 My name is Don Tao. I will serve as your host for tonight's program. Tonight's program is on Chinese American experience in the United States, 20th and 21st centuries. As we discussed in the last two weeks, the most important question facing the world today is whether our world is moving toward war or moving toward peace. Since the United States and China are the two most powerful countries in the world, the relationship between the United States and China is key to the question, are we moving toward war or moving toward peace. Unfortunately, the Western Basin media and the United States government are now on a program to demonize China. However, their accusations are not based on truth, but mostly on fabrications. But there are dangerous implications for these fabricated accusations. They increase tension between the United States and China and result in serious consequences, which are not good, not only for Chinese Americans, but also not good for Americans in general, and also not good for all the citizens of the world. The end result is that critical resources will be allocated to the military and wars, instead of using those valuable resources to improve our economy, to rebuild our crumbling infrastructure, to work on global problems like climate change, pandemic, terrorism, poverty, illiteracy, discrimination, and fight against war and promote peace. Therefore, this demonization of China must not be left unchallenged, otherwise we will never achieve our objective of moving the world toward peace. That's why we are organizing a series of educational webinars to help people understand that such demonization of China is not based on truth, and even more importantly, they are not good for Americans and also not good for all the people of the world. To understand current U.S.-China relationship, we need to understand the historical relationship between United States and China, and the evolution of that relationship, and how the world has changed in the past 50 years or so. To understand the historical development of United States-China relationship, we also need to understand how China was treated by the foreign powers, including the United States. Therefore, we need to discuss modern Chinese history, how China is treated by the United States is very much related to how Chinese Americans are treated in the United States, and therefore we also need to discuss the experience of Chinese Americans in the United States. That's why this series of webinars revolve around the three topics, Chinese American experience in the United States, modern Chinese history, and U.S.-China relationship. We hope that these educational webinars will help people understand why we should not rely on war to solve our differences. Instead, the world's two most powerful countries should be working cooperatively on a win-win approach to improve the whole world, rather than destroying the world for our children and grandchildren. We hope that you will join these peace-promoting organizations like our co-sponsors to keep moving the world toward peace. Thank you. Now we will start tonight's program on the topic of Chinese American experience in the United States for the 20th and 21st centuries. Okay. But before I do that, I want to mention that we are two speakers tonight and the session will be chaired by Judge Lien Shing. Lien is going to say a few words about tonight's program, and then she'll introduce the two speakers. Before I hand the floor over to Lien, let me say a few words about Lien. Lien is the first Asian American female judge in Northern California. She's a co-founder of Rape and Nanking Regist Coalition, a comfort woman justice coalition, and a Chinese for affirmative action. Lien, the floor is yours. Thank you, Don. Good afternoon to the California's and good evening to New Yorkers and wherever you are around the world. Thank you for joining us. I'm really delighted and honored to be here tonight and today. You are in for a real good treat. We have two of the most renowned experts in the area of Asian American studies. And like Don said, in order to understand today, you need to know about the past. You know, a very important philosopher George Santayana said, those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. Unfortunately, our leaders, our government, and those who make decisions on our behalf, either towards peace or towards war, has not learned from the past and from history. That's why we need to focus on the past over and over again to teach the past, and hopefully the present people will learn about a past and not commit the same mistake. The topic tonight is really important. And we have two professors, and usually professors are boring lecturers, but I can assure you, tonight's professors are anything but that. I first want to introduce Professor Russell John to you. Professor Russell John is with the Asian American studies at San Francisco State University. He is an author of books and articles on race and religion. He's written family sacrifices, the world views and ethics of Chinese Americans, Oxford Press, mountain movers, student activism and emergence of Asian American studies at home and exile. I think that is probably what is most relevant for tonight's program. I want to thank Jesus, among my ancestors and refugee neighbors. This year, actually in March 2020, Dr. Jen co founded stop