 Lessons 20-25 from a Practical Arabic Course by E Nirmatullah and E Sheva-Lei. English text edited by E G Finch. Read for the LibriVox Language Learning Collection, volume 2. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Read by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Part 2. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises. 20th Lesson, Personal Pronouns, Vocabulary, The School, A School, Medorose, Medorose, A School, Medorose. The indefinite article A or N is not translated in Arabic. A University, Jamee'a, Jamee'a, A University, Jamee'a, or Kulliya, Kulliya, A University, Kulliya. The Class, El Firqah, El Firqah, The Class, El Firqah. The is represented by the indefinite article El, a Headmaster, Nehrlir, Nehrlir, a Headmaster, Nehrlir, or R'ais, R'ais, a Headmaster, R'ais, a Teacher, Mu'allim, Mu'allim, a Teacher, Mu'allim, or Mudarris, Mudarris, a Teacher, Mudarris, a Pupil, Dilmiz, Dilmiz, a Pupil, Dilmiz, a Student, Boalib, Boalib, a Student, Boalib, the Library, El Mektebe, El Mektebe, the Library, El Mektebe, the Desk, El Mekteb, El Mekteb, the Desk, El Mekteb. A Book, Kitab, Kitab, a Book, Kitab, a Copy Book, Defter, Defter, a Copy Book, Defter, a Pen, Risha, Risha, a Pen, Risha, or Golem, Golem, a Pen, Golem. Personal Pronouns. There are two kinds of Personal Pronouns, those joined to a word, Conjunctive, and those standing alone, Disjunctive. One, Conjunctive Personal Pronouns. I, Indi, with me, Indi, I have, Ke, Kitabuke, the Book of the Masculine, Kitabuke, thy Book, Hu, Medehahu, he has praised him, Medehahu, he has praised him. The Conjunctive Pronouns are the compliments of prepositions, nouns, and verbs. The Conjunctive Personal Pronouns are, first, Conjunctive Pronouns, singular, me, I, I, me, I, thy Masculine, Ke, Ke, thy Masculine, Ke, thy Feminine, Ki, Ki, thy Feminine, Ki, Him, Hu, Hu, Him, Hu, He, He, He, He, He, He. A, Pronouns joined to a preposition, I have, Li, Li, Or, Me'ai, Me'ai, Or, Indi, Indi. There does not exist in Arabic a verb corresponding exactly to the English verb to have. To translate the idea of to have, the prepositions, Indi, Me'ai, with, and Li, too, are used with the various Conjunctive Personal Pronouns. Thou hast Masculine, Leke, Leke, Or, Me'ai, Ke, Me'ai, Ke, Or, Indi, Ke, Indi. The second person singular is in very common use in Arabic. Thou hast Feminine, Leke, Leke, Or, Me'ai, Ke, Me'ai, Ke, Or, Indi, Ke, Indi, Ke, He has, Lehu, Lehu, Or, Me'ai, Hu, Me'ai, Hu, Or, Indi, Hu, Indi, Hu. She has, Lehu, Lehu, Or, Me'ai, Hu, Me'ai, Hu, Indi, Hu, Indi, Hu. It will be noticed that in the Arabic Conjunction of the verb to have, present tense, the Daal of Aind, the Ayn of Me'ai, and the Laam bear in each case a Fatah, except in the first person singular where they take Kessra by analogy with I. 21st Lesson Conjunctive Personal Pronouns Vocabulary The school continued Paper Weroq Weroq Paper Weroq When the Conjunctive Pronouns are joined to a word ending in Tehmerbuta, this Tehmerbuta is changed to an ordinary Teh, a review, a magazine, Me'gelle, Me'gelle, a review, a magazine, Me'gelle, a newspaper, Gioride, Gioride, a newspaper, Gioride, or Journel, Journel, a newspaper, Journel, a pencil, Golem Rothoth, Golem Rothoth, a pencil, Golem Rothoth, a pen knife, Miqshet, Miqshet, a pen knife, Miqshet, a ruler, Miqshet, Miqshet, a ruler, Miqshet, an ink stand, Dewey, Dewey, or Deweyé, Deweyé, an ink stand, Deweyé, Ink, Hibre, Hibre, Ink, Hibre, a page, Fohife, Fohife, a page, Fohife, or Wedge, Wedge, a page, Wedge. The lesson Edders, Edders, the lesson Edders, an exercise Demrin, Demrin, an exercise Demrin, a line Sepur, Sepur, a line Sepur, a sentence Jumle, Jumle, a sentence Jumle, a word Kelime, Kelime, a word Kelime, Edrosetouki, thy school, Hu, Mu'alimuhu, the teacher of him, Mu'alimuhu, his teacher, He, Weroquhe, the paper of her, Weroquhe, her paper. When joined to a noun, the conjunctive personal pronouns represent the English possessive adjectives. C. Pronouns joined to a verb. E. Mada'hani, he has praised me. Mada'hani. K. Mada'haki, he has praised the masculine. Mada'haki. K. Mada'haki, he has praised the feminine. Mada'haki. Hu. Mada'hahu, he has praised him. Mada'hahu. Ha. Mada'haha, he has praised her. Mada'haha. When joined to a verb, the conjunctive personal pronouns have the meaning of me, thee, him, etc. In the first person singular, a noun is added to the stem of the verb before adding the i. Exercise 18 I have misboreh, weroq, qolem, wehibr. We shall not for the present accentuate