 Dear student, in this practical, you will learn about study on Insulin and Chlycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patient through clinical data. First of all, we will discuss Insulin and Diabetes. Insulin is a hormone which regulates blood sugar or blood glucose. Diabetes is a chronic disease which occurs when pancreas does not produce enough Insulin or when the body cannot efficiently use Insulin. So, we have two types of Diabetes, type 1 and type 2 are referred to as Insulin. First of all, we will discuss Diabetes type 1. Now, in this, the immune system in our body, this immune system talks about different foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses. It protects us from the disease that is going on in our body. But sometimes, it happens that the immune system in our body, the healthy cells of our body, start considering foreign invaders and attack and destroy those cells. These are called autoimmune disorders. So, in type 1, it happens that the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells that produce Insulin in the pancreas. As a result, Insulin does not produce Insulin in the body. So, when Insulin is not in the body, it will not have its function. So, there will be fluctuations in the glucose level in the body. This will happen in type 1. Now, we will talk about type 2. In type 2, Insulin is produced in the body. The pancreas is producing Insulin. But where does the problem come? The problem is that the body is not able to use Insulin. So, when Insulin is not used in the body, its function is not performed properly. So, what will happen in this? The glucose will not be used efficiently. So, the glucose level in the body will fluctuate. So, these are the two cases. Whether Insulin is not being used or not being used, these two cases can be reason for diabetes. Now, we will talk about Glycemia. So, Glycemia is a concentration of sugar in the blood. There are two types of it. Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Now, in hyperglycemia, the glucose level in the blood increases in the body. The reason is that Insulin is not performing its function. It is not being produced or not being used. So, the glucose level in the blood increases in the body. There are different signs of it. It is known that the subject or patient has a high glucose level in the blood or hyperglycemia. In which, the patient gets very severe thirst. He drinks a lot of water as a result of which, the urination becomes fast. The patient does not see the proper treatment. He comes around. Other than this, the concentration does not focus on anything. Sometimes, the patient is unconscious or even in coma. So, these are some signs. The patient says that the blood level is rising in the patient. Now, let's talk about hypoglycemia. In hypoglycemia, the sugar level, the glucose level, decreases in the body. The reason is that it is often in those patients who are using different medicines, to keep the glucose level normal in the body. Sometimes, any unplanned physical activity is there. We do not eat food from time. In this way, those who consume alcohol, drink alcohol, the body needs to be insulated in a lesser quantity. But we do not know that. The body needs to be insulated in a lesser quantity. But we do not know that. The patient does not know that. The patient is taking medicine again. The body needs to be insulated in a lesser quantity. The patient is taking more medicines. To reduce the glucose. So, in this case, the glucose level decreases more. So, hypoglycemia is the reason. There are different signs of this. They say that the sugar level in the patient is decreasing in the glucose level. Along with this, the face will be pale. Weakness feels. Concentration and focus does not stay right. We sweat a lot. Along with this, the patient feels a lot of restlessness. He feels very restless. So, these are the signs that the patient feels in hypoglycemia. But it is not necessary that all these signs should be present in the patient. And this also varies from patient to patient. In which the glucose level is decreasing or it is going to hypoglycemia. So, these are the different signs. They show it. Now, there is a question. And it is that when is blood glucose considered to be very low or very high in the body? So, we have a range. The range considered to be normal is in the blood of the glucose. And it is 60 to 140 mcg of 10 liter of blood. So, this is the range. If we check the glucose in any subject and in this range, in the range of 60 to 140, when the blood glucose comes, then it is normal. That subject is normal. But if the sugar level is more than 140, sometimes the glucose level in the patient is even 500 mcg per deciliter. So, all these patients are showing in hypoglycemia. The glucose level in them is more. Similarly, if the range is less than 60, the results are less than 60 mcg of deciliter. So, the glucose level in this body is very low. So, this is showing in hypoglycemia. Okay. So, students, now we will see how we can check the blood sugar in our home or in the lab. What is the instrument for that? Okay, students. Now, we will measure the glucose concentration in the blood. So, for this, we need a glucometer, a test strip, Lensit, and alcohol swab. Okay. So, first of all, what we will do is you have to insert this test strip in the glucometer. After inserting it, you have to clean your finger with the help of an alcohol swab. Next, we will prick it and we will take a drop of the blood. Wait until the results are processed. And here is the reading. So, this is our final result. And what is in this? 108 mcg per deciliter. So, this is a normal range. It is a normal value of glucose. If we have a normal value, it is 60 to 140 mcg per deciliter. So, if you have a result more than 140 mcg, it means that the person who is a patient has hypoglycemia. And if you have a value of 60 mcg, the result is less, which means that the person has a lower sugar level and hypoglycemia.