API hates with Chinese affirmative action and the Asian Pacific Policy and Planning Council attracts incidents of COVID-19 discrimination to develop policy interventions and long term solutions to racism. Dr. John has really made it. He is selected by time magazine as one of the top 100 influential persons of 2021. And I don't know of anyone else except the co founders of API hate organization, who have been selected for social from the community and talk and social activists to be one of the top 100 influential persons of by time magazine. API was also awarded the 2021 webby award for social movement of the year. So, Dr. John, we're so pleased to be in your presence, you are someone that now I can say I know him. Now I'm going to do. Professor link you Wang. This is a hard one, because I've known, links you for over 50 years, five decades. I can't wait to start to introduce Professor link to Wang. I can tell you from personal experience and from all the work that he's done. He is probably one of the most brilliant persons. I know, and many other people know. He's like a walking encyclopedia and can tell you anything you want to know about anything, not only about Chinese American history, global and local politics, but also about why pop operas. And movies. I've had very few of you know that link she is a wine kind of soul, and loves movies, especially film a lot. Unlike some of you may think that she is really quite sociable and loves to eat, drink and be married. So we're going to have a good time with me tonight. What I admire the most about link she is his unwavering passion to help Chinese Americans fight for justice. We all know he started a UCB's ethnic and Asian American studies, taught his first ethnic studies class, and chair the Department of Ethnic Studies. But some of you may not know that his impact at UCB goes way beyond the classrooms and the ethnic studies department. In the late 70s, he observed a disproportionate drop of Asian Americans at UCB. Yes, a drop in enrollment. And he sense the UCB's admission policies may be setting a ceiling of Asian American enrollment. He formed the Asian American Task Force on UCB emissions to study the effects of emission policies on Asian enrollment. He inspired and persuaded judge can call each and myself to co chair the committee. And he was able to see the effects of intensive investigation with successfully got Chancellor Ira Hainan to publicly apologize for UCB's adverse emission policies, and he was able to push the college board to develop SAT scholastic achievement test for Asian languages. Before that, you could take a test for Hebrew, but not for Asian languages, not for Chinese. So, today, if you walk on UCB campus, you may never know that these issues exist. But it was because of link she's advocacy that we have the kind of Asian Americans enrollment at UCB. Now, link she's vision to promote the rights of linguistic minorities by language education for immigrant students across the United States, go way beyond what we know about him. He was also instrumental in working with a very brilliant lawyer as diamond to bring about a landmark case called loud versus nickels. Nicholas was a unanimous decision by the United States Supreme Court, at which held that this California school must provide bilingual education to help non native English speaking students in our legal community. Loud versus nickel is as much a landmark position as Brown versus Board of Education, which held their racial segregation of children and public schools was unconstitution. No, therefore, for us, loud versus nickels is just as important for all the immigrants who come to United States and learn English. Thank you all for doing that. Lynch has received numerous awards and lifetime achievements certificates of all kinds, and I don't have time to mention them here. You've got to be. Yeah, we've got to work harder to get your name also recognized by time magazine. But, you know, most of the mainstream media would not recognize someone like you, or me, or judge early 10. But because of Russell young and see is great work in stop Asian anti Asian hate violence. Time magazine is finally getting onto the bandwagon and starting to recognize some of us. I hope to see you be recognized as men of the year, and also maybe one day, like Fred Karamatsu, we have a California day for lynchee Wang. All right, I've signed up places for lynchee and I think I've embarrassed him greatly. However, I had the prerogative doing that because I know him so long, and the godmother of this youngest daughter way in. Now let's go back to the program and large. We're going to have two sections lynchee will start with talking about the past, mostly about the one holy case, the mercantism of the 1950s, and then, and then followed by Russell young on the recent anti Asian American hate violence cases and what we should do about them. That was way too generous. And certainly, I do not deserve all that, you know, positive comments because, you know, what I have done could not have been done without a lot of people involved. And I see myself more or less as a facilitator. And, but let me go on to tonight's topic. You know, it's a very tall order to talk about, you know, Chinese American experience in the 20th and 21st century. In the last session two weeks ago I talked about the, you know, essentially