 Well, hello everyone. Good morning, good afternoon, or good evening, depending on where you're joining us from today. Welcome to Engineering for Change, or E4C for short. Today, we're very pleased to bring you the latest in our 2016 webinar series on the topic of revolutionizing mountaineering through local making. My name is Yana Aranda, and I'm the Director of Programs here at Engineering for Change. I'll be the moderator for today's webinar. So, I'd like to take a moment to tell you a bit more about our webinar today. Following a disaster, getting urgent supplies to those that need them is exceptionally challenging. Approximately 60-80% of all aid income is spent overcoming complex logistical challenges, such as lengthy transport distances, difficult terrain, and unusual import restrictions. Consequently, in remote, difficult-to-access locations, obtaining replacement parts for vital equipment or systems often becomes impossible due to a lack of availability or prohibitive costs. Local manufacture has the potential to become a viable alternative to traditional procurement methods, especially where supplies are difficult or expensive to obtain. In the recovery from the Nepal earthquake, the organization's field ready has been leveraging local manufacture extensively. So, we've invited Abby Bush, Technical Advisor for the Nepal Chapter of Field Ready, Naomi Lundman, Curator of Humanitarian Makers, to share their insights on how local manufacture can enable preparedness, capacity-building, and positive economic impact. I'd like to welcome both of you today, and thank you for joining us. Before we get rolling, I'd also like to thank the E4C webinar series team. If anybody out there has questions about the series, or would like to make a recommendation for teacher topics and speakers, we invite you to contact the team via the email address visible on the slide. The webinar you're participating in today is for you to receive professional development offerings. Information on upcoming installments in this series, as well as archive videos of past presentations, can be found on our webinars page of the URL listed. And if you're following us on Twitter today, I'd like to invite you to join our conversation with our dedicated hashtag, hashtag E4C webinars. Alright, so before we get moving to our presenters, I'd like to tell you a bit more about engineering for changing who we are. E4C is a knowledge exchange platform and global community of over one million engineers, designers, development practitioners, and social scientists, leveraging technology to solve quality of life challenges faced by underserved communities, which can include access to clean water and sanitation, sustainable energy, improved agriculture, and more. We invite you to join E4C by becoming a member. Membership provides costly access to relevant and current news, professional development resources, opportunities such as jobs and fellowships, and a growing database of hundreds of poverty alleviating products in our Solutions Library. E4C members enjoy a unique user experience based on their site behavior and engagement. Essentially, the more you interact with our site, the better we will be able to serve you resources aligned to your interests. We invite you to join our passionate global community and contribute to making people's lives better around the world. Check out our website to learn more and sign up. Now, E4C has an upcoming webinar, including a segment with our special mobile data collection series with the Development Impact Lab by UC Berkeley, where we're introducing a sample of six survey software tools with a demo on how to implement each tool. On April 7th at 12 p.m. Eastern Standard, we'll feature a premise, a data and analytics platform measuring global economic and human development trends in real time. Check out the E4C professional development page for registration details. If you're already an E4C member, we'll be sending you an invitation to the webinar directly. Now, a few housekeeping items before we get started. I'd love to see where everyone is from today. So in the chat window, which is located to the bottom right of your screen, please type your location, and I'll start. And please be sure that it's a chat window, not the Q&A window. And if you don't see the chat window, just access it by clicking the chat icon on the top right hand corner of the screen. So we have a lot of folks from New York today representing. Any technical questions or administrative problems should go into the chat window. And you can also feel free to send a private chat to Engineering for Change admin if you have any issues. So welcome from all of the states in Kathmandu. You can also use the chat window to type any remarks you may have. During the webinar, please use the Q&A window located below the chat to type in your questions for the presenter. Again, if you don't see this, you can access it by clicking the Q&A icon on the top right hand corner. If you're listening to the audio broadcast and you encounter any trouble, try seeing stop and then start. You may also want to try opening up a WebEx in a different browser. So I'm seeing all the fantastic folks we have on today joining us and sharing where they're from. We have everyone from all over the states, Chicago, Florida, Ohio. We also have folks from Kyoto, Canada, Calgary we have here, Milwaukee, San Fran, amazing. Thank you everyone for joining us from all over the world. I really appreciate it. All right, following the webinar to request a certificate of completion showing one professional development hour, PDAH, for this session, please follow the instructions at the top of the E4C professional development page and the URL is listed on the slide. All right. Now that you're all comfortable with the chat, it's my great pleasure to introduce our first speaker, Abby Bush, who is a technical advisor for Fields Ready, which is a startup taking to revolutionize delivery to local manufacturing. She's currently heading Field Ready's operations in Nepal and is working through numerous partnerships with NGOs, makerspaces, and industrial scale manufacturers to investigate how local manufacturing can best benefit the earthquake response. Her background is in manufacturing engineering from Cambridge University. And she enjoys life, life's best when working on projects for innovation within the aid and development sectors. So with that, I'd like to turn it over to Abby and give you a warm welcome. Hi, Ayuna. Thanks for the introduction. It's a pleasure to be invited to be up to