the last letter of Arabic words, for the accentuation of this letter depends on the position of these words in a sentence and is subject to certain rules which we shall consider later. In enumerating a list of words, the conjunction weh and is repeated after each word. When a noun is determined by another or a succession of other nouns dependent each upon another, the last alone takes the article l, unless it is a proper noun. The preposition of, which connects these nouns, is not translated. M'ay'yarishah wama'yqushatw wama'aka qolem, rothoth. Bersu'tilmeez madha'al mudawris, tilmeezuh. In Arabic the subject is generally placed after the verb. Ainda'ka kitabuh, wa'inda'ha qolemuki, wama'jallatuki. 22nd lesson Conjunctive personal pronouns, vocabulary, the dining room, the furniture, the furniture The furniture or the furniture The furniture The dining table The dining table Or, the dining table, a cupboard, a cupboard, a cupboard, or a cupboard, a cupboard, the sideboard. When a word in English is rendered in Arabic by two nouns, the one depending on the other, the definite article L is placed only before the second. The cover, a day way to suffer, a day way to suffer. Oh, the cover, the cover, the cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth. The cloth a knife, sickine, a fork, shoke, shoke, a fork, shoke, a dish, bobber, bobber, a dish, bobber. Second, conjunctive pronouns plural, us, nae, nae, us, nae, you masculine, cum, cum, you masculine, cum, you feminine, cune, cune, you feminine, cune, them masculine, hum, hum, them masculine, hum, them feminine, hune, hune, them feminine, hune. Third, conjunctive pronouns dual, you too masculine and feminine, cum, cum, you too masculine and feminine, cum, they too masculine and feminine, hum, hum, they too masculine and feminine, hum, in colloquial Arabic the pronouns of the dual and feminine plural are replaced by those of the masculine plural. A pronouns joined to a preposition, we have nae, nae, or, nae nae, nae nae, or, nae nae, nae nae, you have masculine, lakum, lakum, or, nae akum, nae akum, or, nae dekum, nae dekum, you have feminine, lakun nae, lakun nae, or, nae akun nae, nae akun nae, or, nae dekun nae, they have masculine, lahum, lahum, they have masculine, lahum, or, nae ahum, nae ahum, or, nae ahum, they have feminine, lahum, lahum, or, nae ahum, nae ahum, or, nae ahum, you have dual, lakum, lakum, or, nae akum, nae akum, or, nae dekum, nae dekum, they have dual, lahum, lahum, see page 293, nae ahum, nae ahum, or, nae, be, pronouns joined to anoun, your draw masculine, chize netukum, chize netukum, your draw masculine, chize netukum, our desk, mecte bunae, mecte bunae, our desk, mecte bunae, their lesson masculine, their lesson masculine, their lesson masculine, their lesson masculine, their copybook feminine, your review feminine, mecte bunae, your review feminine, mecte bunae, your pen, dual, rishatukum, rishatukum, your pen, dual, rishatukum, see pronouns joined to a verb, he has praised us, madahana, madahana, he has praised us, madahana, he has praised you masculine, madahakum, madahakum, he has praised you masculine, madahakum, he has praised them masculine, madahahum, madahahum, he has praised them masculine, madahahum, he has praised them feminine, madahahunna, madahahunna, he has praised them feminine, Madahahunna. He has praised you, Jewel. Madahakumaa. Madahakumaa. He has praised you, Jewel. Madahakumaa. He has praised you, Feminine. Madahakunna. Madahakunna. He has praised you, Feminine. Madahakunna. 23rd Lesson. Disjunctive Personal Pronouns. The Cabulary. The Dining Room. Continued. A Plate. The Salt Seller. The Salt Seller. A Glass. Or. Cups. A Glass. Cups. A Bottle. Zugege. Zugege. A Bottle. Zugege. Or. Gzeze. Gzeze. A Bottle. Gzeze. A Cup. Fingene. Fingene. A Cup. Fingene. The Sourcer. The Food. The Bread. The bread The bread The fish The dessert fruits The dessert fruits The drink The drink ashourb, water, mea, mea, water, mea, or mea, mea, water, mea, wine, nebiz, nebiz, wine, nebiz, or nebit, nebit, wine, nebit, the dining room, el botus sufra, el botus sufra, the dining room, el botus sufra, two disjunctive personal pronouns, the disjunctive personal pronouns are first singular, aye en air, en air, aye en air, thou masculine ente, ente, thou masculine ente, he, hue, he, hue, she, he, she, he, second plural, we, nehnu, nehnu, we, nehnu, you masculine, ente, ente, you masculine, ente, you feminine, ente, ente, you feminine, ente, they masculine, HUM. HUM. They masculine HUM. They