 Mae'r clynydd yma yn ymwneud yma yn ymwneud yma, yn south easton, ac yn ym 1800 oesol yn 3 ymwneud yma, ac yn ym 20,000 oesol yn ymwneud yma, ac yn ymwneud yma, mae'n ymwneud yma, ac mae'n ymwneud yma'r ymwneud yma, ac mae'n ymwneud ymwneud, ac mae'n ymwneud yma Dawn yma, tu'r cy litigation hon initiative yn ei falvanu a cofnogi ac eto nhw yw, ac mae'r gadquod yr mig o myl yn ôl. Mae'r gael o cynnig mount daeth, hwnnw yn eu r sandbox, mae hwnnw hefyd nesaf i'r medd待f, yn winners hyn gem cocktentabeetig a gydaf記得ious a Llyfr gauge. mwylo'n rhai eich iawn o'r ternemor, ac i chi'n meddwl, rhai o'n rhai, rhai o'n glir. Felly rhai o'n ddigwydd oedd oedd y bwysig sy'n dda, fyddwch chi'n gwybod. Felly rhai o'r ffantau gen crisis o'r funud gwahanol yma o dwylo'n meddwl. Here are some two nouns, which come in high and low terms. That's fine. Every major or minus syllable has a tone, and there are lots of non-tonal functional morphemes, which acquire their tone by a sort of OCP ripples out from the tonal lexical morphemes. There are five vowel heights, so again a sort of fieldwork is nightmare finding which of those high e vowels is the right one. Not always reflected in spelling, a lot of the orthographical data that we have is needs checking. Some more for phonological structures, so you have syllables with one tone, and you can have some very unusual sort of MS clusters. So that's one syllable, there's no morpheme boundary in there. In fact you can only really see it. Be a single morpheme with a minor and a major syllable, so nguf met. And in my dot, I've used hyphens to morpheme boundaries and a dot for a minor syllable vowel, so a dot is a short up, but I got so bored of typing schwares that I just went for the dot and kind of got it fixed, but I'm sort of sure that I wouldn't like it in there. That's going to have to go. But once you get used to it, it's quite efficient because you have visually something that feels more like the number of actual beats that are there, so nguf met has one beat. The main syllable has a low tone, so the nguh by, because it is next to it, gets a high tone, so these minor syllables can get a tone, but they can't determine the tone. They can only get tone by derivation. Okay, so forms like in C, two morphemes, a minor syllable and a major syllable, so the verb to go, low tone met is too plural, inclusive, we go. So the met is the prefix and it gets a high tone because it's next to a low tone. And I use backwards slash for down and forward slash for up because that is a million times faster to type and I don't see it anymore, but I hope you can read those okay. It's a lot easier than putting accents on top of the vowels. And also I like it because you're associating tones with whole syllables rather than specific vowels. And it's faster type, which is great. Okay, three morphemes, so we've got this form, he cooks for me, so clat, a low tone verb, a low tone transitive verb is cook. The uh prefix is the singular and the mmm in the middle is he does it for me, so it's wrong, your gloss don't shouldn't be true, it should be third to one. So the mmm in between the subject agreement and the verb can do a number of functions. It can do you to me, he to me, I to you. Yeah, is that the same in here? Similar? So it can do he to me, you to me and I to you, I think. So the mmm in the middle. It's like a speech against an object, right? Whenever it's first or second person object. Yeah, also first person object, yeah, he cooks for me is. Okay, but again lots of checking to be done because it doesn't always depends on the transitivity or otherwise of the verb too, so those things are hard. Right, so and then we've got three morphemes with two major syllables at the bottom, so the subject marking prefixes disappear in negative verbs. Negation is very simple, you just have an app suffix. So sick is go sick at is, sorry sick is pluck, sick at don't pluck, sick at don't pluck it. So in an imperative form you have no, there's no subject agreement, there's only object agreement. And because there's no subject agreement prefix, there's no minor syllable at the beginning, so you get this unusual sick cluster at the beginning. So that's just some fun things about some two morphin phonology. Verb stem alternations, so they seem to kind of come in two kinds, one where you, one's where you lose something and one's where you add