 Now I will leave the floor to Igor Jurgens, who will give us an highlight of what's going on in the Russian Federation. Thank you very much. Thank you very much for having me. I'm from the educational institution, so I'll be talking about more of our programs of educating people for the sustainable development, energy and environment, rather than practical things. But before starting my presentation, I would like to say that after Paris climate summit, Russia committed itself to net zero by 2060. It adopted its national plan and so on and so forth, but you can appreciate that that was a formidable task to accomplish because 60% of the external trade of Russia are carbons. 40% of the revenues to the budget, this oil, gas and coal, and 20% of the GDP. So to cut this, to scrap this, essentially, is the task of the restructuring of the whole economy. You add to this steel industry, agriculture and everything else, which is also heavily carbonized. And you can imagine that from now to 2060, the task is enormous. And that was, as I said, Paris peace forum, again, excuse me for peace forum, but that was also, they coincided, climate forum and peace forum in Paris. The business, surprisingly enough, in spite of all the sanctions, in spite of all the pressure on Russian businesses and private and public, they build up the ESG Alliance of the 30 largest companies and they work hard on this non financial reporting, on this green instruments, on trying to clean themselves up in accordance with sustainable development criteria. And I can tell you that in most of those companies, you can see a pretty sensible plan of decurbanization and the fight against greenwashing. I would like to reiterate one thing that the restructuring of Russian economy of the scale, which depended so much on the carbons, would need extra efforts. And the plan which was worked out for the future is this exactly the production of hydrogen, green and blue hydrogen, both for the domestic purposes and for the, since this issue was mentioned, for the export. On the island of Franz Josef, that's on the extreme north of Russian Federation, they started production of this hydrogen and they played with the idea, to the best of my knowledge, of using North Stream 2 as the pipeline which would pump hydrogen to Germany. They were the experimental change with both mixture and non-mixture of with diesel as it was mentioned. And they really, before the crisis, before the start of this tragic war, they really played with this idea. We know what happened to North Stream, but if I understand correctly, the technology exists. And Russia has to start renewables from scratch, actually. We had such a cheap gas and cheap oil and cheap coal that we never thought about that. But the prerequisites are all there, I would say, because on solar, I don't know whether you know or not, Yakutia, which is the extreme north of Russia, Yakutia, which has minus 40 degrees in winter, has more solar days than France, for example. It's a pretty solar area. Winds, no problem at all, and water, of course, is available. And from this point of view, 20% of the world production of hydrogen, that was the target for the Russian Federation according to this decarbonization plan. Renewables, wind, solar, all of this at the moment is no more than 2%, I think, of the balance. But people start doing all these pilot projects, big parks, and surprisingly enough, especially younger generation, which thinks about Russia after this crisis, which we live through. They are very much sort of involved and very enthusiastic about that stuff. I mentioned ESG Alliance, but we have also different initiatives, including Coalition for the Sustainable Development of Russia, a big organization, young people, bright eyes, you know, in spite of everything else, they fight for their causes. And we in Gimo, in my university, together with UNESCO people, we organized the Gimo ranking of Russian regions in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. That's for the second consecutive year. It's difficult to see who is where, but the top three is Moscow, Belgorod and Murmansk, and the worst three are those areas which are rundown, which the GDP, original GDP, the lowest. So the interlinkage between poverty and richness is obvious in Sustainable Development, like everybody else in Russia. What we did for those young people, we organized so-called Priority 2030, which is subsidized by the state. This is a federal academic leadership program, and Gimo is in the center, as you see, but Rostov, that's southern university, southern federal university of Russia. They are dealing with agricultural aspects of sustainable development and raising temperatures in the south of the country and in the Caucasus, and St. Petersburg University in Coalition with us is dealing with the Arctic area and with the hydraulic aspects of the development of the permafrost and all of that stuff. Russian position on the COP 27 was that gas is a transit energy and nuclear is a green. And we keep thinking that this is effect of life. We try to develop both methodology, technology and science in this field. In spite of all the difficulties, Rosatom builds some good stations in Egypt and some other countries. Academia in the nuclear field is working hard on this many reactors in nuclear reactors and on the waste disposal and reprocessing. And they advance pretty well. If you look at the research in the United States on the same subject of nuclear mini and of nuclear waste disposals, and in Russia, you feel that the people go