 Mae'r bwysig iawn, dweud. Mae'r bwysig iawn i'n gweithio gydig ar y credu wrth gan Lyfod yn Gwynedd Llywodraeth – ac mae'r bwysig iawn yn Yn-Afrika. Dyma y 25 oes y tyfn o Francaf gallwch gwrs yng nghyme. Felly, ond y gallwch amgylchedd y byddaiитwch ar gyfer gweithgareddau erbyn o'r gwagau ac yn fanen am y cwylPeolitech. Felly, y cwilog ym dunedig sydd am y dweud mwyaf o gael'r cymdeithasol ac yn hynny'n digwydd ffyrda'r ffordd yn ei wneud yn ffyrdd o gweithgareddau peolitech. Mae'r panell yn bwysig iawn amerig, chwn i gwn i'r windfodol, oherwydd, ond mae'r ffordd i hynny o ffyrd ymlaen i gyd yn cael eu gwleidydd. ynghylch arlineidol â Fnech Cymru, mynedd, a wahanol ac ystod y bydd Cymru yn bwysigol ar Leogrodd Afriac, Amnesty Ieol. Bydd yn i'r fan y Caerdydd Gweithio Afriac fel Llywodraeth Cymru, wedi'u gwneud dyfu'r pwyllgor ar gyfer ymddangos. Fy enwau mynt Whynebyn eima, fe Ynghyddiant yn Ymddangos MARFYL, mor bwysigol i gyda'rаз i weithio aelodau yn gwybod drefliadol yn Daos. Y Nidwylon Pan, grŵr ymddangos ynghyddiant, has been leading research we're doing here at the Forum into inclusive growth and looking at ways policymakers and other actors can intervene positively to drive growth but good quality inclusive growth. Last but not least Primozili, Malambu and Cuka I'm very proud to say as our co-chair this year's meeting welcome, Maam, the Executive Director of UN Women and again a very vocal supporter of this cause. Eddie, I'm going to ask you first of all to talk a little bit about your campaign. Yn y ddweud y ddwylliant, y cyfnod yma, hanfyddiwch am y cyfnodol yma, ac roeddwn yn ddigonol ym hyd yn ddweud yma. Roeddwn i'n meddwl ymddangosol ar y cyfnodol arferfynol. Yma yn ymddangosol ac yn ymddangosol ar y cyfnodol. Yn ymddangosol ac arferfynol i'w cyfnodol, ymddangosol ar y cyfnodol ar gyfer cyfnodol, yn y cyfnodol a'r cyfnodol yma, of young people throughout Africa. The Africa Not for Sale campaign is motivated by the realization that the Africa Rising narrative, when looked at through the lens of human rights, is in contradiction often times with the reality on the ground. And this contradiction, this proportionate effects Africa's youth who have been left behind. As many of us know by the year 2025, one in four young people will be from sub-Saharan Africa. Yet when we look at within the context of the human rights landscape, young people are often disenfranchised along the lines of unemployment, poverty and inequality. And so it is this contradiction, this disjuncture between rhetoric and practice, which we seek to address through the Africa Not for Sale campaign. And so our campaign is important because it seeks to peel back the layers of the Africa Rising narrative and reveal the truth that is buried beneath the hype, that Africa cannot possibly rise without Africans themselves rising as well. That growth that is premised on exploitation and economic devastation is not the sort of growth worth promoting. So through the Africa Not for Sale campaign, young people, Africa's youth, we are saying that development and justice are not mutually exclusive, but rather are an interlocking part of the development process. Africa Not for Sale is important because simply put, the future of Africa's youth is at stake if we do not address and amplify our collective voice. When we talk about Africa Not for Sale, we do not mean that Africa is not for investment. Rather, we are calling for investment that is predicated on ethical, transparent, accountable and youth-inclusive modes of governance. Africa's youth are not seeking permission from any individual or any institution. We are diagnosing the problem and prescribing solutions. Accordingly, through the Africa Not for Sale campaign, we are calling on multinational corporations and African leaders to stop auctioning off our future in the name of a growth model that is exclusionary and expand Africa Rising to ensure that human development and human rights is promoted at the forefront of a regional agenda. Amnesty International convened a two-day roundtable dialogue in April where we invited young human rights champions from across Africa to think through the state of Africa's youth in the era of Africa Rising until we developed five recommendations that we seek to promote as part and parcel of this campaign. We are going after the future we want and what do we want. We want a mobile Africa. We are calling on leaders to open up Africa's borders and develop and implement progressive migration policies in the interest of a mobile continent in order to protect and promote freedom of movement, mobility rights and the right to travel. We want an online Africa. We want leaders to promote and protect the right to information and the right to access justice through the development and adoption of an AU charter on internet rights and freedom in the interests of an online Africa. We want an ethical and transparent Africa. We would like leaders to promote and strengthen the regulation of illicit financial flows and corporate tax avoidance through the establishment of an independent continental body that monitors and tracks such practices in the interests of an ethical and transparent Africa. We want a non disposable Africa. We want our leaders to promote and strengthen the regulation of large scale land acquisitions through the