something, so the verbs like drink, buy and fetch, you lose a final stop, and verbs like sleep, crossover, go or cook, you get a final stop where there was only a double stop, so things seem to be going in two directions. And from what I can recall about 60, it's only about 30% of the verbs that have two forms. There's that kind of proportion, a lot of verbs just have one form. And there's a lot of optionality, so it seems to be acceptable for quite a lot of verbs not to do the stem alternations to speak as we'll find with it. So it's clearly sort of on the way out for more verbs at the moment. And that's some comparable data from Dive, so I haven't attributed this data from Helge Sir Hartman, obviously. So quite similar to Dive, and I'm sure similar to Heel on other languages. And you never know with them, I haven't looked at as many languages as the rest of you, so you never know quite whether the distribution of verb stem choice is the same, but in some two at any rate you get stem one in finite affirmative verbs and stem two in negatives and imperatives. And also in subordinate clauses in some cases, as I recall. Here is the subordinate pronoun system, so you have some interest. This is where the attention to tones became relevant, so you have sort of tone flipping for the dual. So ge, nang, ja, that are all fairly recognisable singular pronouns for the second and third person. And the plural, in all cases, you add hnit, which has a fixed high tone. That's not open for debate, and exceptionally you get the... So the marked forms, what's interesting here, the dual forms seem predictable. The hnit has a fixed tone. There's a minor syllable to the left to have a low tone, because it's next to a high tone. And the plural forms have exceptionally a high minor syllable to the left of the fixed hnit, which is unusual. So what distinguishes dual from plural is a change in tone in the minor syllable. Right, so those are the pronouns. The verb suffixes do something similar. So we've taken the verb oak to drink, so ge oak, na oak, a oak, and again the dots are short schwa. And then the dual forms, mo oak, gan oak, nann oak, an oak, and then the plural forms, mo oak, gan oak, with this strange sort of double high, which feels very, very marked. And I would welcome your comments on whether markedness of the plural rather than the dual seems unusual. Right, and then in other cases we get, with low tone verbs, we get the tone of the verb itself flipping when you go from the dual, in the dual forms. So in the singular we've got ge si, na si, and a si. So I go, you go, he goes. And in the plural we have the same tone pattern. So ma si, gan si, na si, and an si. And that's first inclusive and exclusive, the first two then. And then for the dual forms, the root verb, the tones flip, the root verb goes high and the pronoun prefix goes low. So they sound the same but with the opposite tones. And if you go to the other end of the sumptuous speaking area, all of that is reversed. And if you go somewhere in the middle you get a mixed pattern. It's a kind of proof of light here. Upstream and downstream. Tone flipping. And so what's interesting is, what happens midstream? Because in the case of cities there is a big town midstream. They still understand each other miraculously. But I did find that in Minbya, which is the middle area where the sort of biggest urban, cosy urban population is, that they would refer to people from Yebom who speak this kind of sumptuous rydyn ni'n ddyniaethau, dim dim dim dim dim dim dim. Dyna'r cynllun yn ddyniaethau, mae'r fiamau gallwn yn periydd ffrindiau. Mae'r pyrdyn arwain mae'r pyrdd Lord Fyngfridd yn ystod o'i weld mae'r pyrdyn yn gweithio'n ystod. Felly mae'n syltu fwy o'n eu bod yn byw. Reoli. Yn hwnna, coi'r gweinwyr yma, wedi gwneud y form 1, a'r oaf, heelau mewn gwir. Fe'r oaf oedd yn Chwylu'r arm. Yna, mae'r twfeithas canwyr flyniad, ond rhai'r taelol iawn wedi'i teimlo pan wnaeth gweithio. A bwrw i'r adwytaeth eich bwysig, mae'n gweinwyr o feithio'r tŵr yn fwyaf o'u gweinwyr i ddarparu gwneud o'r tŵr ymlaen yn ddymarfa. ond yn ychydig yn daeth, roedd yn rhoi'r ysgolffodau yng Nghymru sy'n gweithio'r ffordd yma, ond yn ymdodd i'r llunio. Yn y ffordd, mae'r ffordd yn negatif, mae'r ffordd yn negatif yn ymdyn nhw'n gweithio'n ymdyn nhw yn ymdyn nhw'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. If you