contribute to the E4C webinar series today. As I know, we have a tight schedule. I guess I'm going to jump right in. And actually, I have to start today's webinar with a bit of a confession, an embarrassing secret, if you will. I'm an engineer, a manufacturing engineer in fact, trying to discuss how and when to make things when supply chains fail. But I have a bit of an awkward history when it comes to making. Let me give you an example. A while back, when I was living in the UK, my blender broke. I gave it a good a part to see what was wrong and realized the rubber seal between the jug and the base had perished and split. There were quite a few options open to me at the time to remedy the situation. I got as far as googling whether I could quickly obtain a replacement seal from Amazon. But when after 10 minutes, I couldn't find one, I instead selected a nice new blender off Amazon for 20 quid. I'll even admit to you, I have an Amazon Prime account, so the new blender arrived next day, which is pretty awesome. There's supply chain efficiency for you. And my old blender ended up on its way to the skip. Looking back at this, I must admit, I feel a little ashamed of my attitude. As I'm sure many of you could tell me, there must have been about 100 different options open to me to invent a solution to the problem. And as someone who does enjoy making things, I feel I should have been a little more resourceful. At the time, however, I felt rather impatient about the whole thing. Like there were better things for me to be doing with my time. And I guess for me, it came down to time and effort versus cost. 20 quid for five minutes on Amazon and my blender arrives the next day. Or you know, maybe I could make my own seal, half an hour on my bike in the rain to go and get a five pound sheet of gasket, half an hour back, another hour measuring the relevant dimensions and cutting it to shape, then testing it and discovering, say, that the gasket I bought is actually a fraction too thick and the jug won't screw into the face. Essentially, my excuses boiled down to my time is valuable. And it's better use of my time to justify a new one. And also, I kind of had the notion that blender designers are some sort of secret geniuses of blender seal technology and hence my solution would never be as good. What's more, I don't think I'm the only one with this mindset. My partner, for example, another engineer in fact, did the same thing with our lawn mower. A bit of digging could potentially have yielded a good solution. But it was deemed better use of money and time since we buy a related placement that could be delivered straight to the door. And again, there was the notion that lawn mower designers must know something special. We didn't. Another place where there are many engineers with this mindset is in humanitarian age. However, here, the consequences are a little different. This is a picture of an IDP camp. You can see there is a valley in the picture. On the far side, there is a town. And on the other side, a collection of temporary shelters that have been set up to accommodate people from the region who have been forced out of their homes. A key part of the camp is the water supply. Often a gravity feed water system will be set up using a tank to store water from a nearby water source, say a spring, then pipes are run from the tank downhill for different areas of the camp where inhabitants can access the water to a number of tanks. I recently had a conversation with a wash manager who was overseeing the work of a number of engineers in setting up a water system in an emergency context. He explained to me that when he arrived at the camp, he discovered that the water distribution system was only partially complete. On further investigation, he found out this was due to the fact that the kit of water fittings supplied was insufficient and they had brought out tea fittings. The engineers, similar to me, had thought about the value of the time and concluded the best thing to do was to order a new set of water fittings, then set to work on other problems. Unfortunately, during the two weeks, it took these fittings to arrive, a significant report, there is a big part of me and I'm sure a big part of you that agrees with the engineers' decision-making process. Setting up an emergency camp is a highly time-pressure situation. You have to prioritize your time and taking half an hour to order new fittings seems a much more effective use of time than spending five hours scrapping around for a novel solution. So we end up here again. And that's the solution is obviously immediately to hand. It's pretty tough to commit time to solving a problem, where you're not really certain how much time it will take to reach a solution, or even if you ever will find a solution. So that's like a different scenario, where there were solutions ready to hand. We see how events unfolded. So this is another IDP camp, this time in Nepal, where I'm currently working, set up in the aftermath of the earthquake last April. Just for clarity, I should add that the names on the tanks pictured here provided the equipment, but we're not actually the entities responsible for the camp. Don't want to get into trouble. The situation here in Nepal is slightly different to the previous context. The INGOs are working through local NGOs who are used to working with the materials available in Nepal. Additionally, there are some of the items available in the local markets. Not a wide range, but some. Again, when the INGO was constructing this water distribution system, they found that they did not have the right fitting. Actually, they didn't have any. So instead, they were resourceful. They bought up GI fittings, which stands for galvanized iron fittings from the local markets, and used these instead. When they didn't have enough of these, they pushed smaller diameter pipes between the larger pipes to form a joint, which is great. Instead of waiting weeks for the correct part of these guys, it was also the resourcefully found a way to get the system up and running, local making a safer day. However, I guess now is the point where I must stick a spanner in the works and ask the question, was this really an appropriate solution? Let's stop for a second and have a closer look at these workarounds. I guess the diagrams like this should look familiar from your engineering lectures way back years ago. So I wanted to highlight two issues in particular. Issue number one, it's actually quite surprising in a water system how much static pressure you get when the taps