feminine HUNNEH. HUNNEH. They feminine HUNNEH. THIRD. DUAL. You two masculine and feminine ENTUMEH. ENTUMEH. You two masculine and feminine ENTUMEH. They two masculine and feminine HUMEH. HUMEH. They two masculine and feminine HUMEH. ENNEH. RONNEH. ENNEH. RONNEH. I rich. ENNEH. RONNEH. I am rich. Who a faqir. Who a faqir. He poor. Who a faqir. He is poor. The disjunctive personal pronouns are always used as subjects. I am ENNEH. ENNEH. I am ENNEH. Thou art masculine ENTEH. ENTEH. Thou art masculine ENTEH. Thou art feminine ENTEH. ENTEH. Thou art feminine ENTEH. He is HUEH. HUEH. He is HUEH. She is HIEH. HIEH. She is HIEH. We are NAHNU. NAHNU. WE ARE NAHNU. You are JUUL ENTUMEH. ENTUMEH. YOU ARE JUUL ENTUMEH. You are plurals masculine, entum. They are dual, humair, humair, they are plural masculine, hum, hum, they are plural masculine, hum, they are plural feminine, hunné, hunné, they are plural feminine, hunné. The disjunctive personal pronouns render in Arabic the present tense of the verb to be. The book is useful, el kitāb mūfīd. The water is in the glass, el mā'a phil qodah, el mā'a phil qodah. phī in into phī, the serviette is on the chair, el fūtah ala'l kursī, ala'a upon over ala'a. As a rule in Arabic, the present tense of the verb to be is not translated in the case where in English it is followed by an attributive adjective or a circumstantial compliment. 24th lesson, the verb, vocabulary, a room, a wall, ha'eqt, ha'eqt, a wall, ha'eqt, o'hītah, hītah, a wall, hītah. The ceiling, e'seqf, e'seqf, the ceiling, e'seqf, a door, be'b, be'b, a door, be'b, a window, shubbeq, shubbeq, a window, shubbeq. The verb, the verb is either simple or derived. To write, ketebe, ketebe, to write, ketebe, to translate, terjeme, terjeme, to translate, terjeme. The simple verb is one whose root is composed of three or four essential letters. Then it is called either a triliteral or quadriliteral verb. To extract, istekhroje, istekhroje, to extract, istekhroje, from choroje, to get out, choroje, to be shaken, t'azia'zia'n, t'azia'zia'n, to be shaken, t'azia'zia'n, from zia'zia'n, to shake, zia'zia'n. The derived verb is one which is formed by adding to the simple verb one or more letters, which generally change its original sense. The verb is regular when its root contains none of the weak letters, nor the hamsa, nor the shaddeh. When this is not the case, the verb is irregular. To drink, shia'ribe, shia'ribe, to drink, shia'ribe, to drink, ay, shia'ribe, shia'ribe, to drink, shia'ribe. The accent of the second letter of the simple triliteral verbs is variable. Dictionary and use can alone indicate it. At this stage, it is unnecessary to notice the letters A, I, O, placed after the verbs, see page 43, 1. To study, O, derose, derose, to study, derose, to cut, goto'e, goto'e, to cut, goto'e. To open, feteche, feteche, to open, feteche, to copy, naseche, naseche, to copy, naseche, with, by, of, to, bi, bi, with, by, of, to, bi. Only, fe'kot, fe'kot, only, fe'kot, to write, he has written, kete'be, kete'be, to write, he has written, kete'be. In the Arabic verb, the radical from which the various tenses and persons are formed is the third singular masculine of the past tense. Past tense, I wrote, kete'be, to, kete'be, to, I wrote, kete'be, to, or I have written, etc. Thou didst write masculine, kete'bte, kete'bte, Thou didst write masculine, kete'bte, Thou didst write feminine, kete'bte, kete'bte, Thou didst write feminine, kete'bte, he wrote, kete'be, kete'be, he wrote, kete'be, she wrote, kete'bet, kete'bet, she wrote, kete'bet, You wrote dual, kete'btume, kete'btume, you wrote dual, kete'btume, we wrote, kete'bne, kete'bne, we wrote, kete'bne, You wrote plural masculine, kete'btume, kete'btume, you wrote plural masculine, kete'btume, you wrote plural feminine, kete'btune, kete'btune, You wrote plural feminine, kete'btune, they wrote plural masculine, kete'bu, kete'bu, they wrote plural masculine, kete'bu, The final alif has no vocalic value and is suppressed when the verb is joined to a conjunctive personal pronoun. They wrote plural feminine, ketebne, ketebne. They wrote plural feminine, ketebne. They wrote dual masculine, ketebe, ketebe. They wrote dual masculine, ketebe. They wrote dual feminine, ketebne, ketebne. They wrote dual feminine, ketebne. In conjugating the past tense of a simple triliteral verb, the third letter only changes its vowel sound according to the various persons. Exercise 19 I wrote with my pen. I opened the door and the window. The glass and the cup were on the chair. We drank white wine in the kitchen. We cut the bread and the fish and the meat with the knife. They left their lesson only in the office. The glass in the closet and the cup on the desk. The glass and the cup on the table. 