 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education, I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls, Ruby College, University of Arahabha. And nowadays I am discussing over higher education system in India. And today I am going to discuss about, particularly about, Autonomine Higher Education System. The lecture will be in bilingual mode and this topic, Autonomine Higher Education System is very relevant, up to date and must known to everybody who is the stakeholder of higher education. And the lecture will be especially useful for your various competitive teaching examinations as well as for your regular BA, MA and professional B&M courses. Okay, so let's start. First of all, Autonomine Higher Education System means that an institution has become autonomous, or we should become autonomous. Or what is Autonomine? So, today's lecture is mainly on institutional autonomy, but there are other ways of talking about autonomy, so I have taken institutional autonomy as the head of Autonomine Higher Education System. Institutional autonomy means that if our institution has become autonomous, then what does it mean? So, how has UNESCO defined institutional autonomy? As a degree of self-governance. The biggest thing is that we will govern ourselves. Necessary for effective decision making by institutes of higher education regarding their academic work standards, management and related activities. What does it mean? Institutional autonomy means that institutes of higher education, institutes of higher education are able to control their own power of decision making. And what does it mean? What is the academic work? What is the standard? What needs to be studied? What will be the management related activities? Academic autonomy means a generic concept, implying self-governance of a university and not limited to a narrow sense of design, the academic curriculum. Generally, if we can make our own curriculum, then it means that we are academically autonomous. But this means that it means that it is more than making an academic autonomy curriculum. Then, financial management and controls are also integral to the concept of autonomy at the institutional level. That is, if we talk about autonomy at the level of the institution, it means that we will have the responsibility to look at the financial management as well. No one else will govern us. Institutional autonomy and academic freedom are highly centralised in India. The two things are related. What is the relationship? The institution's freedom and the freedom that we study. That is, we can try to study how we should study. Higher education in India is highly centralized and institutions have very limited autonomy regardless of their public or private status. This is especially true with colleges. Higher education in India is a very central field. It means that a single person is governed and they have very little freedom. Whether it is public or private, it depends entirely on universities. Then, creating successful universities requires a supportive governance structure. Universities and colleges have the autonomy to achieve objectives, whether research or teaching with the appropriate level of accountability. See, autonomy also comes with accountability. We will say that we will make our own curriculum, we will decide what to study, so we will have to take the responsibility that is coming out, whether the market is ready or not. So, if we want to demand successful universities, we will have to give them a governance structure so that they can decide which objectives they want to achieve, what research they want to do, what teaching they want to do. Evidences from different higher education systems across the globe, that is, throughout the world suggest that countries have been modifying their governance structures and systems to meet higher autonomy and higher levels of accountability. One minute. They are saying that if we look at these evidence, across the globe, throughout the world, we feel that the higher education system is across the globe. So, those countries have modified their governance structure so that they can have more autonomy. And they will have the same level of accountability. So, we will take the responsibility ourselves that what is coming out of the graduate is the graduate of this level. That is, we cannot stand by ourselves. We cannot stand by ourselves. We cannot stand by ourselves. We cannot stand by ourselves. We cannot stand by ourselves. In India, two, incorporating an Indian index of institutional autonomy within the parameters of NAG and NIRF, or separately, can address many concerns and MVVDs related to institutional autonomy. This is just one thing that I am going to tell you. What institutional autonomy means? Academic autonomy is more than curriculum. Financial autonomy will also come in autonomy. Then, across the globe, institutions have become autonomous. And we can opt for Indian index of institutional autonomy. Since it has been 3 times, Indian index of institutional autonomy is called I3A. We will tell you the full form of NAG. National Assessment and Accreditation Council. And NIRF is the National Institutional Ranking Framework. NIRF tells us what is the ranking of our institution nationally. Now, let us talk about institutional autonomy and academic freedom. We have just talked about interlinking. Institutional autonomy is a necessity, but not a sufficient condition for academic freedom, which is essentially the right of academic staff to decide what to teach, to determine their research questions and methods, and to publish the results of that research. They are saying that institutional autonomy is a necessity, but not a sufficient condition. In itself, there is no need for anything else, if we have to be free academically. For whom we have to be free academically? We have to be free so that academic staff can decide, the teacher can decide what he wants to teach, what kind of research he wants to do, what kind of research he wants to do, how he wants to publish his research, how he wants to publish his research, we have a whole facility like this, that we are free. As pointed out by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, you will have heard about OECD very well, its full form is Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In 2005, how it is called autonomy, it is usually determined by the level of capability in the right of an institution, meaning that the right of the organization should have the power and the capacity to decide force of action, how to teach, how to find your objective about institutional policy, what will be the policy of our institution, what will be the neo-gen, financial and staff management, what will be the compensation, what will be the student's academic freedom without interference from outside authorities, i.e. no one else tells us how to teach, how to recruit, how many children take admission, keep these fees, these are your academic freedom. So, this