 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayes Academy for the day 23rd of October 2019. Displayed are the list of news articles taken up for today's analysis along with the page numbers of Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi and Trivandrum editions. The handwritten notes in PDF format and the time stamping of all the news articles taken up for today's analysis will be available in the description section and also in the common section for the benefit of the smartphone users. This news article states that there is a 30% increase in the number of cases which are recorded as offenses against the state. This conclusion is based on the recent Crime in India report of 2017 which has been released by the National Crime Records Bureau. If you remember yesterday only we discussed about this report in detail and we told that we will be getting frequent news articles and editorials regarding this report. So today there is a news article which has discussed about offenses against the state. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. Now based on this Crime in India report of 2017, the news article is saying that there is a 30% increase in the number of cases in offenses against the state in 2017 when compared to 2016. Among the states and union territories, the states with more number of cases are Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. So what are these offenses against the state? It is also known as crimes against the state. Broadly speaking, all crimes are against the state. Here the state is nothing but the government. So it includes all acts or actions that disturb the public tranquility or public peace then which disturbs the national integration and public order. Apart from this, there are also some other criminal activities that are directed against the existence of the state itself such as treason, sedition and rebellion. Here the term treason is the crime of betraying the nation. This is done by acts that are considered dangerous to nation's security like selling military secrets to a foreign power then like giving aid to the enemy in time of war etc. Next, the term sedition generally refers to the offense that is related to conduct or speech that is inciting or encouraging people to rebel against the authority of a state or government. Then we have the term rebellion. Here rebellion means the attempted overthrow of a government and if this rebellion succeeds, it is called a coup or revolution. The term coup means sudden, violent and illegal seizure of power from a government. Now if you have seen our Indian Penal Code of 1860, there is a separate chapter that is chapter number 6 which is on the offenses against the state. This chapter covers sections from 121 to 130 of Indian Penal Code. But for the purpose of this report along with the sections that I mentioned in this chapter, certain sections from other chapters have also been taken into consideration. So in addition to the crimes such as treason etc that are treated as offenses against the state, the National Crime Records Bureau also included offenses that promote enmity between different groups as offenses against the state. It is because even such acts disturb tranquility or peace in the society and they are very prejudicial or detrimental to national integration that is here against national integration. So under chapter 6 of IPC for this report, sections 121, 121A, 122, 123 and 124A of Indian Penal Code have been taken along with this sections 153A and 153B of Indian Penal Code have also been taken and have been listed as offenses against the state. Here you need to know that section 124A of Indian Penal Code is with respect to sedition and a total of 51 cases were reported in 2017 under sedition as per this report. When coming to section 153A, this section deals with offenses that promote enmity between different groups. It might be on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language etc and it also covers those acts that are prejudicial or harmful to the maintenance of harmony. If you see the offense committed in places of worship is also covered under this section. You know that in addition to the offenses under the Indian Penal Code, some other special acts and local laws in short SLL are also included in this report under the heading of offenses against state related acts. So the laws and act under this SLL are the Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act of 1984, the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act of 1967 and the Official Secrets Act of 1923. In this report cases were registered under Official Secrets Act of 1923 and also under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act of 1967. Next this news article also states that in this report many new categories have been included. Some of the new categories are sexual harassment of women at the workplace or at public transport, then offenses relating to elections, then obscene acts at public places, then circulation of fake news. This particular category we saw during our yesterday's discussion, then chit funds fraud, then also cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act and Mental Health Act, then noise pollution and defacement of public property offenses. So all these offenses have been included as new categories in this report. Apart from this one more new category has also been included which is crime committed by anti-national elements. This particular category includes such as offenses by North East insurgents, then offenses by Naxalites or the left wing extremists, then the offenses by the terrorists which also includes Jihadi terrorists as well. Next this news article discusses about the incidences of cyber crimes. It states that more than 21,000 incidents of cyber crimes were reported in 2017 and this is a rapid increase when compared to the number of cases that were reported in the year 2016. Because in 2016 only 12,000 cases were reported but in the year 2017 21,000 cases have been reported. So it is a rapid increase and out of the 21,000 incidents that were reported in 2017, the cyber crimes reported against women was 20%. Then certain new categories have been included like cyber stalking and bullying of women and a total of 542 cases were reported under this particular category. Under the term cyber stalking of women means monitoring women by the use of internet, then monitoring the use of the internet by a woman or monitoring the email or any other form of electronic communication. So when a person does all these acts then he commits the offense of stalking and the term cyber bullying is a practice where an individual or group uses the internet to ridicule, harass or harm any other person especially a woman. Now why we have discussed the statistics related to cyber crimes because of late more cyber crimes are being reported and we can also see them in the news articles. So this will be relevant also from exam point of view where you can quote certain statistics whenever there is a question on cyber crimes. And we also have seen an editorial in the recent past where cyber crime can also be committed from space. So this particular topic is of high significance. This news article is about the recent search that was conducted on the premises of self style Godman Kalki Bhagwan. Accordingly the enforcement directorate has said that it will probe into the suspected violations of the provisions of foreign exchange management act of 1999. The violations have been caused by the associated entities of this Godman. In this context it is important to understand about the important provisions of the foreign exchange management act of 1999 and about the enforcement directorate from exam point of view. First let us see the important provisions of the foreign exchange management act of 1999. This act has consolidated and amended the laws that were related to foreign exchange based on this. This particular act replaced the foreign exchange regulation act of 1973. Now the main objective of this act is to facilitate external trade and payments and to promote the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India and also note that this act