Chinese experience in the 19th century. And that experience was mostly of the other working class people who came to the United States to do all the dirty work that needed to be done in order to develop California to what it is today. And I have suggested that the Chinese labor was really the most indispensable factor in the development of what California is today for the end of 19th century, not only in gold rush and other by the way other mining activities to our California and the west. But also, of course, the transcontinental railroad construction and subsequently all the railroad networks, the southern route, the northern route, Canadian transnational transcontinental. You know, they were all, you know, really, I think we are what we are today. Essentially, we built our, you know, we built on the back of the Chinese working class people. They were nameless and faceless, but nevertheless, their contribution was indispensable. And yet, the reward for their contributions was of course, the enactment of Chinese exclusion law, beginning in 1882. Most people think of 1882 as if it was the only exclusion law, but actually, after that Congress enacted another 14 Chinese exclusion laws to pluck up all the loopholes and to make sure that Chinese those who are here remain discriminated and miserable and so intolerable that they will eventually go back and that's why one of the Chinese commentator at that time suggested that, you know, this is not exclusion. This is really extermination, because the Chinese populations, unlike most immigrants, for one generation, their numbers increased Chinese immigration, a Chinese population figure actually, when the opposite way from 1882 on, they were dived. And to from, from about 100, a little bit over 100,000 to about 60 70,000 in the first two decades of the 20th centuries. And that's why there's that, you know, that exclusion. So those exclusion law, thank God, finally repealed in 1943. At the height of the Second World War, President Roosevelt needed China to help defeat Japan. And, but Roosevelt wanted to defeat the German first in Europe. So his policy was Europe first, Asia second. And so he, wait, you know, he put all the weight on engaging Japan, wearing them down in China. And, but the Japanese were very clever. They use the Chinese exclusion laws of 15 exclusion laws to drop leave less broadcast radio all throughout China to undermine the morale of the Chinese soldier and told, and told the Chinese Americans, you should be fighting with us, because we are Asia for Asia for Asians, not Asian for Americans. And, and that prompted President Roosevelt and Congress to quickly on a fast track to try to repeal the Chinese those 15 exclusion law which he finally succeeded in 1943. But did that really open the door for Chinese to come into the United States. Not at all. Congress did not want to open the door at all. In fact, you know, they did not want to open the floodgate and invite what they got yellow peril. And so Congress did a very clever thing that we will only admit 110 of 1% of Chinese. The number of Chinese base on 1890 census, which turned out to be 105 a year. And that's how 105 Chinese began to be admitted at a time when over 90% of the Chinese population, only the working male, aging working male. And so it's really quite unfortunate that, but the exclusion continue by the way did not really finally repeal until 1965 immigration law. So it's hard to cover the 20th century. I think it's important to know that the exclusion log up repeal during the height of US China friendship America needed China to help defeat the Japanese, and we enacted the repeal law. No sooner was the wall had the wall ended. China entered into as five years civil war from 1945 to 1949. And it was a fight between two giants of the 20th century. The Chiang Kai-shek of the growing dump Nationalist Party, and the ruling party of China, and, you know, Chairman Mao Zedong, the Chinese Communist Party, which by the way had just celebrated, you know, it's a hundred anniversary, and the, even though Chiang Kai-shek army numbers in millions at the best equipment and tanks and everything supplied by the United States was very quickly defeated by the group of soldiers who really, you know, were very poor, and, and yet very determined, and also had the popular support and that's why, as soon as the war was over, the Chiang Kai-shek government collapse very very fast. And by 1949, Mao took over China, and very quickly overnight from being the friend of the United States, China became the number one enemy of the United States. And we devised a policy called containment of China by military, economic and political means. And we meant that trade embargo, you know, we were willing to sacrifice trade with China, and to try to prevent, to cause the collapse of China. And China, of course, did not collapse. In fact, it's still going very strong. And, and that, by the way, a given rise, of course, to the idea that the rise of China for the United States means the threat of China. And the state that we are now in is precisely that. But let me go back to the history. 