in the same direction with more or less the same speed. So we have our advantages. At the moment these advantages can be discarded for the rest of the world because we are under sanctions and rightly so, because the alternative to the sanctions would be a war. War is worse than sanctions. But the time will come when Russia will come back to the civilized world with its own ideas on the general balance of energy and with some results. Believe us that there are people who think about the future in my country regardless. Thank you. Many thanks Igor for your comments and honest presentation. Friedbert. Well Igor, I think that we all hope that this will come soon. I mean Russia is there, will remain there. It is a huge country and as you said it has many, many people who were not in favor of the war and who had great projects. I had a project with my company with Wolfgang Schüssel and Anatoly Chubais for greening Russia. I know that with Rosatom I had a contract on how to deal, how to treat nuclear used fuels in a way which is called transmutation and partition. And unfortunately, and that is the tragic of this war, all this got killed. All this wonderful cooperation got killed. And now it's a, I mean we just heard Franklin Servant Schreiber. It is European companies who have to do that. Rosatom was in lead but now others are coming in Europe with great speed. We should think about some academic. The point is not who is first and the competition. What is important is really to take nuclear, a new generation of nuclear as a green energy source. And that is possible in the moment we understand that there is a chance to get rid of large parts of this nuclear fuels. And there are technologies in the world and I think we should be much more open than the green movement all over Europe is today to nuclear. With the exception of France perhaps, but in general there is still a lot of skepticism and I think we have to overcome that in the new generation. Thank you, Frieberg, Igor, would you want to reply to Frieberg? Yeah, thank you very much. Yeah, we started. Volgan Schussel from Austria, ex-Chancellor, Anatoly Chubais from Russia. He was a special representative of the president Putin for the sustainable development. I was involved also. I know that your organization where we met in Munich etc. So it was very good. Essentially, I don't know, I'm not an engineer, but essentially if we talk about this nuclear thing, they produce uranium. Then what is wasted? They made the particles which can be reused again. And then the waste goes to the 150 meters depth where uranium was found. That is to say he's reproducing himself in the soil. It's simply said, but very difficult to down. But we and Americans, we do the same thing. And in Pennsylvania, I know the laboratory which does it more or less the same thing. So it's a great misfortune, what happened. A historical mistake, but let's hope that it will be over in the foreseeable future and we go back to normal. Thank you, Igor. Narendra, yes, please. Just a small brief question. You talked about mini-reactors. Could you elaborate, are the mini-reactors being talked about at Development Russia are different from smart reactors being talked about in the U.S. and western part of the world? Probably it's the different name for the same thing, but you create a reactor which can take care of the village of 500 houses, something like that. They install it and they go ahead. Whether it's called smart or mini, I don't know, but in Russia we call it mini, probably it's called smart in the United States. Sorry, please, when you speak, can you push on the button? Sir, yes, please. Sorry, that's kind of my field and I'm a great admirer of the Russian effort in nuclear. I would like to state that Russia is so essential to the nuclear world in Europe and in America that it is not under sanction. Rosa told me it's not under sanction. It's so essential. And what happened in Russia for small modular reactors, it's not really called smart, it's small modular reactors, similar, is for heat. They put it on a barge and it's so difficult to build in the far north of Siberia that they put it on a barge and then they drove it during the summer and it delivers heat. And in fact, you know, that's probably the best use of nuclear power is to deliver heat, which is 50% of our energy consumption. Everybody talks about electricity, but in fact we should talk about heat and nuclear is the best for that. Thanks. Thank you for your insightful comment. Other question? Just please, sir. Yes, many has been said about production of energy, but probably we need to also to talk about the consumption side. You mentioned about heat and of course electricity and transportations and the point about the demand side is they are very difficult to change because it's related with household, you know, small enterprises, people in the village and so forth. So I wonder if, you know, all the panelists could maybe share how we see that, how we see the changing and how we should do in terms of the demand side of the energy, how should we direct the changes to becoming more renewable? If you may, if I may. Yes, please. Because it's so energy demand is something on which we work a lot and actually a good solution to that coming back to your point. It's high energy prices. That's so far the best way we have found to make people care about energy and suddenly try to decrease their consumption. So we've been doing a lot of projects where we were trying to deploy apps, advice, whatever for energy retailers, so that