find these verb suffixes after the verb, where the prefix marking is not present, we can have these suffixes which show us number and person and these compound suffixes. And if you strip out what's there, these are the morphemes that seem to be there. So we have a negative morpheme, a dual morpheme, an exclusive morpheme, which shows us also that one singular is exclusive, which is kind of nice. And an inclusive morpheme, plural morpheme. I am just going to say, so, hung is exclusive. It seems to be. I don't have that inclusive for like to. Sorry, hung me and… Have I written inclusive instead of… The form is hung me. Sorry, yeah, I is inclusive, nice. That is the type of… Yeah, I'm speaking rubbish here. Yeah, hold on, what's that on? Exclusive. Yeah, no, one singular is exclusive because I'm excluding you. Yeah, that's right. Hang. Hang. It's in the negative. Yeah. Yeah, so you get hung in the first singular, the first person dual exclusive, so that's us two, not you. So, I, me, not you, us two, not you, and all of us, but not you. I've got your here, so this is from Zechariah. And they are similar, but not the same. Yeah. Yeah, very good. I mean, it does line up to some degree. Which is in the world, yeah? Here we are, here they are. I thought I'd done this. So, we've lined them up. So, what's going in the third person of dual? What does that form mean? The third dual. The third duals have got hung. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Yeah. Where they drop a sock in the middle? Huy. Huy. Huy the end. Huy. Not you. You don't eat a huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Huy. Diolch yn ddod, ar y dylai'r syniadol, ac oeddwn i'n ddod, dylai'r llunio, yn cyfnod o'u plwy yma, addwn i'n gwneud o'ch wneud o'u gallu pwysig yma, i yw'n cyflwy knightau, o'u beth o'u cefnod o'u beth o ddod, And it can also make transitive verbs reflexive // middle. So, lot is to fetch something. Lot i is to fetch it for yourself, so that you've got it. And the problems So, we are working onこ I bought a house, so you can mark the house with an object marker. There's no sort of ergativity in sum 2, so there would be, you could mark other things, you could mark the house. So there is no lab now. You could have im ma. You could have, you could say geil y im ma gyllid. So lo is rather different, right? Lo, eh? So does lo work in transit? No, lo is... Is it a topic marker? Is topic marker. Yeah, that's... Yeah, I don't know. So also in transit, so you get the city. For in transit, if... Yeah, there was no, there were no surprises there of any kind. We need to compare notes. Anyway, so to buy a house is im gyllid. I buy a house im gyllid i. So i doesn't have its own tone, so it gets a high tone or a low tone, depending on what it's next to. And that means I bought my self a house. I bought a house. Very effective kind of. Yeah, I don't know what you want. It means I bought my self a house. Yeah, it works quite well with French reflexes. You can have reflexive meaning and Yes, yeah. So I shaved myself. This is it. So you've got this nice transitive verb. So geil yng nghi is I shaved myself. I shaved my beard. The beard gets object marked. I shaved myself the beard. Feels very like French to me. Without you, what does it mean? Without e? It means... You shave someone else? You can shave something. You mean you can harvest, like to cut your rice down. So it's the same verb to shave, to cut hair and to cut stalks. Yeah. So the e is only there if it's for the benefit of the... And there is no stem alternation. Do you see any stem alternation? No. No, not to do with the e-ness, the presence of e. So here's some... So to get... La is to get the... So just to contextualise this data is all sentence only. It was from a textbook written by one of the consultants who had good general syntactic awareness. So we went through the stuff that he'd written and then asked questions around it. So some of the data is from... From his language... Some do language learning textbook and some of it is from the discussions around that material. So the two chickens have sores, got sores. So the chickens got themselves sores. So my chickens have got themselves sores and now I have a problem. So that's the sense of anlai. He got inheritance from his parents. So he got himself... So this is sort of reflexive, benefactive sense. He got himself the benefit of