25th lesson, past of simple triliteral verbs, vocabulary, a room continued. The furniture, the furniture, a table, a drawer, a drawer, a drawer, a drawer. A chest of drawers, khezene beedroj, khezene beedroj. A shelf, rough, a shelf, rough. A looking glass, mir'e, mir'e, a looking glass, mir'e, a sofa, diwen, diwen, a sofa, diwen. A box, fonduq, fonduq. A box, fonduq. The carpet, elbiserte, elbiserte. The carpet, elbiserte. A curtain, citere, citere, a curtain, citere. A lamp, misbeh, misbeh, a lamp, misbeh, or lambeh, lambeh, a lamp, lambeh. An image, a portrait, surah, surah. An image, a portrait, surah. A drawing, rosm, rosm, a drawing, rosm. A room, ghurfeh, ghurfeh, a room, ghurfeh. Or, u'dayh, u'dayh, a room, u'dayh. Or, go'ayh, go'ayh, a room, go'ayh. To accept, to agree to, a, go'bi'le, go'bi'le. To accept, agree to, go'bi'le. To shut, o, ghurleq, ghurleq. To shut, ghurleq. Or, ay, ghurfehle, ghurfehle, to shut, ghurfehle. To sweep, o, kenese, kenese. To sweep, kenese. To explain, ay, shahruhhe, shahruhhe. To explain, shahruhhe. To sit, ay, gelese, gelese. To sit, gelese. Or, or, o, ghuaida, ghuaida. To sit, ghuaida. To send, ay, be'aithe, be'aithe. To send, be'aithe. To beg, to ask for, o, go'le'be. Go'le'be. To beg, to ask for, go'le'be. To pronounce, ay, le'fer'we. Le'fer'we. To pronounce, le'fer'we. To do, to make, ay, amile. Amile. To do, to make, amile. Or, ay, fa'ne'e. Fa'ne'e. To do, to make, fa'ne'e. Yes, ne'am. Ne'am. Yes, ne'am. No, le'e. Le'e. No, le'e. He has drunk, sh'el-ri-be. Sh'el-ri-be. He has drunk, sh'el-ri-be. Has he drunk, el-sh'el-ri-be? El-sh'el-ri-be? Or, esher-ri-be? Esher-ri-be? Has he drunk, esher-ri-be? Past tense, interrogatively. Have I drunk, el-sh'er-ri-be-to? El-sh'er-ri-be-to? Have I drunk, el-sh'er-ri-be-to? Has he drunk, masculine, el-sh'er-ri-be-to? El-sh'er-ri-be-to? Has he drunk, masculine, el-sh'er-ri-be-to? Has he drunk, feminine, el-sh'er-ri-be-to? El-sh'er-ri-be-to? Has he drunk, feminine, el-sh'er-ri-be-to? has he drunk? has he drunk? has she drunk? has she drunk? have we drunk? have you drunk masculine? have you drunk feminine? have you drunk feminine? have they drunk masculine? have they drunk feminine? the dual form of the past tense having been given in the preceding lesson it is unnecessary to repeat it in each lesson exercise 20 have you sent the new one to the field? yes, I have a mirror and a lamp in the room have you sat on the wall? have you built the school? have you written the word and the sentence? we have made a picture and a picture of the university have you written the poem? exercise 21 did you send the carpet and the curtain? has the teacher opened the door and the window? no, the teacher has opened the door and shut the window have you made masculine the furniture of our room? has she swept the room? have they accepted masculine the pupil in the school? have you copied feminine the exercise in the copy book? have we drunk a bottle of wine? have they made masculine the portrait of their teacher? end of lessons 20 to 25 of a practical Arabic course by E. Niamatullah and E. Chevalet English text edited by E. G. Finch read by Nicholas James Bridgewater slips of speech by John H. Bechtel introduction read for the LibriVox Language Learning Collection Volume 2 this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org introduction Homer in all probability knew no rules of rhetoric and was not tortured with the consideration of grammatical construction and yet his verse will endure through time if everybody possessed the genius of Homer rules and cautions and writing would be unnecessary today all men speak and most men write but it's observed that those who most closely follow Homer's method of writing without rules are most unlike Homer in the results the ancient bard was a law unto himself we need rules for our guidance rules of writing are the outgrowth of the study of the characteristics and qualities of style which distinguish the best writers from those of inferior skill and ability grammarians and rhetoric titions according to their several lines of investigation set forth the laws and principles governing speech and formulate rules whereby we may follow the true and avoid the false grammar and rhetoric as too often presented in the schools are such