people share best practice and reduce energy consumption. But we see recently that the best level actually for people to reduce their energy demand is actually that the price is high and that they suddenly have to manage their energy very efficiently. Likewise, on the B2B side, we have as consultants a huge number of requests from our clients who suddenly are trying to be much more efficient and sober in energy and ask us to revise completely their industrial processes, to deploy a lot of sensors, IOT, whatever, to as well reduce their energy demand or optimize it to try to reduce a bit or to optimize a bit their bills. So there is an increase in all the technology around energy efficiency. And the latest topic, it's corporate PPA. There is an increasing demand for green energy. And it was at first for to reach targets on climate change, renewable energy commitments that a lot of companies have taken. But a lot of players are also seeing this as a way to have part of their energy bill control because when you sign a corporate PPA, you sign it for 10, 15 or 20 years and you have a clearer view of the future and electricity price or gas price of this corporate PPA. Thank you for your comment. Just before I give you the floor, I just want to make a comment on what you said. When we are talking about reducing demand, again, it's a northern conversation. If we think of the South, there are billions of people that don't have access to energy, don't have access to electricity. In South Africa, two hours a day, they are in blackout and many, many examples like this. So we have to be careful. If we want to live in a better world, we have to increase our production of energy and electricity. That's the topic. For sure in Europe, we live in the context that we are now, but we have to be careful of the conversation globally just to mention. Please, sir, you have the floor. No, you just take my word. No, but that comes back to the point. I agree with you. That's clearly a northern perspective. Coming back to your point, not working on energy efficiency in Europe, it's just to import energy and derive it from where it should land in other continents. So I think we should not oppose North and South. It's a global perspective, keeping in mind that energy access is clearly a topic in most part of the world. And I want to add something and make a comment on what you said. Yes, it is a northern conversation, but we have to be careful that the energy demand that is decreasing, but be careful of the economy and recession. That could be the consequences as well. So we have to be careful on this wording as well. Sir, you want to add something? Yes, that's actually more my field and I think you're absolutely spot on because I think when we're talking about the energy transition, I think that probably the biggest, I'm not going to say fallacy, but probably the hidden spot is that we've all focused on energy production. The reality is that this transition means that we're having more distributed and intermittent energy. And this means that we need to manage the grid and it comes back to Mr. Aper's point. We need to manage the grid. And when I say the grid, it's not only transportation, but it's distribution and low voltage and to your point. And it's not a north or south issue. It's the market design and the way we run energy that needs to be thought all over again very differently. Because if you're in a village, for example, and I've done a project like that in Africa and Tanzania, if you're in a village, building a microgrid is much more complicated than we think and much more complicated than just saying, okay, we put a generation unit here and we distribute and someone consumes. Because you need to manage the consumption to be able to manage your grid to avoid having failures on your grid. I think you have a very spot on point on this element of demand. Thanks for the comment. Yes, please. You have the floor. Yeah, I learned from experience. Indonesia is an island's country. We have more than 15,000 islands and grid is out of the questions for many of our islands. And so I think back to our colleagues from India, decentralization of energy in terms of energy production as well as energy consumption is essential. And probably listening to all of you, I can just imagine one island in Indonesia, we will jump from using wood, maybe directly to the mini nuclear technology. Just imagining things because again, that is something that really need to put on the perspective. Of course, probably I'm still dreaming, but probably that is the way. And I would add natural gas as well. You have a lot of projects in how south is Asia and on floating LNG, which are very important. If I take the example of the Philippines in your country, that's an important topic we haven't spoken about natural gas, but its role in the energy transition and access to electricity is essential, especially in your country. Yes, please. Just two quick points. You see, when we talk of conservation, there are two sides of conservation. One is, of course, what we can do in terms of two conservation, like in India we did only recently. I mean, the LED bulbs are supposed to be helping in conservation of power. So the government came out with an initiative which was initially subsidized across the country, and the government was buying literally billions of bulbs and just passing on to the consumers as subsidized heavily. And that really helped us change. A, the pattern, B, the habit, and three, of course, you know, the overall power consumption. So