are shut off, and usually a fitting would be designed to clamp the pipes together, hold them together, and with this design, there's no clamping force holding the pipes together. The second problem is that there's no seal, so water will leak out of the pipes. If we also look at the GI fittings, the situation is similar. They don't fit very tightly onto the pipe. They just push the pipes in and there's no seal. In fact, there is an internal thread on these fittings and they seem less effective than these more improvised connections. So the system worked, but it was fragile. These pipes run overground to a crowded living space. They get knocked in and it really doesn't take much to loosen the connections. The consequences of this are not insignificant. If there are a few leaking pipes, this causes the pressure at the taps to decrease. The system built the spec but not to exceed spec, well, not by a great amount, and when the pressure at the taps drop, the flow rate becomes quite unacceptable. To give you an idea, it should be at least 7.5 liters per minute according to sphere standards. When we measured it at this tap, as you can see using a very simple bottle testing, how long it took time to fill up the bottle. It was actually about half a liter per minute. Quite significantly less. In the light of this imitation, people living in the camp became pretty resourceful. When the tap wasn't working, they would head up the slope, pull apart one of the weak fittings and use one of the weak fittings instead. One of the reasons for the poor connections is that they added their own pipes to the tank and ran them down to their houses. Here, you've got them all connected into the other pipes. They'd open the top of the tank and run them out of there as well. All sorts of great ideas. GI fittings, spare pipe, plastic bags. As you can see in this picture, there's even a couple of rocks being used here. However, of course, this exacerbates the pressure problem. I don't think anyone could claim this situation is really remotely safe or sanitary for anyone. So we get back to this situation. The thoughts on effective use and time in an emergency context are very valid. It's only really a reliable option to use an alternative if the alternative is known for quick and simple to achieve. And as seen here, some alternatives are a good temporary solution. But the concern that workarounds will not be as good as a properly designed solution or even that they're safe is also valid. Commercial pipe fittings do embody a little bit more knowledge and understanding these quick fixes. So I think what we need is a way of getting something that's not too far off an engineered design solution when we can't actually get one cost effectively. So now I'll tell you a different story of what we actually did. It's a little bit of background. The organization I work for, called Field Ready, is focused on tackling supply chain issues in the humanitarian sector using digital manufacturing technologies that can be applied as close to the area of need as possible. We work with a lot of different technologies, but in this case, the weapon choice was a 3D printer. This is because when we traveled out to the Paldchuk district, which is the region of Nicole where this camp was and where the epicenter of the earthquake was, we didn't know what supply chain problems we would come across. And a 3D printer is probably the most portable and versatile factory you can fit in the back of a Land Rover. On discovering that this camp was short of appropriate fittings, we designed a 3D printable version of a commercial plastic compression fitting. The next day, we set our 3D printer on top of the Land Rover, hooked it up to a car battery and printed. Voila! We have a bike fitting, isn't it great? This was printed actually last September. We went back in December to check that it was still in the same condition. Perfect, nothing had changed. Now I'm sure a few of you who own 3D printers are wondering about the details of how this works. In terms of testing porosity, selecting a slightly higher temperature than usual helps the layers bind better. And in terms of creating a seal, you can print a mould and cast the o-ring from silicone. But the important point is that once the part is designed, tested and optimised, I can take a 3D printer, a real plastic tube of silicone to any camp anywhere in the world and produce a part to a standard which is fit for purpose. So let's look at our aid worker engineer once more at this time imagining he had a 3D printer and was comfortable using it. So once the 3D part is designed, it takes 15 minutes back to set up a 3D printer not long. It may take a few hours to produce the part but that's machine time. Our engineer can go ahead and do other things. They can even set up the water system with a temporary solution knowing that it will be simple to replace the joints with the correct fitting before leaving site. They no longer have to feel worried that their solution will miss and is vital. The legwork has been done designing and testing the part somewhere else, by someone else and someone else will qualify it. So let's take a look at this more closely with a piece of work I have been doing recently out in Nepal. For me, one of the biggest sources are requests for 3D printers hospitals. At the hospitals I visited, a lot of the more complex or sophisticated equipment is generally donated. We are talking items such as ECG machines, baby incubators, dental chairs. This is great until something breaks. At which point we had a bit of a problem. Spare parts often hard to find. Some parts are not even available anymore because the equipment is quite old. Replacing the equipment as a whole is generally quite expensive. Let's look at an example. This is a nebulizer compressor. Nebulizer is a standard piece of hospital equipment and is used to deliver medicine to patients. It works using compressors to feed pressurized air through a device containing liquid medicine. This forces the medicine into a thymus to which the patient then inhales. The engineering department at the hospital received these devices several times a week as staff have snapped off the connection point to the tube delivering compressed air to the nebulizer. The engineers usually just look at them but unfortunately there's only a couple of days before the compressor comes back to them once again. The engineers know what they want to fix it. A new part that can easily be screwed on is better supported at the point of connection so the hospital staff can't break it