20th century Chinese American immigrant that eventually came in, especially after 1965 were not the peasants and the working class people predominantly like the 19th century, but actually will very well education. The last time when I talk here, I suggest that American foreign policy was based on two very important missions. One is, of course, trade with China has always been and will continue to be the most important trade partner of the United States. In spite of all that, you know, hostility between the two, you know, China is still the number one trading partner of the United States. And the other major objective of our policy was to convert China by sending Christian missionaries, because we think that the best way to maintain a good relations with China was to convert Chinese heathenism into Christian Chinese Christianity. And, but that policy did not go well at all. One of the first people to discover that was none other than the Reverend William Spear of a questionary missionary sent to Kenton in the early and in the first half of the 19th century. And while he was there. He got tuberculosis and almost killed him. He came back to, to, to recuperate, and he successfully recovered in those days was rare. And after he recovered, he told a Christian church that, hey, instead of sending me back to China. Why don't you send me to California, San Francisco in particular, because all the Chinese immigrants are coming in, you know, for the gold rush. And it's better to convert the Chinese in California, and then to Christianity and then send them back to China so that they could help convert the rest of Chinese population to Christianity and also create the kind of government that we want the people have to have like ours, our type of government is what we want the Chinese to have. And that's those are the two things mission and trade. Continue from the founding fathers to this day to be the primary objectives of our foreign policy. Now we of course, no longer sense missionary. We have the 20th and 21st century missionaries. And these are the people who will preach human rights, who preach democracy, who please freedom, who please organize labor, labor environmental protection. All these are the 21st century American messages. Now the Chinese don't want those, you know, but they want to do it their own way. China have existed for over 4000 years, and they have their own way of doing things. Why should we a new born country, you know, whole history of the United States is actually shorter than the Qing dynasty, the last dynasty of the Chinese, you know, the plastic system before, you know, before Dr. Sanya said, you know, succeeded in overthrowing the Manchu emperor. So, and but the missionaries, they are turned out not to be very successful. But it was more successful to build some hospitals and build up school, and so that the Chinese will become better educated and become good Christians. And even that was not enough, because you know Chinese population is over a billion. And so they thought that one of the best way is to bring the Chinese students over from China, educate them in our school and train them and convert them into Christianity and send them back. And believe it or not, this particular model was very successful. It's been very successful since the, you know, since the 1970s in Taiwan. You know, Taiwan was ruled by the Chiang Kai-shek and his son under dictatorship, but eventually, you know, the dictatorship, the martial law got repealed. And in place of the dictators and the Chiang family, we now have, you know, if you look at the Taiwan president and the cabinet, almost most of them are American educated and educated in America. They think like Americans. And for the first time that our leaders can say that we can pick up the phone and talk in English with the political leaders in Taiwan and tell them what we want. And, and so, you know, so this is now here's what I was going to say, you know, in the in the top topic for today, you notice that our host downtown put in people like, you know, Vincent Chen and Wenhe Li. You know, and most of the people he had mentioned before, although not by name, were actually educated in the United States. Vincent Chen came to the United States for education. Wenhe Li graduated born and raised and educated in Taiwan, came over to the United States, and got his PhD in mechanical engineering, and then started working initially for Los Alamos National Laboratory, dealing with the most advanced weaponry United States, multiple warhead, nuclear devices, and, you know, people like that. Now, but there is a long story behind the students who came to America. And in fact, one holy case came out when it first came out in appear on the New York Times in 1969. Sorry, in 1999, in the front page of the New York Times. He was really, you know, not the only one. And in fact, he was very quickly compared certainly by me to another Chinese scientist. He was not an aeronautic engineer, but the name of Chen Xiexin. Most of you, that name means nothing probably, but to me, also all the Chinese in China, they know who he was. He was considered the father of Chinese rocketry. He, he came to the United States and went to school at MIT. And then eventually got tenure by the way at MIT in one year, and then, you know, got his PhD from Caltech, and, you know, very well known. And in fact, one of the foremost American rocket scientists in the end during the war, and he was sent by our government to study successful German rockets at deck in London. And in fact, he even got sent to Germany to interview the