LED bulbs. And today India is kind of a leader in LED bulbs, of course, you know. But there is other side of conservation. I mean, there are three billion energy poor on the planet. Three billion. There are one billion energy poor just between Afghanistan and Burma. Majority of them, of course, in India. What do I mean by energy poor? The people who have very limited access to electricity, maybe one bulb, a mobile charger, maybe a small portable or small television set. And they spend half of their evenings switch off half the bulb and they move from one room to another. The family makes sure that they've, you know, switched that off and the family is all assembled in one room to save electricity, you know. Because they can't afford the bill. Like in India is power surplus today. We are installed capacity is 400,000 megawatt. So we call ourselves power surplus. Yet we have 700 million people who are energy poor. Because they don't have means, money to pay for it. Now, so that's the situation. Power surplus on paper, but with 700 million energy poor. Because they don't have money, paying capacity. So, I mean, that's the dilemma. And how do, for instance, it's like telling somebody who actually access to only two pieces of bread, saying, conserve bread. Come on, I'm getting only two pieces. So what do I conserve? So this, I think is extremely offensive to even, even talk about it for those three billion people on, on the planet. The same, for instance, when I earlier talked about LNG, a ship going to Bangladesh and being diverting. So you see the, and there was an argument given by one of the energy ministers from this part of the world saying that, oh, that's not a worry. We have got long-term contracts, LNG contracts, and 80% of LNG globally is actually shipped through these contracts. I said, fine. And I was in a conversation with the honorable minister. But the fact is that these contracts are not Bible or anything. These can be renegotiated. And we have seen Qatar. Four years ago, when the LNG prices dropped, China insisted and Qatar agreed to renegotiate a 15-year-old, 15-year-long contract. China pushed the pressure. Qatar agreed. You know what happened after that? We sent a delegation to Doha and we asked for the same thing. Initially they said no, but they agreed. You see, and this, these 80% kind of LNG global supply is through the contract to say that these are sacrosanct. These are Bible. You can't be reopened. They can be reopened. If Germany, France, or Europe, or the North pays more money to an LNG exporting country, of course by or maybe they'll be renegotiated. The price will be also renegotiated. That's the danger. That's where the question is of governance. And that's where the question of ethics. This is the last point on nuclear. You see, when I look at India's energy mix, the share of nuclear power is 2%. And we have been working on nuclear power since we were born as an independent country in 1947. We set up a commission for nuclear power already one year before the independence, but still the share is only 2%. And we collaborate with Russia. We have our own initiative, including one on thorium based on thorium. There's fast breeder reactor based on thorium. We are working on it. We have got a small one already. And now we are also buying from France. We are buying, you know, 10,000 megawatt nuclear farm kind of thing, you know, from Western house in the U.S. and so on and so forth. Yet there are many challenges. You see the fuel and nuclear waste and so and so forth. So nuclear is probably future. I also look at it. I think 2060 and beyond, many of us won't be around. But 2060 and born is all going to be about nuclear power, one way or another. Why and how? Because my sense is that nuclear by that time would become, for instance, more affordable and all these complexities probably would have been history. And then solar power would be probably commercially more viable, easy to operate. There might be a few questions like my friend talked about the mini grids or distributed solar. Distributed solar in India is also a huge challenge. We have done very well in solar the last five years, but it's mainly power we generate and goes into a grid. We are still struggling when it comes to distributed, including mini grids. But my sense is that 2060 and beyond, in the global energy mix, nuclear is going to occupy substantial share. Solar depends how you look at it. We can always, for the sake of fun, I can say that solar power is also nuclear power because sun is a nuclear reactor. So that's also indirectly nuclear power coming reactor created by nature. And thirdly, of course, hydrogen. But hydrogen, like some of my colleagues pointed out, in India, there is a lot of these hype these days on hydrogen and especially green hydrogen. I'm not yet buying into it. But even if on let's say it becomes huge success, I think in global energy mix, hydrogen share is probably not going to be more than 10%. But I may be wrong. I can't, no expert on that. But overall picture when it comes to this, I think looks if we move in that kind of direction, chances are we'll be able to eradicate energy poverty and there would be more energy prosperity around the world. Thank you, sir. I leave you the floor and then we move on to the last speaker, Mark Antoine. Yes, please. Sorry, but there was remark on nuclear as a long term energy. It's interesting with the perspective that if I remember well, Europe so far. And it's taxonomy considers both gas and nuclear as transition energies. Absolutely right.