 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we continue studying the Hal Sandhi or the Consonant Sandhi. Hal is a Consonant and Hal Sandhi is the Sandhi that replaces the Consonant. We classified Hal Sandhi broadly into two, Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Ekasthanika Dvyadesha. Ekasthanika Ekadesha is one substituent replaced by one substitute and Ekasthanika Dvyadesha is one substituent replaced by two substitutes. Ekasthanika Ekadesha is further classified into two Purpanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Currently we are dealing with Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha mainly and this can be described in the form of a diagram where we have A plus B in the Samhita mode where B is the Paranimitta, A is Purva and in the environment of B A is substituted by C. So this is Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. This is Paranimitta, this is Ekasthanika, this is Ekadesha. So A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output. The next Sandhi that we are studying after we studied the Scyttva Sandhi is Scyttva Sandhi. This is stated by the Sutra Shtuna Shtuhu 8441. The Sutra Shtuna Shtuhu consists of two padas Shtuna and Shtuhu. Shtuna is instrumental singular of Shtu. Shtu consists of shah and tu. Tu means Tavarga. Tavarga stands for the five consonants Tathadadhana. So Shtuna means in association with or in combination of shah and tu that is Tavarga that is Tathadadhana. Shtuhu is one slash one of Shtu which is of course once again composed of shah and tu. So Shtuhu means the substitute Shtu. Shtuhu is the word that is continued from 8444. Shtuhu is 6 slash one of Shtu and Shtu is composed of S and tu. Tu means Tavarga and Tavarga means Tathadadhana. So Shtuhu means in place of Shtu. Having put all these together the meaning of Shtuna Shtuhu is the following. In the close proximity of sounds in the combination of shah and tu in place of Shtu substitute shah and tu. I repeat in the close proximity of sounds Samhitayam in the combination of shah and tu Shtuna. Shtu is composed of shah and tu. Tu means Tavarga, Tavarga means Tathadadhana. In place of Shtu, Shtu is composed of S and tu. Tu means Tavarga, Tavarga means Tathadadhana, substitute shah and tu. Tavarga that is Tathadadhana. So in the close proximity of sounds Samhitayam in the combination of shah and tu Shtuna in place of Shtu, Shtuhu, substitute shah and tu Shtuhu. This is the meaning of Shtuna Shtuhu, the sutra stating the shtutva sandhi. We note that the principle of Yathasankhya our correspondence also functions in this particular sutra just as it operated in the previous sutra, Sthuhu, Shtuna, Shtuhu. What we mean to say is that there is Yathasankhya relation that exists between sthani or karyi and adesha or karya. So sthani and adesha or karyi and karya amongst these pairs Yathasankhya exists. We also note that also in this particular sutra there is nimitta of similar numbers. But there is no Yathasankhya between the nimitta and the sthani as well as nimitta and adesha. Nimitta and sthani or karyi and nimitta and adesha or karya they do not share this Yathasankhya relationship. So Yathasankhya relationship can be shown in the form of an equation in this manner. If we have Shtuhu followed by Sthuhu in the Samhita mode then this Sthuhu will be replaced by the consonant Sthuhu in the left hand side environment of Sthuhu. Similarly, if we have Shtuhu plus na, na occurs at the fifth position in the tabarga and so this na will be replaced by the fifth consonant in the set of the adesha namely na. This is how Yathasankhya principle will work. Now if we have para nimitta ka ekasthani ka ekadesha, this was the case where the nimitta was purva. So purva nimitta ka ekasthani ka ekadesha. Now in this case where you have the nimitta para and this para nimitta is causing the substitution Sthuhu then the substitute that comes in place of this is Sthuhu. Similarly, if you have Sthuhu plus Sthuhu then since Sthuhu occurs at the first position in the tabarga, this Sthuhu will get substituted by the first member that occurs in the tabarga that is Sthuhu. So Sthuhu plus Sthuhu will be the input and Sthuhu plus Sthuhu will be the template output. Then we have Sthuhu plus Sthuhu and similarly because Sthuhu occupies the third position in the tabarga. So this Sthuhu will be substituted by the third consonant D in the tabarga. This is how the Yathasankya principle will work. The nimitta and the Sthahani or Kari, they do not have any Yathasankya relation. Now let us also take a closer look at the peculiar mention of the word Shtuna. Shtuna is a very peculiar usage because this is instrumental singular that is stated by Panini and this case indicates the environment for the substitution to take place. But this third