easily. Of course getting such a part is another matter. It doesn't exist on the market and can't be produced in the hospital's maintenance lab. So they asked if field ready by me could help produce that part. So this is that same part printed by field ready in the form. It's already nice with a lovely 10 inch thread printed with no support but what's especially great about this part is it wasn't actually designed by me or any other member of field ready in the form. I send the design sketches, key dimensions with your requirements to a chap called Raphael a member of Humanitarian Makers. He's a pretty good guy. He works for the World Food Program in London has technical backgrounds in robotics experiences in CAD software and a big interest in doing practical work for the Humanitarian sector. He was happy to fill in the missing link for the Engineering Hospital and produce the CAD model of their design that they could print. So there you go, specified in the form designed in London and made back in Nepal again. And here is our working nebulizer. So I guess a few of you might be wondering at this point how far this concept of local digital manufacturing can go. There's obviously a dimension of the number of things we can 3D print and in a lot of places supply chains are pretty wide reaching and efficient. So let me share one more example of just how massive the opportunity is here even when you can get something through a traditional supply chain. So this on your left of the screen is a height board, a device used to measure the height of children under five, which can also relate horizontally to measure the length of babies. The measurement is used to check for malnutrition in children and is an integral part of most nutrition programs. Let's follow one on its journey to Nepal. So it starts off in the USA where it is manufactured. It is then shipped to the UNICEF warehouse in Copenhagen where you can purchase one for $82. It then gets put on a ship with shipping costs approximated as an additional 15% of the purchase price is spent in Nepal. By the time it is taken around one and a half to three months. If you are lucky it will end up in the Nepal warehouse within a week of arrival. But remember in the aftermath of the earthquake the airports in Kathmandu forms a bottleneck and huge amounts of aid could not get through. Other than experienced challenges with rapidly changing customs restrictions finding that certain items were suddenly prohibited and of course we can't forget the blockage at the Nepal India border. Once the height board reaches Nepal it generally spends another month or two travelling between various levels of local warehouse before finally ending up with a health post. By this time local transport has added another 15 to 120% of the cost plus damage and transit and storage accounts for further 10% lost items. The height board arrives where it is needed 10 to 32 weeks after it is ordered 50 to 100% of the original cost. Now this is a really well known problem. UNICEF has tried really hard to work on it and if you look on their website you can actually obtain drawings of this piece of equipment with the idea that local carpenters can make the boards locally. But unfortunately things aren't that simple. So the head of health and nutrition, the World Vision Response Office which is where our field ready are based in Nepal. Recall tackling this challenge whilst working on a nutrition program in Papua New Guinea. It was too costly to ship a small number of boards out from Copenhagen for her project so she tried to use a local carpenter instead. However there are a few subtleties to the design. Operation depends on accurate construction with parts set at 90 degrees and with the surface finished to a fairly high quality. The work the carpenters sees on a day-to-day basis does not require accurate angles or an understanding of tolerances so he wasn't able to produce this item to the required standard. I mean it's a measuring device if you make three of them they have to measure the same on the same child and that just didn't happen. This is a remarkably common problem. It would be great to use local manufacturing to supply key items for many reasons but the quality of the outputs simply isn't good enough. So what can we do? Well there are a few different ways of looking at this problem. This item is an obvious candidate for CNC milling for example. We could use a local maker space in Kathmandu and CNC mill the boards. There would be accurate manufacturing to the right tolerance and the results would be repeatable. Or we could redesign it to be 3D printable. For example with a light plastic slider. Alternatively we could manufacture much closer to the final communities and health posts using a 3D printer to make jigs to enable the local Kathmandu to manufacture the boards precisely. I think it's quite an exciting concept. So the scope to have impact is huge and in a surprising array of scenarios so just to give you a few more insights into what we're doing over here and the wide range of activities of getting involved here's some work we did working with local radio operators helping them construct antennas more accurately with 3D printed custom parts. This another example this picture shows the workshop of a local wax caster. What happens here is they make a model out of wax, cover it in ceramic melt out the wax, fill it with molten metal, wait for it to cool break away the mold and you have a metal part. This is something quite exciting you can do with 3D printing you can use a 3D print as the pattern for lost work casting and we're working with local craftsmen on 3D printed carpets and it's not even all volume items. I mean just to show the scale of it we're working with local injection welding firms to make safe water containers in the pool just at the other end of it. So there really are a huge variety of ways digital manufacture can tackle key humanitarian fighting problems utilising the skills and capabilities of engineers such as yourself means that we can take time to ensure digital designs are of a certain standard well before in an emergency context and digital manufacturing means we can realise these designs to the same standard anywhere in the world. I guess the next key question is can I really see hyperlocal digital manufacturing really becoming a viable option in age? It's very easy to theorise that one day this whole system will be slick enough and aid workers will feel comfortable producing a pipe fitting using a 3D printer in the middle of the field but you know