requirement. So it's a legal requirement for all plans to have a gender impact statement. And this is one of the things I will show you more in more detail the gender impact statement for the for a very big redevelopment project in the north of Madrid. There are several regeneration projects that include the renewal of big areas around transportation notes, in which we have worked into the design as well as in the gender impact statement, such as the same project. And the one in the Beirut is a city in the border between Spain and France, which is a very, very big transportation note. And the whole area around the train station is a new urban development project and we have been working on it introducing introducing gender criteria. And also in this big square in the center of Valencia, which is a very important urban very complex note in the center of the city with part of the historical city that had been historically unsolved with lots of urban issues and we are also working on as part of the team introducing the gender aspects into the design of the new of the new square of the regional plan for the for the best country. That's the other example I would like to show in more detail. And then another example that I'm, I think it's quite interesting is the region of Extremadura. The government use law, they asked us to produce a technical annex on gender with recommend extensive recommendations on gender at all scales, seeing the region since the regional planning scale to the urban to the local scale. And this is a technical annex to the to the law that is also coupled by a manual handbook that illustrates and explains how to apply those technical recommendations. And we are at this moment working with inter American Development Bank in producing a gender action plan for one area that gets flooded every year, and it's close close to the historical city and and it's going to be a big project for the renewal of this area. And we are working in producing the gender action plan for this for this renewal project. So, those are those are examples of the range of actions and projects and scales of implementation that have been developing. And we also work on, as I said at the beginning on women in the profession and we have for the Spanish professional association of architects, this is like the American issues of architects. We have produced a study on the situation of women in Spanish architecture. And at this moment we are finalizing a gender quality plan for the architectural profession in Spain. And of course I have another very important aspect of working on women in architecture is the, the, the idea of the, of the canon of what is the, what has been historically the contribution of women to architecture. And how this historical contribution of architecture is recognized has been studied, has been integrated into into education now curricula and so on. So, the study of, of the, the, the, I did this, this research project on the biography of the first Spanish woman architect that has just also been published. This was published 10 years ago but we have produced an updated bilingual edition that has just come out a couple of weeks ago. So manuals are a very important part of this work. As I have mentioned, we, this is the manual that we did on housing. This is the manual that is attached to the technical annex to the land use legislation in Extremadura. There was one book that I wrote in the early 2000s, 20 years ago already which was the first book in Spain in Spain being published in Spanish on gender in planning. And this is a toolkit that is linked to the project that I will show you now that is the gender impact analysis of this very, very big redevelopment projects in the north of Madrid. We produced a toolkit, both in English and in Spanish that explains easily what what was done in the project and how to and how to address these issues in in search in redevelopment projects of this of this time. So, I will show you one example of these manuals, the one that is attached to the land use legislation in Extremadura, just to give you a hint of what these books address. So, first why gender is relevant. What are some basic elements that you need to take into account when you look at planning from a gender point of view. What are the principles to be applied and then what are the recommendations and then examples of best practice. Now we have 10 years ago 20 years ago we didn't have as many examples, but now they're quite a significant number of examples in different countries. And so we, we produce this selection of 20, I think they are 22 examples of best practices that illustrate different aspects of planning different scales different tools different instruments, and they are presented. So, not in very detailed but but sufficiently to understand how to how gender is relevant and what has been done in that specific case, and then some references for people to, to, to look for more information. So, all of pages of the book. This is the book on housing. It has a bit the same structure, why gender is relevant for housing design, what are recommendations for design, and then a number of best practices. The first ones are really analyzed in a lot of detail. Here it's only seven examples, and we analyze them in quite a bit of detail so these are long long descriptions of these experiences. Here you see also a couple of pages of this book with one of the projects analyzed which is in Vienna, the intervention project. And now let me just move on to the two examples I wanted to show you. The first one is the regional panel of the best country and I will give you a brief overview of what we did. The best country has three big cities, and then many different smaller sized towns, and quite a bit significant and important rural landscape. And the aspects that we considered when producing the gender as the gender elements that were introduced in the regional plan were these four aspects for first gender roles and paid care work, sexual divisions of labor and the impact in the use of the city by men and women, the gender perceptions of safety in urban space and transportation and their impact on women's access to employment and services, the feminization of poverty and intersections of gender with other factors including female household heads, age, ethnicity, immigration, disability, and the participation of women in decision making technical staff participatory processes gender expertise and administrative structures of gender mainstreaming policy. The idea was looking at an urban model of what would be an urbanism of care, so that the concept of care and its implications for planning and transportation would be at the core, and that the actions and measures proposed are centered on this idea of care. The plan is organizing in eight thematic domains. So, our recommendation was to select not to try to cover everything because that would, even if there are gender elements probably in all, we recommended that it would be better to focus on the