 students, we will talk in this module about the face and content validity. what is a face validity? a face validity is a type of validity in which an indicator makes sense as a mayor of a construct in the judgment of others especially in the scientific community. that is, we developed a scale to measure our own variable and the items used in that scale are so representative of the variable we check this first of all by discussing with the scientific community, by discussing the experts of that particular subject that is, do they think that the items that have been developed are representative of the variable or not? so for this scale, the scale is shared with them and the feedback is taken from them that what is their feedback in this regard so in this way we check its face validity for instance, do people believe that the definition and method of measurement fit in that is, we have made a scale and the theoretical definition of that variable and as we have conceptualized it, are they representative of each other in the eyes of experts or not? so this is checked in the face validity for instance, if I talk here that we have a variable of self-confidence so to measure self-confidence, we have given 7 to 10 items for the construct and we have shared those 7 to 10 items with the scientific community and we have requested them to let us tell what are the best 5 items to measure this variable so it is possible that different experts rank out that these 5 items are more suitable as compared to the other items so you can check which are the most suited items in your scale and you can keep 5 or 7 items in your scale and take data from them face validity is checked first from the data collection of the scale the other types of validity are done after the data is received but face validity is checked first from the data collection for instance, there is an example of math ability of the student so for this, it is possible that the students of secondary school and university there are different scales for them and to check their ability on the school level and university level we will develop a different scale and share it with the scientific community that how representative they are to assess the math ability of the student at the school level and at the university level the second type is content validity content validity is a type of measurement validity that requires a measure to represent all aspects of the conceptual definition of a construct so we will see in this that the theoretical definition what we have developed in the measure that all the dimensions of the theoretical definition or all the aspects we have converted in the scale so to check this, we will see content validity so there are three steps involved in content validity first step, specify the content in a construct definition i.e. we conceptualize it in the construct definition while we operationalize it that how we measure it sample from all areas of the definition i.e. we are making our definition so we will bring all the dimensions into our operational definition finally develop one or more indicators that tap all the parts of the definition so we make more indicators for this which we finalize in the scale for instance we have made 50 indicators and we have made 50 items from those 50 items i.e. we have made 25 or 20 items in the final scale so if we look at the content validity then we are checking the representation of the construct in the measure that the different dimensions of our construct i.e. D dimension 1, dimension 2 or dimension 3 are they being covered in our scale or not? in our measure i.e. i give an example of belief about feminism so we conceptually define this person's commitment to a set of beliefs creating full equality between men and women in areas of the arts, intellectual pursuits, family, work, politics and authority relations so to measure this the scale that will be made there will be questions like should men and women get equal pay for equal work should men and women share household tasks should men and women equally participate in sports should men and women equally participate in politics so this should men and women can become a prime minister of the country so in this way we will check this belief so in this we will cover every dimension the belief about feminism the different dimension of household equality your economic equality and political equality so if you are covering all those dimensions then we will say your content validity is high