this is really going to happen so fortunately the other day I had an opportunity to prove my theories to myself I was washing up my blender here in the pool and I broke the seal between the jug and the base I couldn't believe I was in the situation again I'm pretty busy here to be honest I often like 10-12 hour days I'm travelling, I'm meeting people I'm going out to the field and to be frank spending half my day fixing a blender is just unrealistic so my options well there is no Amazon Prime view there is however a supermarket 20 minutes walk away where I can buy a new blender for $30 I also have my 3D printer and a can of silicone in my lab so one option 40 minutes walk, 10 minutes shopping that's 50 minutes of my time and $30 purchase cost all the way I actually did it I spent 15 minutes measuring and modelling a 3D printable mold I spent 5 minutes spending 5 minutes just selling the print 10 minutes mixing up silicone and pouring it into the mold and then that's in total that's 30 minutes of my labour time and then $7 of purchase cost if you like accounting for material electricity and depreciation 3D printer and actually so it turns out my path of Lisa resistance is actually making which is great news I feel like a changed person so to close I truly believe that digital manufacture has the power to revolutionise the humanitarian supply chain whether it's enabling parts like pipe fittings to be produced in remote locations when traditional supply chains fail or maintaining quite a hospital equipment or enabling local carpenters to take them making to the next level I also think that the key to this is harnessing the power of people like you the engineering skills to produce digital files of well-designed tried and tested products coupled of course with organisations like Field Ready working deep in the fields identifying the needs and testing and prototyping with key users and stakeholders if you agree with me there are a number of ways you can act on this of course quickest and easiest would be to check out our design challenges and then just design something for the nipple response and you can do that at fieldready.org and if you have any other ideas or questions or want to contribute in some other way feel free to contact me at avi.ready.org so thank you for your time and I'll hand over to Naomi all right, thank you so much Abby if you can just advance the slide to Naomi's bio that would be great or one of you so I want to introduce Naomi Lundis who is curating and co-building humanitarian makers and its current community her background is in business management with a focus on advancing the development of effective solutions to local and global challenges especially those related to health and socio-economic well-being she has a tremendous amount of expertise finding a variety of industries but has a common way of designing, implementing and managing initiatives aimed at creating value for and with others so I'm very excited to have Naomi join us today and I will hand it over to her all right, thank you everyone and just taking off from where Abby left us as you can see there's great examples of where the design and engineering expertise can come into play in these humanitarian situations so today I'm going to be talking about just introducing basically humanitarian makers to you and we'll go quickly through like why humanitarian makers and what we believe, what we're doing ways to engage now and in the future what that might look like and how to become a humanitarian maker so basically humanitarian makers is bringing people together to shrink a supply chain just pulling from examples that Abby had shared with you previously you can see that the people that we're bringing together are basically aid workers and humanitarians and connecting them with bakers, designers, engineers supply chain experts, technologists you know, other innovators who want to work to help address this problem and it's all with high complexity and high cost along the supply chain and our hypothesis is that humanitarians and post makers can reduce this complexity and cost to increase the long term of those affected so what do we believe we believe appropriate disruptive technology plus the keen understanding of the real world problem does need to break through transformation and aid delivery appropriate disruptive technology, Abby gave several examples of how 3D printing rapid manufacturing can help create effective solutions in the context of working directly with people who understand the problem and are living with that problem what we are doing now for humanitarian makers is new it's developing and what we're going through now is building trust and relationships with others on the ground with different stakeholders with the community that has an interest in solving this problem so there's a lot of listening and learning from each other we're also engaging in pilots and attempting to understand how we can work together this is all under the fundamental building block of bringing people together to strengthen supply chains for humanitarian makers building a channel for professionals to contribute to the humanitarian needs expressed on the ground she'll wait to engage now I mentioned pilots Abby has given examples on design challenges these you can see on the field ready website and we had undergone a pilot early in the year to better understand how these designs can be communicated to the community the maker community the humanitarian maker community and get people around solving these problems in a way that understands the context and has the right process to get the design made in effective time another example of a pilot that we're engaging is disaster release product catalog mapping so what is this? Basically disaster relief organizations using their current process in the supply chains that they've established have developed catalogs that lists all the products that they have available to for people in the field to order from in the case of emergencies or needs there on the ground what we're trying to do is create a template or guide that can help the filmmakers and professionals and on the world assess what products in these catalogs can be made through rapid manufacturing or local manufacturing options the idea is to have members hold in person meetup type groups to gather and assess and go through this catalog and be able to highlight what is needed to make the products the type of materials the type of machines and so that's just a brief example of that type of pilot that we're engaging in now the other