German scientists, rocket scientists. So he was. Well, to tell you how important he was to us. Yes, you have so many great stories. And so interesting. The problem is, it is when you need some time for Professor John. Yes, back to one of the story. Okay, one of the was accused, like many Chinese scientists of being an including Chen Xiexin in 1950 of being a spy, you know, possible spy for China. And of course, and but during the McCarthy era, Professor Chen was accused of being a fellow traveler, a communist sympathizer. And so even though he had military contracts with Army Navy and Air Force to develop rockets for them. He immediately lost his, all the contracts put under house arrest for five years, and then eventually used to trade for about a dozen or so American POW from Korean War in 1955. And he was able to do so because of a lawsuit filed by another Chinese scientist who came over to the United States got his PhD in oceanography. And he wanted to go back to China after 1949, after mountain over China and the United States at that time they were about four to 5000 very prominent top tier Chinese scientists in the United States. They were studying, they were saying over by Chiang Kai-shek to study and then go back to help China modernize. Well, our government decided these two, these people are too valuable to be sent back to China. And so they got retained, along with this rocket scientist, Chen Xiexin. And, but Mr. Han, no, Han Lee, Mount Han Lee, who, who sue, because he wanted to go back. He successfully challenging American government's ability to retain them, even though they wanted to exclude Chinese to be at that time, still. And yet they wanted to be deported, but they would not let them go back. So he successfully challenged that policy, and he was eventually he won. And as a result of that, we use Chen to negotiate for the prisoner exchange with the POW on Korean War. So you could see that, you know, we have good ideas about allowing China to send a lot of people here to become trained by the United States and then send them back to gradually to China. But the problem is that we always managed to shoot our own feet, just like who we are doing now about dealings with China. We did that during the McCarthy era, put all the Chinese American under suspicion. And seeing Chinese American became synonymous with espionage and treason. I think that's a very good point. Deported because of that. And they use INS, IRS, use CIA. You know, it's just tragic the way that we treated the Chinese who came here, who are the cream of China, who were the backbone of America's superiority in science and technology in the 22nd half of the 20th century. And now, you know, a lot of it because of the Chinese scientists. Professor, Professor Wong, I think we need to save some time for Professor Jones. I think there's a very good leading into what Professor Jones going to talk about, which is American Chinese American scientists, and how they are being treated today. No, no, I think it's a really important case and I just want to add that when only was put into solitary confinement for 278 days, and he was constantly shackled, as if he was going to be such a danger to our country. It was a day that he was free to walk. Right. And so he was treated terribly. But in the end, the government only got one, got one guilty plea from her and that has nothing to do with espionage has nothing to do with spine. And the judge actually apologized to my holy, I want to say one thing about the judge, but I'm a judge, and sometimes we can let be led astray. The judge said he was led astray by the Department of Justice by the FBI, and by as the United States attorney. So that's the problem in some of these court cases, just like Fred Karamaz was conviction when Marilyn Patel granted his position for justice, because the government was misled, and was led astray. So, Russell, maybe you can tell us now, but how the government is leading astray, not only us, the public, but Biden, the administration in bringing about this China initiative in charging these Chinese scientists who are just as brilliant as the ones that Professor Rachel Rand has mentioned. And what, what are we doing to them, how are we treating them, and what is that effect due to our government and the US-China relationship. Thank you, John. Thanks, Judge Singh and thank you Professor Wang for giving us a history about the yellow peril fear of both workers were seen to threaten white workers jobs and now from Chinese scientists are seen to be agents of espionage and threatening America by stealing security secrets and technology secrets. So if we know our history, we're seeing history repeat itself, like Judge Singh just said right now, even today in 2021, the exact same pattern is continuing and I'm going to explain quickly and maybe seven minutes of what's happening currently, where we see history repeating itself so I'll just share a screen here. In the last two sessions, we've learned about the consequences of the yellow peril and how that's led to anti-Asian hate. And for me, there have been two main sources of this racism and two main impacts. The first source of the racism is a perpetual foreigner stereotyping that Chinese and Asians don't belong, we're unassomable, we're disease-ridden, and we're, because we're Oriental, we're exotic and different. Because of that stereotype that we're outsiders who don't belong, we see this current surge of racism today. And as an example, we have Bali Kung and his son who were slashed in Texas because they were seen to be Chinese and to have brought COVID-19. Bali isn't even Chinese, but he's a refugee from Burma, and yet he is perceived as being Chinese as an outsider with a disease and therefore to be excluded, like Professor Wong, not even excluded, but the policy of extermination, so they tried to kill him. So this perpetual foreigner stereotype is one source of racism that we as Asians are seen as outsiders who don't belong. The second source of racism that we're seeing today that we've been talking about in this series is how U.S.