is more than just a curriculum. Then Autonomine India Need for a New Lens, this is a good paper by the Association of Indian Universities. I am discussing it right now, and I found it very sufficient in myself. So, I took all these headings from there. Autonomine India Need for a New Lens. It is said that if you want to look at the square in the Indian-Turkish, you will have to look at it from a new lens, from a new mirror, what does it mean? You will have to look at it from a new angle. In India, the concept of university autonomy has been debated almost for the past four decades. I mean, today we are not talking about the channel, we are talking about the last 40 years. The Gajendra Gadgar committee report, UGC 1971, i.e. it is a very dangerous report. I mean, you understand that it is a 50-year old report. It also says that the concept of university autonomy is often misunderstood. So, it is saying that the concept of university autonomy is generally misunderstood, that is, it is a misunderstanding. It is neither a legal concept, nor a constitutional concept. It is saying that it is neither a constitutional or a constitutional concept. It is an ethical concept and an academic concept. It is a natural and sectional concept. This concept does not question how in a democratic society like ours, legislatures are ultimately sovereign and have a right to discuss and determine the question of policy relating to education, including higher education. The concept of university autonomy, however, means that it would be appropriate on the part of democratic legislatures not to interfere with the administration of university life, both academic and non-economic. It is saying that, you see, we have a big problem. The first lesson was about the state's diet, then it came to the final list and it became the center of the two industrial states. It is said that how it is possible that our democratic legislature is there and no one will speak. You will become the mind. It means that this doesn't mean that the democratic legislature means that you don't interfere with any university in its administration. Then it will be able to run properly, then it will be able to opt for innovation, whether it is in a section or not. If you have to do such and such and such rules and regulations, So, from where will you get innovation in your studies? If you study History of Higher Education in India, then all the universities whose names are given today, like Taksha Shila, Vikram Shila, then there was no difference in politics in their studies. They used to go along with themselves. They were autonomous institutions. So, autonomy is the four most requirements of innovation. So, it is said that you should not misunderstand the university autonomy. Second, dimensions of autonomy and the dimensions of autonomy. So, we have talked about three dimensions. Academic Autonomy, Administrative Autonomy and Financial Autonomy. What is Academic Autonomy? It is a designing, academic program and curriculum. That is, we will decide what to teach us and what will be the curriculum. What is there other than this? To decide one's own procedure for selection of research fellows. We will choose research fellows according to our own. We will bring pro courses according to our own. The department will be autonomous. The ITUACC setup will be autonomous. We will invest more in internal evaluation. The performance appraisal of teachers will be given. We will be able to linkage academic research collaboration in India in India and abroad. Transparency and objectivity in the selection of faculty on an all-India basis and quality of research with a focus on international benchmarks such as citation indexes and patents. You will not be able to understand citation index and patent. But then you have to understand that we can make our course. We can choose what we want to teach. We can recruit faculty. We can linkage. We are the memorandum of understanding of other institutions and departments in India and abroad. That means for everything. And if you are in control, then you have to take permission from everything. Whether you are in control, in affiliation, or in constituent. You will not be able to do that many times. It can be done in such a way. It can be done in such a way. We can do it in such a way. It is not a rule. It is mandatory. But it is a very strict rule. It gives you an excuse. What does administrative autonomy mean? What can we do? Management system in the university to encourage best practices of governance. The best governance model can be followed. Head of the institution to have the autonomy to determine both the rank and the number of positions of professors as well as associate and assistant professor. Head of the institution can mark that he is an assistant or associate. He is a professor. He can decide the ranking. According to his work, his promotion, his teaching experience. Out-sourcing of non-academic activities for efficiency and effectiveness. Non-academic activities are outsourced. Centrally as state higher education tribunal for grievance, redressal mechanisms. Norms of accountability to be evolved which are open, participative and data-based. Charter of responsibility and devolution and delegation of authority defined for different levels within the higher education system. You will feel a little above your level which is generally the level of graduation. The administrative level of work we have the autonomy for it. We have the freedom to do it. Head of the institution can decide. Management best practices can decide. Our accountability can develop norms for it. Responsibility and devolution can be done. These are all administrative autonomy. And financial autonomy means that we have the freedom to do it. Provision of funds to individual institutions in an immunized manner means that what funds will be used. This is the head of the fund so how can we use it? Mechanisms for deciding the fee structure the institution can decide what is the fee structure for it. Scholarship can decide. Consultancy assignments and sponsored research project can be done. That is the way. We should be on every issue academic level, administrative level, financial level. Then it will be said that we are Autonomous. People on auto . The Autonomous . Autonomy goes to sub surveys but they are by many committees and recommendations in India, one of the recent being from Rajshri Uttar Shriksha Bihar M.H.R.D., which has been initiated by a lot of people, the recent one which was taken by Amrusa, Rajshri Uttar Shriksha Bihar in 2013, it says, with suggested amendments and legislation to ensure the existence of state universities as autonomous independent entities. Rajshri Uttar Shriksha Bihar M.H.R.D. said that he would make Rajshri Uttar Shriksha Bihar independent entities. One of the most significant suggestions is the gradual withdrawal of the state from decisions from the appointment of chairperson of the executive councillor or vice chancellor and members