establishment of an independent continental body that monitors and tracks land grabs and force evictions in the interest of an Africa where communities are not disposed of and their right to life is protected. And finally, we want an imaginative Africa. We want our leaders to promote and protect the rights, to promote and protect the arts as a site for the promotion of freedom of expression through investment in the creative industries in the interest of cultivating an imaginative Africa that is grounded in human rights. So, ladies and gentlemen, I will say to you that Africa's future is at stake. But having said that, I am very optimistic because young people throughout the continent are amplifying their voices and we are going after the future we want. Thank you. Winnie, what are your views on the fair international development financing and the other campaigns that you're leading which will hopefully drive us towards fairer financing and investment for inclusive growth? Thank you, Ollie. Is this working? It is working, sure. And I really concur with everything that Ndopoul has said so eloquently. And fellow panellists, I'm very pleased to be on this panel today that puts the people of Africa front and centre, young people and women in particular, because what is growth for if it's not to help ordinary people to thrive? I want to start my remarks by noting that the global inequality crisis has taken root here in Africa as well, just as it has across the world. When I co-chaired the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos early this year, I told the media that 80 people in the world have the same combined wealth as the 3.5 billion poorest. Now the World Bank has found that the 10 richest Africans own the same as the poorest half of the continent, over half a billion people. 10, you can count on my hands, own as much as the poorest half of the continent, 500 million people. And amongst these, of course, it's women who are hit hardest. In sub-Saharan Africa, because they earn 30% less than men. So this whole thing begs, this whole narrative of Africa rising begs a question, rising for who, rising with who. So there are many of us who seek to challenge the idea that inequality is an inevitable consequence of growth and development in Africa. Oxfam is challenging this with our Even It Up campaign. But we're not alone. We are witnessing an important shift in thinking and a growing recognition that inequality is not the unfortunate price of strong economic growth. It's actually bad for growth. It slows growth. And inequality is not just a problem for those at the bottom. It harms our soul. Oxfam produced a report this week that warns that too much of Africa's growth is failing to reach its poorest people. Part of this, we can blame it to the corrosive relationship between wealth and power that undermines our politics. It is wrong that in Africa so many leaders use their government positions to amass great personal wealth. And in turn, they use that wealth to influence politics. This is wrong. But it's happening across the continent. It's also the case though that Africa is still losing a lot of money through a global financing system that makes our continent a net creditor to the rest of the world. Oxfam has found that Africa was cheated out of $11 billion in 2010 through what is called trade mispricing. This is just one of the tricks used by multinational companies to reduce their tax bills. Just one of their tricks. This $11 billion is equivalent to more than six times the amount of money you would need to provide primary health care to the four countries that are hit by Ebola, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. Six times the amount of money to solve the health problems of those four countries, health care, was lost just through one trick that the international multinationals can use to get out of their profits without being taxed. So add to this all the other tax avoidance tricks and other ways of illicit that illicit financial flaws happen. Add in tax incentives, tax breaks, tax holidays and so on. It's clear that unless we tackle these, the rich world is gaining most from Africa's progress. It's not the ordinary people. So next month the financing for development conference is taking place on this continent in Addisababa. It's critical that our leaders go there and demand for a reform of the global tax system, the closing of these loopholes that enable Africa to lose. I will end by highlighting three things that we urge African ministers to do in Addisababa. First, to turn up. To turn up at a high level, to give strong political participation, be there at the head of state level or at least minister of finance level, to put their weight behind the call for real global tax reform of that global tax system. In particular, demand for an inter-governmental tax body that includes all countries as equal members to establish international tax cooperation and to stop this tax evasion and avoidance through harmful tax competition. Third, put the money towards reducing economic and social inequalities and poverty. This means spending on public services, giving our people quality healthcare, quality education, our young people and investing sustainable agriculture, small scale food production and citizens' efforts to hold their governments