-China relations and how China is perceived as a nation has led to institutionalized exclusionary policies even today. And example is Professor Chen here, who is an MAT professor and arrested for fraud. And so I'll quickly give you the policies that have been creating this sort of state of yellow peril and having a chilling effect, especially on Chinese scientists first. So what happened to Wenho Li being arrested, being suspected as being a spy, happened to Professor Xi Xiaoxing in Temple University, and then it continued. And actually that policy of investigating Chinese in particular was actually made formal in the Department of Justice China Initiative in 2018. The FBI Director Chris Ray says no country presents a broader, more severe threat to our ideas, innovation, and economic security than China. And so it's just named the China Initiative and clearly racially profiles Chinese. It has an overreach effect rather than investigating individuals, this policy and its approach and its practice is to investigate Chinese overall and then trying to ensnare people within its net. Its ostensible goals are to identify trade secret theft, to have an enforcement strategy concerning nontraditional collectors of information that includes especially researchers and scientists. So they are focusing our researchers and scientists. I'm trying to focus on trade. They also focus on the university level. And so given these goals and given this fear, the Seattle peril fear. The FBI has been surveilling Chinese Americans in particular, throwing a wide net, looking for theft, or both of technology or weaponry. Unfortunately, what's happened is that there are a lot of like when hopefully a lot of false positives. They believe these Chinese Chinese scientists are espionage agents, but the false positive is that they're wrong. And they deprive these Chinese Americans of their civil rights, ruin, actually, their finances, ruin their careers, traumatize their families. So Professor Xi Shaoxing here, again, he was arrested at eight months. All charges were dropped. So again, it was a spurious case. What happened to Professor on Ming who they investigated him for two years surveilled him. And finally, they arrest him as for fraud. But again, that case gets dismissed in a day. So they're looking for espionage and trade secrets, but they can't find any so instead they're arresting Chinese scientists for fraud. That's what happened to Professor Xi. That's what happened to Professor who is currently after three years of this type of initiative, investigating thousands of Chinese Americans and Chinese researchers. This initiative has resulted in only 61 cases, and five of them are the ones that deal with actual economic economic espionage. But most of the cases deal with fraud. And what they're doing is they're catching Chinese on minor declaration purposes of how they have to disclose conflict of interest or disclose financial information and arresting them for that reason. Because they're arresting people for that. So five Chinese have lost their work. Again, they were innocent. These are minor infractions, yet they're losing their careers and their work. And again, that type of policy has led to a really a real chilling effect on the scientific community. In fact, again, these cases are really spurious. There's a clear overreach of the Justice Department and they actually dropped five cases, they've arrested them, yet had to drop them because they don't have any real evidence. So this is a concrete case of institutionalized racial profiling. It's in the name. The Department of Justice is employing the China initiative to surveil Chinese scientists and researchers to arrest them on minor charges. Oftentimes trumped up charges. And it's again, leading to the loss of civil rights and the careers of these Chinese scientists. At the same time, we know that the political rhetoric, not only has been institutionalized, but it's bashing China, like judging says has led to the bashing of Chinese people and those who look Chinese. So we had stopped a API hate have received over 9000 incidents of racism in the past year. And it's clearly our numbers are just a fraction of what's happening. The Pew Research Center said 45% of Asian Americans have experienced racism in the last year during COVID-19. So, I'll wrap up here, it's clear the yellow peril threat has been operationalized and institutionalized yet again history has repeat itself, both in governmental policies and in the interpersonal violence that Asian Americans are facing at the moment. Unfortunately, to wrap up, history is repeating itself, and that we've