uninviting studies that when school days are ended the books are laid aside and are rarely consulted afterward the custom of formally burning the textbooks after the final examinations a custom that prevails in some institutions is but an emphatic method of showing how the students regard the subjects treated in the books if all the rules and principles had been thoroughly mastered the huge bonfire of textbooks and grammar and rhetoric might be regarded a fitting celebration of the students of victory over the difficulties of English undefiled but too often these rules are merely memorized by the student for the purpose of recitation and are not engrafted upon his everyday habit of speech they are therefore soon forgotten and the principles involved are subject to daily violation hence arises the need of books like slips of speech in which the common false of speakers and writers are pointed out and the correct use of words shown brief and informal in treatment they will be read and consulted when the more voluminous textbooks will be left untouched the copious index appended to this volume will afford a ready reference to the many subjects discussed and will contribute greatly to the convenience and permanent value of the book end of introduction to slips of speech by john h betel read by mike harris slips of speech by john h betel chapter one read for the libravox language learning collection volume two this is a libravox recording all libravox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit libravox.org slips of speech chapter one taste taste is a universal gift it's been found in some degree in all nations races and ages it's shown by the savage in his love of personal decoration by the civilized man in his love of art but while it's thus universal it's as different among men as their faces complexions characters or languages even among people of the same nation it's as different as the degrees of society the same individual at different periods of life shows this variableness of taste these diversities of taste imply a susceptibility to improvement good taste in writing forms no exception to the rule while it seems to require some basis in nature no degree of inborn aptitude will compensate for the lack of careful training to give his natural taste firmness and fineness a writer needs to read the best literature not merely so as to know it but so as to feel the beauty the fitness the charm the strength the delicacy of a well-chosen word the study of the proper arrangement and the most effective expression of our thoughts prompts us to think more accurately so close is the connection between the thought and its expression that looseness of style in speaking and writing may nearly always be traced to indistinctness and feebleness in the grasp of the subject no degree of polish and expression will compensate for inadequacy of knowledge but with the fullest information upon any subject there is still room for the highest exercise of judgment and good sense in the proper choice and arrangement of the thoughts and of the words with which to express them the concurrent testimony of those best qualified to render a decision as determined that authors reflect the finest literary taste and these writers should be carefully studied by all who aspire to elegance accuracy and strength in literary expression fine writing never hesitate to call a spade a spade one of the most frequent violations of good taste consists in the effort to dress a common subject in high sounding language the ass in the fable showed his stupidity when he put on the lion's skin and expected the other animals to declare him to be the king of the beasts the distinction of a subject lies in its own inherent character and no pompous parade of words will serve to exalt a commonplace theme poetic terms in the expression of homely ideas and the discussion of affairs of everyday life avoid such poetic forms as oar for over, nair for never, mid for a mid, ene for even, again for began, twixt for the twixt, neath for beneath, list for listen, oft for often, mourn for mourning, eve for evening, ere for ever, ere for before, tiz for it is, twuz for it was. In all prose composition avoid such poetic forms as swain, white, mead, break, dingle, del, zephyr. Foreign words the unrestrained use of foreign words whether from the ancient or from the modern languages savers of pedantry and affectation. The ripest scholars in speaking and writing English make least use of foreign words or phrases, persons who indulge