inheritance from his parents. And that the first one is sort of automatically... Yeah. The baby's got itself a cold again. It's that kind of thing. I think, yeah. I can also get credit. I can get myself. So again a benefactive sense. He said you will get earplugs. So earplugs as in plugs like this we call them. But not to keep the sound out but to wear in your ears and look fabulous. So he said you will get yourself some earplugs. And I got the plank back again. I got myself... I got my... I got the plank back again for myself. Ba for back. Yeah. That's another one. So gala i ba ni. Ba has a tone. Has its own tone. Nothing else does. And ni is... Sorry, not Irielis. That's wrong. Perfective. Anyway. Not relevant. Right. So seat to go. As mentioned before. So she didn't take her bag. Keet is bag. She didn't go taking her bag with her. His brother took it away. So yata lut. So lut is your topic marker marking the brother. And the e tells you that the brother went and was taking something somewhere that isn't mentioned in the sentence. Take this to the lower end of the village. So nam dong is the lower part of the village. Ah is your sort of locative marker. See ye is a sort of emphatic imperative kind of marker. So take this down there. I will take the axe away with me. All right. So help is your axe. So I is your Irielis marker. Completely straightforward in some two. You just do I for the future. And you're done. There's nothing to say. So no need for a talk on that one. What's the verb stem alternation? There is verb stem alternation. You get it to the form one or form two with Irielis. You get form one or form two. Form one. So that's interesting. Is that interesting? Yeah. I mean this is the thing. They're all very different. And seat is a good one because it has a very clear form two stem. And what aspect is that used in? Well negatives and imperatives. But I'm seeing two imperatives here that he hasn't used form two. So that perhaps suggests that seat is one where the form two is you would expect sick. It would have a K on the end of the form two. Was it sit? I think I saw it. Was it sit? Yeah. Okay. Do we have it somewhere? Yeah. Okay. Right. And this is a nice one. So the other thing that E construction did is a sort of what feels like impersonal type construction. So there is a blister on my hand. So ffmawr is to be blistered. And so go bonner on my hand. Bonner's hand are locative go ffmawr. So ffmawr tells you that the subject of ffmawr, the verb is third person. So the hand. It is blistering to me. My hand is causing me a blister. That's the way it works. So it's transitive. Yeah exactly. It's making it transitive. And it's showing that it's third to first person. It's kind of hierarchically organised. Because it's like here there's both third person and first person involved. But it's about, well, okay, how do you tell them about that? It also really depends on the verb. And it's annoying because these are some nice sentences. But in some cases the sort of transitivising object marking is lexicalised. Some verbs just have it always. So it's hard to test. So sometimes it's just there in the citation form and never without it. But not with ffmawr. So ffmawr is a good example. But it's also if you look in your corpus you're not going to find a million sentences with blistering effect. So I wanted to check after the event. So there is a saw on the cow's stomach. That's the first constituent. And then it is blistering it. So third to third there's no need to mark the object. So the blister is blistering the cow. Sort of impersonal e. So cae is to be good. And cae is to be well. But means something like want. And but e means I feel like. So it is wanting to me. Again there are some tantalising. They feel like impersonal constructions. So it is wanting to me to something. The beef is making me feel like eating kind of thing. Which I haven't got to the end of. And that's all I have. So any questions on that data I'll be next steps are to look through the corpus more. And hopefully to have a chance to check some of them. There's a lot of checking this. Do check with compare with here. But the core functions of this e seems to be so you can make your intertransitive verbs transitive and you can make your transitive verbs reflexive or sort of benefactive. Thinking about that one form where you're expecting it to be. Yes, thank you.