learned from history we as Asian Americans and we know that in every instance of discrimination, Asians have always fought back right we fought back during Chinese exclusion and engaged in civil disobedience. We fought for redress and reparations after Japanese American incarcerations. We fought against 911 detentions and deportations and today, I really see the Asian American community really learning from the third world liberation front and the San Francisco State Strike, learning from what we've done at the eye hotel and with Lyle versus Nichols working and building institutions like CAA. So, having that organizational background network having a knowledge of our history we've been really able to mobilize at this moment so I could talk more about that. Thank you, Professor John very much for being able to summarize so quickly all these important factors that are happening today. And nobody mentioned about the Vincent Chin case so I'm going to take the prerogative of the moderator and just briefly mentioned that he was killed murdered by two white men, because they think he was, he was Japanese, who was responsible for the auto industry economy. But what I really want to tell you is that judge who sentenced him only sent him to no time, but only the defendants were only to pay $3,000 and damages, not to him, but as serve three years probation. I want to say that because I want to bring into the present time, when one of my colleagues actually on the Santa Clara Superior Court, I work with them I know him. Judge Aaron Pruski was actually recalled by the public, because he was, he sentenced Brock Turner to only six months for raping a Stanford students. But what I want to bring into the focus is that the community's reaction today was to get together campaign against somebody that they feel was not correct in the sentencing, and yet Vincent Chin sentenced for 3000 license to kill was really never really dealt with politically. So that's a disparity of what's happening today from the past. And I think we need to mobilize our efforts and become more active and more action oriented. Now I'm going to turn to the questions from the audience and see what questions we have. There's one excellent question. You know, a lot of what we learned today is from the media. And what we hear is from the media, it shapes our minds, it shapes our thing, it shapes policies in the country. So, one of the viewers asked this question. How do we hold the media accountable for the misinformation and demonization of China. Would you like to proceed. Professor jump. Okay. Yeah, holding the media accountable for how they write about or represent China is really key. And so the Asian Pacific American Congressional caucus actually created and sent out guidelines of how both elected officials and the media should talk about China during this period of the US China Cold War. And this is what we recommended to at stop API hate instead of making blanket generalizations about China and the Chinese people. Instead, if they are going to critique China they have to critique it in terms of specific policies, like the Chinese government's policy regarding this is inappropriate for these reasons so specificity is really important because people don't make the distinction between China, Chinese government with Chinese culture and Chinese people and Chinese Americans and so being clear on those distinctions I think helps at least temper the backlash against China. The other thing that we've actually called for is to balance any criticism with China with an expression of peace of friendship of concern for Chinese people and its citizenry and so that's really key right again we don't want to create hostility between peoples, although we may want to challenge particular policies. And the other recommendation we wanted them to hold to us that if they are again, if they're going to China, they should always again temper that we're saying, but we do not condone racism and a backlash against Asian Americans so we've been trying to encourage media to have a better representation of both China in light of the current surge of racism. Thank you I'm going to now turn to Professor links you when to comment on that question as well because I remember way back in the early 70s 60s when we formed Chinese for affirmative action. One of the committees was media committee to see how the media can be more sensitive and cover Asian American issues in a more balanced fashion. And would you like to address the issues how can we get the media accountable for the misinformation and demonization of China. Well that's a very, very important question that you just asked, because, you know, on the eve of President Nixon's visit to Beijing in 1971. CBS News at one and a half hour long documentary called misunderstanding China, essentially to talk about how public in our government has been largely misled by a lot of racial prejudice misinformation, fake information. And, and how unprepared America was at that time to deal with a modern China, a China that's different from, you know, racist stereotypes, and it is very important that the American be educated for instance, you know, how many Americans know that China now have more than two billion doses minister against the coronavirus. How many Americans know that out of 1.4 billion people in China. Less than 3000 people, but 