in their use incur the risk of being charged with a desire to exhibit their linguistic attainments. On the other hand occasions do arise when the use of words from a foreign tongue by one who is thoroughly familiar with them will add both grace and exactness to his style. Rarely use a foreign term when your meaning can be as well expressed in English. Instead of blasé, use surfited or weary. For cortège, use procession. For collure de rose, rose-color. For déjeuner, breakfast. For embloyer, employee. For enroute, on the way. For entre nous, between ourselves. For fait accompli and accomplished fact. For intoto, holy or entirely. For penchant, inclination. For raison d'être, reason for existence. For rechercher, choice, refine. For rôle, part. For soirée dansante. An evening dancing party. For sub-rosa, secretly, etc. The following incident from the Detroit Free Press is in point. The gentleman from the West pulled his chair up to the hotel table, tucked his napkin under his chin, picked up the bill of fare, and began to study it intently. Everything was in restaurant French, and he didn't like it. There, a waiter. He sits sternly. There's nothing on this I want. Ain't there nothing else you'd like for dinner, sir? Inquired the waiter, politely. Have you got any centiquanon, the waiter gasped? No, sir, he replied. Got any bon motes? No, sir. Got any semper item? Why, no, sir, we ain't. Got any judespri? No, sir, not a one. Got any tempest-fugit? I reckon not, sir. Got any soirée dansante? No, sir, the waiter was edging off. Got any signe-y dye? No, we ain't, sir. Got any e pluribus unum? The waiter's face showed some sign of intelligence. Oh, seems like I heard of datsa, and he rushed out to the kitchen, only to return empty-handed. Now, we ain't got none, sir, he said, in a tone of disappointment. Got any maldemare? What? No, sir. The waiter was going to pieces fast. The gentleman from the west was as serene as a may morning. Got any vice versa? he inquired again. The waiter could only shake his head. No? Well, maybe you got some bacon and cabbage in a corn-dodger. Oh, did we have, sir, exclaimed the waiter in a tone of the utmost relief, and he fairly flew out to the kitchen. Trite expressions. Words and phrases which may once have been striking and effective or witty and felicitous, but which have become worn out by oft-repeated use, should be avoided. The following hack-need phrases will serve to illustrate. The staff of life gave up the ship, counterfeit presentment, the hymenial altar, bold as a lion, throw cold water upon, the rose upon the cheek, lords of creation, the weaker sex, the better half, the rising generation, tripping the light-fantastic toe, the cup that cheers but does not inebriate, in the arms of Morpheus, the debt of nature, the born whence no traveller returns, to shuffle off this mortal coil, the devouring element, a brow of alabaster. Pet words. Avoid pet words with their individual, provincial, or national in their use. Few persons are entirely free from the overuse of certain words. Young people largely employ such words as delightful, delicious, exquisite, and other expressive adjectives, which constitute a kind of society slang. Overworked expressions. Words and phrases are often taken up by writers and speakers repeated, and again taken up by others, and thus their use enlarges in ever-widening circles until the expressions become threadbare. Drop them before they've reached that state. Function, environment, trend, the masses, to be in touch with, to voice the sentiments up. These are enough to illustrate the kind of words referred to. Very vulgar vulgarisms. No one who has any regard for purity, addiction, and the proprieties of cultivated society will be guilty of the use of such expressions as yaller for yellow, feller for fellow, kittle for kettle, kiver for cover, ingons for onions, cow cumbers for cucumbers, spara grass for asparagus, yarbs for herbs, taters for potatoes, tomats for tomatoes or tomatoes, bile for boil, haint for ain't or isn't, het for heated, caned for kneaded, sought for sat or set, teeny for tiny, fooling you for deceiving you, them for those, shut up for be quiet or be still, or cease speaking, went back on me for deceiving me or took advantage of me, a power of people for a great many people, a power of money for great wealth, a heap of houses for many houses, lots of books for many books, lots of corn for much corn or large quantities of corn, gents for gentlemen and many others of a similar character.