more relevant areas and to have some more, a number of actions and lines of programs of bigger impact and not try to cover it more thinly everything. So, I recommended to select for areas, these four that you see here, urban environment and territorial planning, sustainable mobility, governance and rural environment. And as an example, I have listed here the lines of actions for the domain, urban environment and territorial planning so we recommended composter indications for land research for care facilities within municipal land use plans and zoning regulations, plans for care facilities for the elderly, toddlers and children, pilot projects through open calls and public competitions, financial incentives for gender related actions including programs, plans and projects by local governments, guidance, manuals and briefings for good practice for gender mainstreaming comprehensive plans and regeneration projects, specific measures to be integrated in housing plans, identification of locations considered as unsafe through participatory processes and actions for improving safety and guidance, briefings and manuals for public space design and public facilities to be developed by both the regional and the municipal governments. So, each of these lines of action has explanations, etc. But those are the main areas in which we recommended to act in this particular area. So as wider recommendations for gender mainstreaming in planning, as I said, we, we recommended to cover sufficient substantive domains that regulatory changes are needed for continuity in time to produce some structural change. That small scale should be combined with large scale actions. Sometimes people think that gender is just the local neighborhood near the home and it is not, because the only way to have the, the environment around the home to work from a gender is if you also have the regional, the urban and the regional scales, it's like a, like Russian dolls, one inside the other, they are integrated scales, you need to work at the whole level of scales. You also need to look at intersectionality. You need to combine women targeted actions and also mainstreaming measures and sufficient elements with transformative capacity. It's better to have less than trying to cover more, more thinly. The institutional capacity building is very important and to create and use expert knowledge. So those were some of the key lessons learned from this first experience of the regional plan in the Basque country, which was drafted in 2016. Okay, so now let me move to the other project. And this is the, just the last project, the second and last project I wanted to show you. There's a very big redevelopment area in the north of the city around this big transportation node of Chamartin. It involves a new CBD, several new subway stations, a whole new big train station that will be the node of high speed train in Spain and the connection to the airport and several subway connections and bus node. So it's a big intermodal transport node and 10, so 10 over 10,000 housing units with at least 20% of social housing. So these are like the big numbers for you to understand how big this project is. It's one of the, it's like the size, approximately the size of Canary Wharf or of La Defence in Paris. So the land use plan of this project, it involves covering some part of the railways, some part of the existing railways will be covered. What we did for this project was a number of actions we did adopt training for the technical office and for all the directors that were of the different teams that were working in the project. The design was by Rogers and the main engineering consultant was over Arab, so we were working with them in the same offices. We worked during the whole process of design along with this technical and design teams that were producing the design. Then we worked with the engagement department on areas of regarding social inclusion that were targeting the neighboring areas because some of the neighboring areas of the project are quite rather low income areas. And so they wanted to work with the women in those areas and we did quite several exploratory walks with the women. So this, and then we produce the gender impact assessment for the project. The topics that the gender impact assessment, which is what I'm going to focus, covered were transportation, all modes and scales, public scale space at all scales, residential areas and housing, the CBD, the facilities, the historical heritage because there are a number, there are a couple of historical buildings to be preserved in the area. And we, the gender impact assessment has two parts, one at the master plan level that covers structural issues, borders interaction with the surrounding areas. And then at urban design level for each of the four sub areas that were defined for this project within the Madrid urban development plan. So you see a little bit what the some of the I will show you some of the of the drawings that we produced and of the recommendations. I'm going to take to go a bit quickly because time is running out, but just for you to have some idea of what these work involved. So we analyze mobility, the intermodal network, the private car deterrent measures the support to active mobility. We know that from a gender perspective, active mobility is a very is one of the important things to look at. We worked on alternative pedestrian routes, safety and security, high quality urban space care support. The quality of urban space, green areas, proportion, distribution and hierarchy, the urban fabric, street section, clear and hierarchical pattern, size of blocks. Regarding safety, lighting is an important aspect. And this was included within the environmental strategy and focusing on vulnerable points. And that's that was also integrated with the urban design regulations. And then we worked on the every day urban facilities, their location, the mix of uses, the accessibility by foot and by public transportation, and taking into account of all kinds of accessibility and autonomy of different people of ages, and so on. And that to ensure that they are responsive to the most dependent citizens. Regarding housing. We looked at the sizes, the distances to transportation, the mix of use around the home within the building block within the neighborhood, the areas with priority to pedestrian mobility. And then the urban regulations at the scale of the planning process include that in the following stage of planning, which is the urban planning project, it's a next step to be produced after the project we were working on that a gender responsive mandatory to justify if the project meets basic requirements related to gender equality and care supporting so this this we use this device in several parts of the of the plan so that whatever could not be defined at this stage of planning should be defined at the following by requiring that this report is mandatory. So we introduce a minimum lighting in urban space, according to gender