accountable. I thank you. Thank you, Winnie. Jennifer, we've at the forum been flagging income inequality and our global risks now. I think it's 2010, so it's been rising up on the radar amongst the communities that we convene at our annual meetings and virtually throughout the year. That's led to you and your team here at the forum leading a research project on inclusive growth. Tell us a bit more about that. Okay. Well, I just say that it's definitely true that income inequality has been high on the forum's agenda for some time. It's true that it has come through the global risks report, which has placed income inequality, excessive income inequality at the top of the risks for several years, as you mentioned. This is because it's so, well, it's an excessively dangerous risk, but also that it's highly interlinked with a lot of other risks, socioeconomic risks, things such as obviously unemployment and underemployment, but also excessive issues in the society, such as societal unrest. But it's important to keep in mind that, although that has come up as an important risk, business leaders and political leaders in Davos and elsewhere have been telling us that they want us to work on this issue because they're seeing it as a bottom line and top line issue right now. This is because not only does it have a potential impact on societal unrest, but it's just affecting things like consumption. When you're squeezing the middle class, people are not even consuming, and so it's basically pretty much mathematically holding back growth. And so this is something that we've been looking at very closely in work that we've been doing with my colleague Gemma, who's in the front row. And if people have interesting, or questions later, Gemma can give some details. But basically, everybody knows that they want inclusive growth. We've heard this a lot at the meeting over the last few days, but it's not clear what to do about it. A lot of people have different ideas, but what do you do in terms of actual policy levers to take care of it? And that's what we're really trying to understand in this work. Because if you think about it, if you think about inclusiveness and growth, and if you thought about a Venn diagram with two circles and what is the overlapping shaded area, there's actually a lot more in there than you'd expect. A lot of people will talk about taxation and transfers, or they'll talk about eventually education. That has come up a lot. And those things are important, but there are many other things that are very important, both for driving growth and for improving inclusivity in the economy. And these are things that I think are obvious, but people don't necessarily think about, such as a lack of corruption. There's nothing worse, I think, if you think about something that's driving exclusion as well as holding back growth as corruption in the economy, for example. Entrepreneurship, great for growth as well as inclusion. Access to basic services and so on and so forth. So what we're doing is we're laying out the landscape of the different policy levers and efforts that can be made by business and government and civil society in order to improve inclusivity. And we'll be coming out with that report in early September. So that will really be our contribution. So then what are we going to do with this? I mean, we're a platform for discussion. That's what's happening here right now. So what we'll do is we'll pull all this together also with the work on competitiveness. That's sort of our traditional analysis of productivity enhancers. And we're putting together what we're calling a global challenge initiative, which is really a priority of the World Economic Forum. We've picked nine or 10 areas that we're really going to focus on. Economic growth and social inclusion is one of those where we will pull all of this together also with some good practices that we're identifying together with Harvard and a few other of our partners in order to really put some meat on the bones of this. What do you actually do about it? And so I think throughout the next year, and actually I'd say throughout probably the next several years, we'll be convening discussions both at the global level and also at the regional level in order to understand and try to spur actual projects that will improve social inclusion and inclusive growth and have a better understanding of what actually drives that. Clearly it's been a huge topic of conversation here. It's come up over and over again and what we're hoping is that in the next couple of years we'll have a much better understanding of what actually does drive inclusive growth in different countries and that will help in the process of actually making some progress in that area. Thanks Jennifer. We are often here of course as a need for data. If you can't measure, you can't improve. Pymzile, Rambun, Cucko, again, this is a topic dear to your heart. Tell us a bit about what the work you're doing at UN Women. Well, I mean, I think maybe to start by saying that of the biggest problems that we're dealing with in the 21st century and what we aspire to achieve cannot be achieved without us addressing this issue of inclusive development and growth, whether we're talking about environmental degradation, whether we are talking about sustainably and significantly addressing