way to engage is member discussion so we're bringing makers, professionals, cementarians together to shrink the aid supply chain and a lot of that is yet to be learned by leveraging advanced appropriate technology and connecting with local and understanding what's happening on the ground in the future what does that look like ways to engage in the future we believe there will be opportunities to also have on-site hardware design basically mobilizing makers community to go to the field and work directly with field ready or other organizations that have humanitarian needs we also envision there may be working groups and different challenges come up to circle around those and figure out how to take actions to make a difference in that area research there will be a need to understand what is working, what is not what can be done better what kind of materials work effectively in different regions different contexts as well as cross training and learning from each other so creating a community that is diverse that represents a lot of different scenarios and situations and how can we leverage that learning to other contexts how to become a humanitarian maker right now the way to do it is to go to the website humanitarianmakers.net which actually takes you to LinkedIn and there you can join the community and then you start engaging in that discussion receive news of what is happening design challenges as well as opportunities to engage in other projects that come up we also have a page on Facebook that you are welcome to take a look at and receive news on and engage in discussion there or engage in conversation with us on Twitter at humanitarianmakers so thank you very much for your time I think we would love to hear from you and understand the questions that you have for us so I will turn it back to Yana so this is an opportunity for all of our attendees to be able to ask their questions so I invite you to submit your questions via the Q&A window please so one question that has already come in is actually a request a request of an example of what has been produced through the humanitarian maker group and now I know that Naomi shared just initial ideas but perhaps you can give us a couple of direct examples of parts or systems that have been fixed that have been repaired with your group work sure so as in the presentation we saw an example of Rafael who fixed a nebulizer hospital and actually most of the work so far has been on hospital parts so there was an example of a rubber box which it's basically that wasn't a very good answer there's a hospital in one of the districts in Nepal which is basically destroyed by the earthquake and it's running all of its services out of tents and one of the tents was to get power to a tent you need a rubber box where you take in the mains power plug it into this unit and then it gives power to a bunch of plug sockets which you can plug your equipment into and at the hospital they were going to throw this it was a donated piece of equipment they couldn't replace it didn't have the funds, didn't actually have it available to buy another one and the reason it was broken was simply the plastic connector on top where you attached the mains lead into the unit it wasn't anything complicated at all but it was kind of fatal to them being able to use it so I did a lot of the measurements and sent it to a humanitarian maker and she modeled the part and sent it back to me, printed it and now they have a working unit in the hospital which is really exciting so that's another example that's a fantastic example and Naomi could you speak a little bit to how the humanitarian network was a part, a humanitarian maker's network was a part of that or how do you interface with the community in the fall it's a good question I want to say that it's pretty nascent right now so we are small in figuring things out and so how we've been doing it is basically broadcasting through social media talking with fields ready understanding what the challenges are and then taking that and sharing it with the community and pulling people together to say this is how you can get in on the design challenge so we're trying to figure that out and work out kinks but that's the process that we use to date so the community aspect so a great follow-up question and one that I was also thinking is regarding just the cost associated with having 3D printers in the field so the question came up what is the initial cost of having a 3D printer in disaster studying and furthermore associated with that how flexible are you with being able to deliver parts or deliver solutions when there are limitations on materials that you're able to use as a local manufacturing group and the size of parts that can be printed or built so that's a pretty expensive question would you speak to some of us? Yeah, sure it's a question I get a lot and the answer perhaps it's not as straightforward as you'd think so I guess I will start from the beginning so buying a 3D printer costs about $1,000 it's not the cheapest piece for equipment but it's also not the most expensive piece of equipment and I think what the real question is in terms of how much is the initial cost for having a 3D printer in a disaster region is it more cost effective than shipping the same parts out from one of the warehouses in Europe or the USA or wherever else there might be essential warehouses that's kind of the key question no matter how much it costs so we actually have a great case from a while back on umbilical polyclumps and I think this should explain the answer quite well so imagine you've got a factory, say in China making millions and millions of these plants it's a small piece of hospital equipment they cost pennies or cents they're not very expensive at all if you went and bought them in China you could have used however there was a situation in Haiti where one of the hospitals needed about 30 a month Haiti is a long way from China that sounds like a really stupid statement but it's kind of the crux of the matter so to get umbilical cord clamps which should cost a couple of cents to Haiti and you need 30 of them you don't need a million, you need 30 that's actually not economically viable you have to buy millions of the things stick them in a container and ship them all the way to Haiti that's extremely expensive it's actually unaffordable they were asking volunteers to bring them in their suitcases from the US now a 3D printer which we shipped out we we had running in one of the local make spaces in Haiti and we produced the parts there um basically