criteria that come from the literature on the subject. The same thing with the with the building projects regulation, this response to these reports mandatory, and then some requirements about building buildings with about storage to support care mobility and some criteria regarding also safety, safety, design that takes into account safety criteria. Regarding fences, the mix of users, the lower floors, the common areas in the buildings and so on. So, and we did some similar analysis for the commercial and office and office use. We just finished because the time is near and close we we produce this toolkit summarizing all these findings and recommendations, and this gives you also a flavor of what these document is like. I'm just going to finish because I think my time is running out and just wanted to share you some of the European projects that we have been working in these past years that address. These address gender in planning, but most of them address a gender quality in in research and academic institutions and structure change to promote gender institution, gender equality in institutions. And these are some of the products of these projects, different manuals and research papers and, and this report is by the European Commission on how to promote gender equality in universities. We did within with an expert group that I chaired in 2000 and a few years ago already. And these are some of our publications I, and I will just like to, to mention these, these two books that came. This is a special cities book that was published by Ashgate fresh, fresh air cities, the impact of gender planning in Europe, and in gender in cities that came out in 2020 during the pandemic at the beginning of the pandemic by route leech, which has a wider geographical scope and it has also experiences from other parts of the world. So I'm going to finish here. Thank you so much for your attention and I will stop sharing this so that you can, that I can listen to your comments or questions. Thank you very much. Thank you very much Professor Sanchez to Medari Aga for your very informative talk. So at this stage, I would like to open up the sessions for questions. And again, to ask questions. Participants on zoom are encouraged to either use the raise your hand feature and I will call on you to unmute and ask your question directly, or you may also type your questions into the chat box and I will read them out. So I think the first question that we had was from the who asked how we can access some of the publications that that you mentioned. Well, some of these are PDF free online, and I can give you I can send you carline the links so that you can share them with people. The manuals are online, then the publications, the books should be in your library. And if not, you can ask them to get them the Ashgate and the and the route leech book for instance, or some of these are the ones that I show in my last slide. They should be in your library the TPR the time planning review should be most probably there. So, yeah, I will, I will send you links. I can send in follow up to the attendees any resources that that are easily shared. So next I see Ron Jenny has their hand up. Yeah, thank you so much for your talk, Professor. I guess one of my questions, while I was watching your talk was that I wonder what are the histories of feminism locally in, let's say Madrid or not our in Spain. And I'm sure that have made it. Maybe reduce political opposition to an extent to have this level of like you know Jen gender oriented policies at every level. Maybe if you could talk a little bit about that and you know, sort of connecting that to challenges in other places that maybe do not have those kind of histories or, you know why it's so difficult to have such. I don't know intense sort of gender development discussions everywhere. Well, in Spain we have had like a combination of three, three, three elements. And I guess this is the same everywhere. On the one hand, the feminist movement through women's association and the feminist women, pressuring and asking for change. And then women in academia who have provided the theoretical frameworks and the concepts and the arguments under these courses. And then we have the femocrats women in politics and women in in in governments as technical staff. The combination of these three have produced this result how has this happened in particular in such a way that we have producing these past few years a lot of advances. I would say that one important aspect is that in Spain the socialist party who was in government in the early to the years 2000 and early 80s and for most of the 90s so for many years. We have had a lot of feminist women as part of the of the of the Socialist Party so feminist socialist women have been very important in producing many of these changes by, for instance, all the legislative changes because you saw the list of pieces of legislation. And when things get into legislation sooner or later, legislation has to be implemented at the beginning it is not. But then a judge comes and says this has been implemented and you have to. So everybody starts looking at this. This is what has happened with the gender impact statements. They were in legislation since the year 2003. Nobody had thought about them even if it was also in the legislation that plans had to be gender responsive and nobody care. But then in the year 2016 a judge said, this plan has to be cancelled because it doesn't have a gender impact statement. So this was a very big point of inflection when they judge said, this plan is cancelled. So this is a big thing for a city when your plan is declared is because you don't have a legal framework for managing the urban changes. So everybody started to think, oh, what is this thing about gender? We have to do it. What is this about? So that was the big point. That's when we did this work for the best government. When we did we started doing this gender impact statements that I show you. And when when gender became a topic in the profession. And it was because the legislation that had been in place for over 10 years, a judge started to have it applied. And so people who hadn't cared at all about this. And so I think that we have had this combination of facts. There was a strong feminist movement that produced feminist leaders in politics that change the legislation. And then also I think it was also very important the work that we have done from the academia because all this has happened because we have been producing all this research since the year 2000, slightly before the year 2000. And we had produced this, this body of knowledge that was there. And then we are translating it into something that can be translated into practical actual implementation, but the academic work was also there. So I would say this, and then of course there's the role of individuals. For instance, we had at some point a president of the prime minister who was a feminist. And he, for the first time had a cabinet with half