of the executive councillor. He said that you can gradually withdraw from the meetings, right? What will happen to you, you will become autonomous, will you withdraw or we the executive council has the chairperson or vice chancellor or the executive council member. In such a way, you should gradually withdraw yourself. Grant of special status through graded autonomy to institutions and institutions of eminence are two special moves in this regard. You may not know that much. If you read more, you will know that in the middle of the year, M.H.R.D.U.D.C. was initiated. He said that we will give some institutions for the sake of the institutions of eminence. If you are doing a very good job, you will get a good grant. And then you will be autonomous. I mean, you will be aware of how you want to spend that grant. You want to spend it in research, infrastructure. Grant of special status through graded autonomy. Gradually, autonomy will increase. You will get a grant if you do a good job. I mean, you want to go to the institutions of the autonomous court. Then the U.G.C. has a scheme for granting autonomous status to colleges. U.G.C. said that we will give autonomous status to the colleges. Some of the objectives were to allow colleges to exercise freedom in the framing courses of study and syllabus, device appropriate teaching methods, and conduct evaluation and assessment independently. They are saying that if colleges are autonomous, they will have the freedom to choose their course, syllabus, and teaching methods. They will be able to do it independently. They are not saying that they will have to do the university exam. We will choose our own way from our time. The college is recognized under sections 2F and 12B. You may not know 2F and 12B. Do you know if your college comes in 2F and 12B or not? Generally, it comes because we get grants from UGC. With sufficient academic and non-academic resources are eligible to apply for the conferment of UGC autonomy. They are saying that if your college comes in 2F and 12B, you have sufficient academic and non-academic resources, then you can apply for UGC. You want to become an autonomous college. The largest number of autonomous colleges are presently situated in the state of Tamil Nadu, followed by those in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. They are saying that the largest number of autonomous colleges in Tamil Nadu are presently located in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. This is what was said earlier. Creating successful universities towards more meaningful autonomy. How will we go to the other components? When we will give supportive governance to institutions and different higher education systems across the globe, it is said that countries have been modifying their governance structures and systems to meet higher levels of accountability. There is an evident shift from state-controlled to state-supervised. This is a special thing. We get to see a shift in higher education. The government's control of the state is reduced. What should be supervised? In the same way, the draft National Education Policy of India 2018 said that what was suggested was a light but tight and facilitative regulator. Now, if you know NEP 2020, you will know what is being said in higher education. UGC, NCT, AICT. We will remove them all. What will they bring? HECI. What is HECI? Higher Education Commission of India. So, light it up. But, it is a tight regulator. There are not many regulators. Similarly, regulatory bodies such as the UGC should serve as independent bodies separate from government and institutions responsible for the affairs of higher education. Such buffer bodies can have control over all funding and operational issues. However, this is rarely the case in India. What should be said is that the UGC should serve as an independent body. There is no need to give it to the government or institutions. But, this does not happen in our country. Last but not the least, what is being proposed here is that we are proposing a system in India which is the Indian Index of Institutional Autonomy. That is why we are giving it the name I3A. Why? Because Europe is the western country and its pattern is the second time. It is not easy to get the autonomy there. But, as the institutional diversity, we have so much diversity. Pattern types and nature are more varied in India than in Europe and American countries. India needs a differentiated frame to look into the issues of autonomy. So, we need a different frame to look into the autonomy. Measuring autonomy can be a good start by introducing an Indian Index of Institutional Autonomy. They are saying that you should introduce I3A, Indian Index of Institutional Autonomy. What will happen? The objective of the I3A can be to provide a detailed status of institutional autonomy in the country. It can serve as a reference point. It will work as a reference point for enablers and providers of autonomy. The people who are in the range of autonomy, who play their roles, instead of fixing a top-down approach on the indicators of autonomy, we suggest to allow the stakeholders of institutions to decide on the indicators as to how much importance they should attach to a set of perceived dimensions of autonomy. Not everyone is in the range of autonomy. They say that they will decide on what they want to do, what they want to do, what they want to do, what they want to do. But when the government is so important, when the interest is so high, then it is a problem. So, they are saying that since it is India's year, if you can't follow a Western model, then you should take your own model, an Indian Index of Institutional Autonomy, and see which issues you want to adopt, which issues you want to leave, and they are saying that you should also connect it with NAC and NIRH. So, they will also be able to see that the points in which you are autonomous, and where you are not, they will also rank you. So, it can be a little complex topic on the UG level, but it has been discussed for a long time, and we know very little about it, that's why we are new to it. But the big issue is that autonomy is going on for a very long time in high education. People should not be influenced by the nature of it. And if they really want to work, then they should be independent, so that they can bring some new features to their institutions. If they do not want to lose their university, then they will not be able to get a degree, they will only be able to get a diploma, but still they can do very good work. You will take note of this, if you are not related to the industry, then you have the strength to give a degree to only the university. Okay? So, this is one of your shortcomings, which is that you have the strength to give a degree to only the university. Okay? If you go further, you will understand it better. So, I have completed this very topic, so thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education. I have done from my side.