shipping, having a 3D printer as in paying a thousand dollars and then accounting because you're going to be making quite a lot of parts with this one device the material cost the electricity, the labor it basically came out at a couple of dollars per clamp now yes, this is more expensive than buying a couple of clamps for cents in China but it's a lot cheaper than shipping a container load of um political core clamps you don't need to Haiti so it's a relatively thing and it's something you need to a 3D printer a 3D printer is best when you're producing a low volume of bespoke parts and that's where it becomes like economically advantageous we're not saying you should be producing millions of the political core clamps with a 3D printer that's obviously not a good idea and then how flexible are they since they have limitations on the material to use on the size of the parts printed yep, great question so your typical consumer 3D printer prints basically two kinds of plastic ABS and PLA and the size of the parts is limited to both sides the biggest one we've got here is about 10 inches square so you can make an object about that size which doesn't sound like a lot but as I hope I was demonstrating through a few of the examples the best way to use a 3D printer is not always just through producing straight up parts so a couple of the ways we're using them here is one to make jigs to make bigger objects larger objects like the height board which you need a certain degree of accuracy for and you couldn't make here really otherwise we're making jigs to make that possible which is a really great use of 3D printing and allows us to make much bigger parts with different materials such as wood and also facilitate local manufacturers which is looking better and another example is using them to make patterns and moulds so in the presentation for example the example of making a mould which you then make a silicone seal or an o-ring for example you can make an o-ring using that method and then the other example is using with local metal casters which is another really exciting example where you're using a 3D printer to produce say a pattern so you could produce a car part with a really terrible plastic material that's not going to be suitable for a car part and then use that as a pattern in a casting process and then at the end you can get a metal part out so yes a 3D printer is a co-system that's not going to be available but it's a really brilliant piece of kit where you can kind of work out more interesting ways to use it in particular ways you can fit in with the local making and manufacturing landscape you basically, you accelerate it you can get so much more out of it which is really exciting for aid context and development context as well I hope that answers the question I think that was quite thorough and I think it definitely highlights the viability especially when we're talking about factoring in the time associated with waiting for even the delivery of thousands of parts even if they're cheaper there's that cost associated with trying to in the interim have individuals with suitcases coming to locations to bring those consumables and on that note I do really want to I know the question was about the initial cost of a 3D printer to the operating cost associated and also just operating factors for 3D printers and local manufacturing so I love the fact that you provided that description of the interface between where a 3D printer for example enables local manufacturing in the form of casting or more traditional methods but with 3D printing especially with the consumables required, the electricity requirements how are those requirements factored into the challenges associated with disaster relief where infrastructure is compromised Yeah so I guess the situation is different everywhere here in Nepal what I'm operating on at the moment the kind of standard cost that are around in every scenario you've got the original cost of the machine to depreciation you've got the electricity cost of running it so factored in the cost of electricity here or if you're out in the field you'd be running that up for several panels and actually see the fact that's in and then the material costs as well so that's kind of your basic cost and if you're running a 3D printer that basically works out a little under four dollars per hour so depreciation and electricity material oh and I forgot I did actually include success rates so obviously you're going to have some prints where perhaps there's been a design error or somebody switches it off midway through running you know there will be a certain cost associated with that as well the basic rate is about four dollars per hour in terms of transport and where you're going with your 3D printer that does obviously depend a lot on where you're going and who's going and I guess when it's just me I'm pretty much going on along with standard visits from aid agencies anyway so it's actually not any additional cost what aid agencies are already doing so I guess that's my answer four dollars an hour is probably the best answer I can give you because that's going to be the same everywhere plus transport I don't know what that is so I'm going to swing over a little bit to Naomi here and you mentioned as the humanitarian makers work the pilots include a disaster relief product catalog mapping so relative to that one of the things that Abby mentioned is that they were able to print products to a specific standard to enable them to interface with these medical systems or the water distribution systems so if humanitarian makers in addition to cataloging these products cataloging the standards associated with those products and all of the information that enables effective printing or local manufacture of these parts thank you can you say again what your question is so the question is in terms of the humanitarian makers cataloging efforts you noted that the pilots include disaster relief product cataloging also our product catalog mapping is there anything that's capturing the standards that the parts have to be printed to or relevant standards associated with these consumables or products for the CO4 disaster relief is humanitarian makers engaging also in cataloging any of that okay so the standard question and thank you for repeating that so I should first clarify that humanitarian makers is not an organization of itself it is a community made up of its members and so as we grow we'll be able to work together to figure out what needs to be done and who's going to work on it and and move these