women. And, and many of these legislation was of this gender legislation was enacted at that time. So it also individual persons can, at certain points, be quite influential. Thank you very much. So the next question is from sangho, who says I was just writing a question along a similar line. What kind of opposition, did you face if any as you tried to integrate gender element to these cities agencies which probably had their own established planning practice how did you overcome them. And that you feel there are additional points on that question. Yes, well, we, I've been working on this for over 20 years. And I was really the pioneer in Spain, of course there have been some people who had started before me. But they, they did quite piecemeal research, but the first research group that was created in Spanish University and also the first one in Europe that has done consistent work only on gender and planning is the one that I created 20 years ago. And so I faced a lot of resistance and opposition in the university when I started working on this they just at the beginning they thought I was mad that my colleagues were looking at me as if I was crazy what is this what. And so there was a lot of opposition. And then when I was in government, because I've been in government twice in the Ministry of Housing and in the Ministry of Science, doing some of these very first legislation the legislation the in 2007 at the national level that for the first time talked about gender and planning. I did the drafting of these of the articles of the national land use regarding equality and of the national equality law regarding planning and housing so I did this crossing in the two pieces of legislation introducing the the the other the other topic. And this experience in government when I was deputy director for architecture and advisor to the Ministry of Housing. This was really, I mean the opposition was huge it was enormous enormous. And even this Prime Minister who was a feminist man was there. And so even having the support of the Prime Minister and having the support of the Minister, the opposition by everyone else was enormous and it was very, very difficult time, and all these things were very difficult to do. We did a number of things to support women and gender in planning at that time, in addition to the legislation, and, and it was really quite confronted if I must say, but in this past years, this has changed a lot. Since the courts started saying you have to do it. And also 15 years have passed. So, that's quite a bit of time for minds to to evolve and change and public opinion. A very important point of transition was in also in the year 2016 in public opinion regarding all these issues that was related to the movement. We had a very big case of rape in Spain that was at the same time of the of the Weinstein case in the US. And so this was a there was public outrage and since that time feminism has become like the normal thing for anyone for most to be so it's a bit like the opposite so now it's it's the public opinion has changed a lot. So now there are quite a few, and also because it's in legislation there are many governments who want, who really want to do things and they want to do them not just as tokens, but they want to do things to change the material, the material circumstances of women's lives through planning and architecture. Thank you very much. Other questions from the audience. I'll ask a question if there aren't any further questions from non hosts. I was curious to hear more about intersectionality I know you mentioned that that's an important principle to be integrated into these efforts and it often comes up in my research on gentrification where gender comes in often in one way and different dimensions of identity in another way so I'm curious if you could speak more to places where you've you've seen conflicts and tensions there places where you've seen opportunities to address needs of different groups simultaneously. Just, yeah, would love to hear more. Yes. Well, I think this is highly context specific for instance in the US race is a key thing for intersectionality, which in Spain is not. So, the context is very different compared to what we're doing in practice and what you, and how this could be translated into an American context, you would need in the US, you would absolutely need to, to intersect gender and race. And geography because also your cities are much more segregated than ours. And also the special patterns of cities with this low density servers are very different from our cities which are much more dense. And there's not such a big difference between the central city and the suburbs as in the US so I would say that this makes for a big difference on how to approach the issue of intersectionality, comparing the US to Spain. In Spain, relevant, the most relevant aspect I would say is age age for a because we have a very high elderly population, and what we have one of the highest, the life expenses, expenses in the world and most of these are women. And most of those who care of them are women and they are not many of them are cared in nursing homes, but many are cared by family members. And then of course, children, we have one of the lowest birth rates in the world because it's very difficult to work and take care of kids. So, for us, I would say that age is one key thing. And the way we have been, this all depends on when it comes to practical and implementation things. You need to see what is relevant for the actual planning instrument and scale and topic that you're working with. Because it's not, it's very different to work at a regional plan than working at a train station or working with a housing project. You have to look at different things and see how these interactions and combination because the issue of looking at intersectionality is the combination of race and sex or of age and what is the effect of this combination on one person or one group of persons when it comes for instance to housing. One of the housing projects that we analyzed in our book that I show you the image of the Indakvis and this is a project by Francis Kaum and Viennese architect and it's called intergenerational housing. And it's a combination in one single building of housing for elderly, for families and for young with different services and looking at the specific needs of these different households and age and gender needs as they relate to housing. So, I would say that this is the way to approach the issue of intersectionality. Yes, that makes a lot of sense. Well, I see we are right up on our time. So on behalf of GSAP and the urban planning and program in particular. I'd like to thank you again for your great presentation today. We really appreciate you taking the time to share your work with us. Thank you also to those who attended. Make sure to join us next Tuesday at the same time for a presentation by Lewis Bettencourt of the University of Chicago. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you.