poverty, whether we are talking about closing the inequality gap and whether we're talking about having sustainable peace. These are all of the big issues that are dominating us and there is no way we can really address these issues. If you think about environmental degradation, this is a people's issue. People need to be resilient in order for them to survive environmental disasters but also to protect the environment. If we do not invest significantly in education, if we do not significantly invest in infrastructure that also protects the environment so that women and girls are not expected to be the ones that must shoulder the responsibility of absence of energy, the converse of that with that we exacerbate environmental degradation. If we talk about poverty and as we never saying the fact that you've got so many poor people and so few that have got the means, not unless we invest significantly in the redistribution of resources through public goods, education, health in order to make more people to be able to fight to fend for themselves and to rise within what is possible in their countries, these big 21st century issues would not be addressed. If we talk about peace, I think something that for us in Africa is also a big issue because we've got so many conflict flesh points. We have so much of radicalisation of young people. We see so many young people in Africa trying to run away from Africa prepared to die in the middle of the sea running away from their own continent. How can we have a situation where our young people are being put through and women and everybody through so much trauma and yet we do not have a bigger plan of how we're going to address this. I guess the kind of work that we are trying to do as the UN women is to work with the constituency that is most affected, which is one that we have a mandate to service, which is women. We cannot do that effectively, not unless the policies that we adopt in our countries and that the private sector also has got an appetite to actually make these changes happen. Some of the policies that we are wanting our governments to adopt on the continent would start with ensuring that, for instance, as we are moving towards the sustainable development goal, we have got to invest in girls' education, so that we do not have so many girls that are dropping out of school, so that we do not have so many girls that are likely to have early pregnancies, and that we do not have so many girls that are likely to be victims of early marriages. In many of our countries, even where we have legislation, the legislation is not deliberate enough, it's not being implemented enough, so we still have these abuses on the girls. The same thing if we do not have the girls in significant numbers getting into the mainstream economy becoming vibrant citizens, the kind of energy that is required to make the pie bigger for everybody is not going to happen. I know you've got to be pressed for time, so I guess the point that I'm saying is that the deliberativeness of the policies so that they address these issues, we don't treat them as side issues, because there's a tendency to think that issues around youth, issues around women, these are not mainstream issues. The mainstream issues is foreign direct investment. Youth is the mainstream, women is the mainstream, and that is what we have to be much more deliberate about, and then the other things are going to fall into place. I think that's the short story for me, targeting and being deliberate. Thank you. Now, we have to have a hard finisher, a hard pass. Any questions? Gentleman here, please. Could you just give us your name, sir, and where you're from? Andre Leroux from Namibia. We talk about inclusive growth, and you pointed out FDI, but the criteria sometimes is good governance, inclusive growth in economies, yet you find that certain countries, only certain countries in Africa get the FDI. How do you change that focus that that's to promote growth in all of Africa? How do we channel FDI towards inclusivity? Anyone right to take a stab at that I think that you have to understand how investors see a country for their investment. It's very important that first of all we tackle unhealthy tax competition because some of it is driven by really putting countries in a situation where they are racing to the bottom, giving literally permission to companies to generate, to do their economic activity without being taxed. So we need to plug that loophole of unhealthy tax competition. It requires that our countries cooperate and establish some rules that don't push them to do that. That's one. But two, also our countries must be hospitable to people and invest as a human being who wants to come with his family, put his kids to school, go to a nice restaurant and enjoy life. Some of our countries people cannot live properly, cannot live dignified lives because of repression, because of denial of rights. You cannot read a newspaper. The paper must write only about the president and his family. It cannot criticize. So having a free environment where people have free speech, freedom of movement, association, these rights are important for investors too. So I think it's about that enabling environment and investors like to think enabling environment as an environment where they don't pay taxes. For me an enabling