things forward and discussions have been understood that yes dance is important quality is important to see included I think in the long term the vision is to have an open access type platform where people can go in and find these designs that have already been tried and tested in the field and designed in these contexts and be able to continually develop them and understand what are the standards what is the performance and the quality and have that information available and continue building upon it that's a fantastic idea we'd love to help you out with that here at E4C so thank you so much for that answer I guess I have a question for both of you unless there's additional questions from the audience that anybody wants to throw out there but what do you feel relative to your experience to date as well are the other enablers that are necessary to really help to expedite and really drive the work of the humanitarian making movement maybe things that are already happening or things that could be happening that really would help out the cause that was a great question I guess one of the barriers I'm coming across most in the A community is just this assumption that manufacturing is very very complicated and I'm really hopeful that humanitarian makers bringing the maker community a lot closer to the humanitarian community will begin to give people a bit more a bit more confidence and less concern and less worry less fear of different technologies such as 3D printing. Something I get over and over again is all I'm not a technologist I can't possibly do it and it's no more complicated than using the printer in the office or a computer or a smart phone and I'm really excited those two communities coming together in future. Fantastic Naomi did you have any thoughts on that? Yeah I guess it's a challenge to us to have the discussions and find ways to collaborate with various experts or partners that are tackling these different aspects of all the pieces that can make this connection work so I would say is having those conversations and finding my partners and creating a sense of collaboration that we can and the supply is big enough that everyone if we work together we can really make destructive and significant change to how the aid supply chain currently operates. I think personally that's an incredibly noble mission and so far I think you guys are very much on the right track and we really are grateful for you taking the time to join us from literally halfway across the world here from New York City in Nepal and sharing some of the amazing innovation and some of the progress that you've been able to make on the ground so with that we are oh we have another question we see there's apparently a question that is not visible to me might have been asked privately Abby if you're seeing that question would you like to address it? So you mentioned that there's a question that we haven't perhaps answered I am not seeing any questions that we've missed if any Shall I read it out if we've got time? Yeah go for it, I might have been asked privately I may just not be able to see it in the Q&A. Yeah no worries, there was one which is from Gary Jones who said you didn't mention local training to get local people into the design and manufacturing realm themselves how about this approach? We haven't asked that, have we? So Yeah I thought it was a great question so I guess there's a few levels to my response first one is the field ready I guess the main focus is on training aid workers because we're an emergency response focused organization but I think a really really big part of that is training local makers because they're going to be the first responders so there's two sections to that one is in terms of manufacturing and one is in terms of the 3D design so 3D printing is definitely one where 100% full steam ahead on I think the really important thing with getting people into technologies such as 3D printing, CNC milling and various other digital manufacturing technologies is basically to fit it into the local making landscape already because I think it's a lot easier to get people to respond to that rather than honking a weird technology in the middle and going yes imagine the crazy uses of this it's not very helpful so two of the ways we're doing that is we're working with local radio amateur radio enthusiast who are really great makers they're making antennas and radios offering about all the time and 3D printing is a great way of helping them make their antennas a lot more accurately because that's one of the things that's a really big problem over here it's quite difficult to construct things pretty bang on so we're working with them to design custom parts for that and another community we're trying to link up with is the casting community so using basically setting up a 3D printing to jewelry making training course over here as well which I think is really exciting because jewelry making is a very exciting cultural part of Nepal which is really exciting on the other side of it on the computer aided design I think this is actually a harder and longer process lots of people are really keen and ready to get into 3D printing but there's a lot more nervousness around 3D design so at the moment we're focusing on interns so engineering students who are already experienced in that a little bit so I've had an intern in the office and we've been working together on a few different projects but I really think probably you know that one's going to be a bit more of a longer process so I hope that answers your question I'm sorry for adding an extra question at the end Diana No it's really fine we're actually perfectly on time we are on time right now and I think that was a very worthwhile question for us to actually answer and I couldn't see it but I'm very glad that you caught it so with that I'd like to thank Naomi and Abby for taking the time to join us here I'd like to thank all of our attendees for tuning in we will have a recording of this webinar available within a few days and for those of you who are seeking professional development hours the code is listed please submit to via the instructions on the professional development page and if we haven't answered your question feel free to email us on the address that you see listed on the slide and we invite you of course to become E4C webinars so that you can get information about upcoming webinars directly in your inbox thank you everyone have a fantastic morning, afternoon, evening depending on where you are and we will catch you on the next E4C webinar bye bye