case neither indicates only the left hand side environment nor only the right hand side environment. This was what was done by the fifth case and the seventh case. The third case Tritya indicates both left hand side as well as right hand side environments for the substitution to take place that is why this is peculiar. So Sthuhu will be both left hand side as well as right hand side environment for Sthutvasandhi to take place. So we can have Sthuhu plus Sthuhu as the input where Sthuhu acts as the left hand side environment or Purva nimitta but then this Sthuhu will still be substituted by Sthuhu and the output will be Sthuhu plus Sthuhu. This is called Purva nimitta ekasthanika ekadesha and when we have Sthuhu plus Sthuhu where Sthuhu is the nimitta but this is Paranimitta now even in this case Sthuhu will be substituted by Sthuhu. This is called Paranimitta ekasthanika ekadesha. Here are the template examples. So if you have Sthuhu plus Sthuhu as the input and the nimittas are all Purvas Purva nimittaka ekasthanika ekadesha. So we have Sthuhu plus Sthuhu and the generated output would be Sthuhu plus Sthuhu. Similarly Sthuhu plus Sthuhu and the output would be Sthuhu plus Sthuhu. Remember the nimitta and the Sthani and the Kari there is no Yathasankhya but between the Sthani and the Aadesha between the Kari and the Kari there is Yathasankhya. So Sthuhu gets substituted only by Sthuhu and nothing else. Sthuhu with Sthuhu, Sthuhu with Sthuhu with Sthuhu and Sthuhu with Sthuhu. Then when we look at the Paranimitta ekasthanika ekadesha we have Sthuhu plus Sthuhu and this will be substituted by Sthuhu plus Sthuhu. Sthuhu plus Sthuhu will be the input and the output generated will be Sthuhu plus Sthuhu. Sthuhu plus Sthuhu will be the input and the output would be Sthuhu plus Sthuhu. Similarly Sthuhu plus Sthuhu as input and the output would be Sthuhu plus Sthuhu. Sthuhu plus Sthuhu will be the input and the output will be Sthuhu plus Sthuhu and sa plus na will be the input and the output would be shah plus na. Then we have tathadadhana plus shah, tavarga plus shah, tu plus shah and the output would be tathadadhana plus shah that is tavarga plus shah that is tu plus shah. Similarly, tathadadhana plus tah, tu plus tah and the output generated would be tathadadhana plus tah that is tavarga plus tah that is tu plus tah. Then we have tathadadhana plus tah and the output would be tathadadhana plus tah. Then we have tathadadhana plus dah and the output generated is tathadadhana plus dah. Then tathadadhana plus dah and the output would be tathadhana plus dha. And finally, we have tathadhana plus rana as the input and the output is tathadhana plus rana. Let us first study the purva nimikta ka ekasthani ka ekadesha, where we have shah followed by sir and the template output is shah plus shah. Shah is substituting sir. However, we must note that this output does not result due to the application of other rules stated earlier in the Asidna section of Paninian grammar. So, Suta A 241, Shadho Kassi states that substitute ka comes in place of shah in the environment of sir. This is obligatory, always this happens, where ka comes in place of shah. So, if you have an example, this shah plus shah plus t, which is the future tense, this shah plus shah plus t, this shah, then we have this shah plus shah plus t and then this shah will be substituted by shah. So, we have this shah t. Now, we have shah followed by sir. In this case, this shah will be immediately substituted by ka. So, we have dek shah t. Then this sir will be substituted by shah and we have dek shah t and when we join them together, we will get the form dek shah t. So, shah plus sir has got no desired output, template output as is shown on this particular slides title. Next, we move to shah plus t. And the output is shah plus t. So, we have the example, dusha plus t, where shah is immediately followed by t. Since, this is within a pattern, the samhita is obligatory. So, this shah is the nimitta and t consonant is the kari or sthani and this t is substituted by t. So, we have dusha plus t and dusha t. Similarly, dusha plus tavya. Once again, we have dusha plus tavya and then this t is substituted by t. So, we have dusha tavya. Then we have shah plus t and t being substituted by t. So, the famous word shahstha is derived by adding the suffix e after the word shah. And then once you add e, paninian grammar adds the augment tha to this e. So, we have shah plus tha and e. Now, this tha is substituted by tha. So, the output generated by the sutra is shahsh plus tha plus e. And so, we will get shahstha. Shat kati kati paya chaturam thuk. This is the sutra that states the agama tha. Then we go to the next example, shah plus the, shah followed by the, which is the input and 8441 applies and the output generated