5000 people have died from the from from the virus. And why don't we know, you know, this is very unusual that the, you know, and I think that really, it has something to do with our racial prejudice. There's something to do, we are our unwillingness and inability to admit, yes, there are other countries besides us that is number one in the world. And that, and that really bothers me, because we're always caught by surprise. And, you know, China has vaccines working all over the world. There are more than Americans have been distributing throughout the world. And yet Americans are not being informed about that. Now why are we doing this. I mean why institutions such as the New York Times was imposed consistently try to keep American ignorant. I think it's very scary, because we are essentially allowing the government to manipulate the media, and then the trap that they are dissemination of information. Why do we do that. Well, we do that because we needed the public to go to support the policy that we are now going after China, that policy can only be supported. There's nothing but negative news about China and negative news about Chinese. And so we are actually the collateral damage of not only very proactive anti-China policy, but also by omission, you know, misinforming public about what is going on. So I think the media really need to think about what their role is in our society because it is rather alarming that we don't hear these things. I think this is why a program like this is so important. If the mainstream media doesn't cover these issues, we have to try to get our messages to the world in terms of having programs like this. And also maybe having to create our own news, our own put together, our own information. You know, social media is so important these days. A lot of people don't reach Washington Post anymore. Social media YouTube reach more people, young people than the major press media type. We need to use these alternative ways of communicating to the public about what real news is about Chinese Americans, China, US policies and so forth. So I think we are almost running out of time, but I like to conclude by saying this topic that we talked about today I hope we'll reach across the board to the government, and maybe we can influence public opinion on China, on US-China relationship. And this is one step towards peace and not war. So is there anything else you would like to conclude Professor Jiang? No, I'd just like to thank the organizers again. It's clear US-China relations, American foreign policy translates into the domestic status of Asian Americans racially. And so foreign policy has a direct relationship to our racial status. And so we need to continue this type of conversation. Thanks. Thank you. How about you Professor Wang, is there any one word of advice you want to give? I said too much already. No, you were excellent. Both of you were excellent. Thank you so much on behalf of this program. Thank you. And downtown, thank you very much for hosting this. Well, Lin Chi, Russell and Lillian, I want to thank you very much for leading us to relive this part of history, even though it's very painful to relive it. But in doing so, if, but if doing so can help others as well as us to understand that the injustices inflicted on Chinese Americans during the last two centuries are un-American and contrary to what this country is supposed to stand for and what this country wants to be. We want to emphasize that standing up for our rights is the true spirit of American democracy and that stopping such fabricated demonization of China is what true Americans should do and should be a product for doing so. In the last minute, I just want to show you what's coming next week and also the following five seminars after next week. So I want to show you one screen. Can you see my screen upcoming webinars? Yes. Okay. Next week, we're going to start two sessions on modern Chinese history. So next week, in the following week, Professor Ken Hemman will speak on modern Chinese history. Next week is on the 19th century. And the following week is on the 20th century. And then on October 27, Julie Tang will talk, give a talk on Hong Kong, and I will give a talk on Xinjiang. And then the following two weeks after that, George Koo will talk about US-China relationship, first the 19th century, and then the 20th and 21st centuries. And here with this in the second talk, you'll discuss the Chinese, the United States foreign policy toward China or the last three US presidents. And November 17, we will end our webinar series. If we talk by Sheila Xiao, who will speak on China, it's not US enemy. Before I finish, I want to let you know that we record all these webinars and the recordings, the video recording will be made available in YouTube. And the audio simulcast podcast will be made available. Usually they will be made available before the next webinar. And they will be announced, they will be sent to all the registrants, and it will be also be listed in the coalition piece initiative website. And if that website, where you can find this replays has already been posted in tonight's chat box. So I just want to thank all the speakers, especially Russell, Lin Chi, and Lillian as the moderator, and the audience for participating. And I hope that you all come back next week. Good night. Good night.