environment is one where people enjoy freedom to be creative. Jennifer, do you want to make a very quick comment there? I want to have the same time for this gentleman here. Okay, I would just add to that that there's one thing that's very important in Africa, which is it's clear that the FDI has mostly gone either to the oil producers, maybe that's going down a little bit, or to South Africa. But a lot of this is because these are very small economies, right? And in order to attract more investors, I think regional integration is critical, which includes investment in infrastructure, etc. But in order to make, you know, the investments viable, Africa really needs to work on this. And that's also good for growth more generally. I mean, this is like the free movement of people, you know, that we were talking about earlier. I say that's one thing. The other thing is very practically something that's being discussed a lot and that I think is going to be discussed in Addis next month is the whole idea of things like blended finance. I mean, you have got to make it less risky for investors to invest. You know, they have to feel that they're actually investing in something where they're going to recruit something afterwards. And so, you know, I think a combination of some of the things that Africa can do for itself, and then what the investment community can do. And I'd say, you know, some of the international institutions and the governments in order to make it more attractive and less risky to invest. Thanks. Sir. It will work. I'm Arthur from EDMFM in George. Dr Moga, you mentioned that it's very important to invest in health education. Don't you think it's going to be difficult to invest, especially for example in South Africa, we have rural areas in the eastern Cape, and for example in town, there are those here in town. Do you think it will be difficult to reach those living in rural areas, to invest to those living in rural areas? You mean by foreign investors? Well, I don't know if the rural development has to be the responsibility of a foreign investor. I think that it has to be the responsibility of our governments. But I think the important piece for the investor in what happens in the rural areas is the supply of skills. If our governments are able to invest in rural areas in the development of the people in enhanced human capital, then it means that from the rural areas we can actually get people who have got the skills that the investors are looking for. And then of course the improvement of infrastructure. If you think about mining, most of the mines are located in the most rural and isolated area, and infrastructure helps for them to be accessible. And we also need to, in the case of South Africa where we do have legislation that requires them to invest in the localities, in communities where they are mines or care. They can invest in those communities so that the mine is not an isolated aisle of prosperity around a community that has got nothing. And again, we have to enforce the laws that we have which requires the mines to do that. Very quickly, Winnie. We have to ask the question also, who is an investor? The African farmer is an investor and is investing on his land, his labour and producing what Africa exports. But this one, the foreign investor comes, gets free land many times, is allowed to externalize his profits, gets concessionary loans, has it all, both from governments, from lending institutions, what does the farmer get? The African farmer. That's the real investor who should be invested in to increase his productivity. So really, governments need to step up in supporting the small holder farmer, particularly the woman farmer, helping them with the infrastructure, the water, the energy for rural productivity, the technology. I mean, the credit for farmers. All that is not there. They are investing but they are unsupported. Thank you, Winnie. We are running over time hideously, but I do want to go back to Eddie and your campaign. Lot of things you mentioned, mobility, better online access, digital dividend, creative industries. This is a lot of governance, good regulation, transparencies, a lot of a shared agenda with business. Are you having any good progress talking to the business community with your campaign so far? Well, yes, but I think part of our call to action is to ensure that there is active and meaningful participation of young people. So it's not just a question of listening to young people but actually having young people in the decision making process where they are able to amplify their voice accordingly. And so I think part of the challenge with the youth engagement discourse is that we often have young people participating on the sidelines but are rarely seen as agents of the development process. And so that is at the heart of the campaign. So they are speaking with business leaders, speaking with government leaders, speaking with civil society leaders to ensure that we are not just listening to young people but actively amplifying our collective voice so that we are part of that decision making process. Thank you, Eddie. Well, thank you all very, very much, Eddie. Thank you for joining us and thank you also to our audience online. This issue briefing is now closed. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much.