is shah plus d. So, we have the example where we have mush plus danda. This is a compound. So, samhita is obligatory. So, this shah follows this d and so, in place of this d now, we will have to substitute the third consonant of the tabarga, which is d. But first we will have shah being substituted by d and this will be triggered by the sutra jhalam jashonte which we have already studied before. So, we will have the next step, mud plus danda and then this d will trigger the sutra 8441 because of which d will be substituted by d and we will get the form mud danda. Then we have shah followed by dha and the output is shah followed by dha. However, this shah gets substituted by d. So, we have mush followed by dhana and then this shah will be first substituted by d, mud plus dhana and then 8441 applies and substitutes dha by dha and so, we will have mud plus dhana, the output would be mud dhana. Then we have, then we have shah plus dhana and dhana is substituted by dhana. So, we have ushan plus us and the next step is deletion of uh after shah over here. So, we have ush, nuh and us and then this nuh comes in the samhita mode with shah and so, nuh gets substituted by nuh and so, we have ushnah. Actually, in this environment shah plus nuh 8441 will apply first and we will generate the same result that is nuh will be substituted by nuh. So, we can say that 8441 is redundant in this particular case. Now, after having looked at the purva nimittaka, ekasthanika, ekadesha, let us look at the purva nimittaka, ekasthanika, ekadesha. So, we have ush plus ush as the input and the output is ush plus ush. So, we have haris plus shahdha, here ush appears at the end of a padha and so, this sandhi is in between two padhas as part of the sentential combination. So, we have haris plus shahdha and the output generated would be harish and shahdha. So, when we join them together, we get harish shahdha. Similarly, you have manas plus shakara as a part of a compound and so, sir will be substituted by shah and you will get manas shakara. Then we have sir followed by t as the input and the output is sir followed by t. So, we have haris tika, here the sandhi happens in between two padhas, this is part of the sentence. So, we have haris plus tika and the output generated is harish tika, where shah substitutes sir. So, we have harish tika. There is a sutra written by Panini, chares taha. So, here we have chares followed by taha, where sir is followed by t and so, we have this sir being substituted by shah. So, we have chares and taha. So, chares taha. Similarly, manas plus tika and this sir will be substituted by shah by the application of 8441. So, we have manas plus tika, manas tika. Then we have sir plus th as input, 8441 applies and the output generated is shah plus taha. So, we have payas plus thakka as the input and this sir will be substituted by shah and so, we have payash plus thakka, payash thakka will be the output. Similarly, we have sir plus dha as the input and the output generated is shah plus dha. So, we have hares and dapaha and the output generated is haresh and dapaha. So, haresh dapaha, this will be the output. Then sir plus dha as the input and shah plus dha as the output. So, we have hares plus dhaukate. This is the example between the two words that is part of the sentence. So, we have hares plus dhaukate and 8441 applies and now this sir will be substituted by shah and so, we will get harish dhaukate as the output, harish dhaukate. This is the output and finally, we have sir followed by nir and in this environment 8441 applies and substitutes sir by shah. So, we have shah plus nir as the output. So, we have hares plus nakara. Once again this is the example of the sandhi that takes between two buzzers as part of the sentential combination. So, we have hares plus nakara and the output generated by the application of 8441 is haresh and nakara. So, we have haresh nakara. To summarize, we studied the second type of part of sandhi namely shtutva sandhi. We studied the sutra that states this shtutva sandhi namely shtunashtuhu. We also understood the literal meaning of the sutra. We also explained the meaning of the third vibhakti, third case tritiya vibhakti and then we studied paranimittaka ekasthanika ekadesha mainly. We noted down the template examples and studied the specific examples as well. We also studied the purvanimittaka ekasthanika ekadesha and we noted that these specific examples showed that the sandhi happens at different levels. Be it in between two buzzers external sandhi or be it in between the buzzer internal sandhi. We also noted that in cases of some inputs the combination outputs are not possible there the rule enjoys redundancy. Now we study next the remaining examples of shtutva sandhi in the next lecture. Thank you for your attention.