extends to the whole of India. Now let us see some of the important provisions of this particular act which is relevant to our news article discussion. The first thing to note that is this act deals with the regulation and management of foreign exchange. Here the term foreign exchange means the foreign currency. Section 3 of this particular act deals with foreign exchange or foreign security. In brief if you see this act tells that the transactions of foreign exchange or foreign security can take place only with authorized persons and according to the provisions of the act. Here the persons are authorized by the Reserve Bank of India. So as per this act no person shall deal with foreign exchange to any non-authorized persons. It can happen only through authorized persons. Here the authorized persons can be authorized dealer, a money changer or offshore banking unit and so on. Next note that section 4 of this act puts certain restrictions on holding the foreign exchange. And next note that section 5 talks about the restrictions on current account transactions. Here note that current account transaction includes payments related to foreign trade, the interest on loans, the expenses in connection with foreign travel etc. So this particular section tells that the central government in public interest and in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India can impose reasonable restrictions on such current account transactions and such restrictions can be imposed even if the deal is done with the authorized person. So the central government has the power to impose reasonable restrictions on current account transactions. Next let us discuss the penalties for non-compliance of this act. Section 13 of this act says that any person who is contravening or who is contradicting the provisions of this act or any direction or any order that is issued with respect to this act shall be liable to pay a penalty. This penalty will be thrice or three times the amount that is involved in such contravention if the amount is quantifiable. That is if the authorities are able to identify the amount then the penalty will be thrice the amount of the identified amount. If the amount is not quantifiable then the penalty is up to 2 lakh rupees. So section 13 of this act discusses about the penalties for non-compliance. Next one more important point which you need to know from this act is that this act prescribes arrest only in exceptional cases. Section 14 of this act says that if a person fails to make full payment of the penalty that is imposed on him under section 13 within a period of 90 days from the date on which the notice of payment of such penalties served on him then he shall be liable to civil imprisonment. So within 90 days of notice the person has to pay the penalty if not he is liable to civil imprisonment. This section also tells that there shall be no order for arrest and detention of the defaulter. Under the adjudicating authority has served the notice to the defaulter to appear before it and also to show cause why he should not be committed to the civil prison. And know that all these actions can be taken only after the accused is adjudicated guilty. So the defaulters shall be given reasonable opportunity of being hurt before imposing the penalties by the adjudicating officer or the adjudicating authority. So this adjudicating authority will have the same powers of a civil court and they are appointed by the central government. One more point to note is that the adjudicating authority has no sumo to powers that is they cannot initiate enquiry on their own. Apart from this there are many provisions under this act we have seen some of the important provisions that are relevant to today's news article discussion. So this is all about this foreign exchange management act of 1999. So this act is basically a civil law which has the power to impose penalties on those who are adjudged guilty. But let us discuss in brief about the enforcement directorate. Enforcement directorate is mandated with the task of enforcing the provisions of two acts. One is the foreign exchange management act of 1999 that we have seen and the next act is the prevention of money laundering act of 2002. Also know that as per fugitive economic offenders act of 2018 enforcement directorate is responsible for processing the cases of fugitives or fugitives from India. This enforcement directorate as its origin since 1956 at that time enforcement unit was there which was formed under the Department of Economic Affairs under the Ministry of Finance. Note that enforcement directorate as its headquarters in Delhi and it is a specialized financial investigation agency under the Department of Revenue Ministry of Finance at present. So when it was formed it was under the Department of Economic Affairs at present it is under the Department of Revenue. We saw that enforcement directorate as a mandate to enforce two acts. One is the foreign exchange management act of 1999. As we saw this particular act is a civil law and the other act which is the prevention of money laundering act of 2002 is a criminal law. Under this law the enforcement directorate has the power to conduct enquiries to locate and to provisionally attach unlawful assets. Then enforcement directorate also has the power to arrest and prosecute money launders. If you see there is also a recent current affairs where the enforcement directorate had lodged money laundering case against the ex finance minister of India Mr. P. Chidambaram in the year 2017 and right now he is under the custody of enforcement directorate. So we can see that the enforcement directorate has the power to conduct enquiries, arrest and prosecute money launders. Now let us come back to the news article. As per this news article during the simultaneous searches that were conducted by the income tax department on the premises of the spiritual guru or the god men and the properties that are located in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, foreign currency worth rupees 20 crore was seized and this seizure violates the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 until and unless the legal customs declarations and receipts are produced for the foreign currency that was seized by the income tax department. Now if the investigation is going to point the flow of unaccounted foreign currency that is if this particular foreign currency amount is being declared as unaccounted then all the assets of the god men can be considered as proceeds of crime under the prevention of money laundering act of 2002 that is the assets can be declared as those obtained through illegal activities. So if they are able to produce the declarations and receipts for this 20 crore then they violate just the provisions of the foreign exchange management act but if they are not able to produce then it will be considered as a crime and they will be prosecuted under the prevention of money laundering act of 2002. Now the search team from the income tax department has also found a record which has maintained all the unaccounted cash collections that were used to make investments elsewhere for the purchase of immobile assets as well according to the news article undisclosed gold and diamond worth crores of rupees were also seized during the search by the income tax department. So from this news article try to know about the foreign exchange management act of 1999 and about enforcement directly from exam point of view. You may post your answers for the displayed practice question in the comment section below and you can refer the PDF link of the detailed explanation note with answers for today's practice questions which will be made available in the next session video and the PDF link will be available in the description section and also in the comment section of the next session video. This news article is about the apprehension or the anxiety or fear of a hydropower producing company over the environmental flow notification of the national mission for clean Ganga. If you see we discussed in detail about this notification about the important provisions and its advantages in our yesterday's analysis. So in line with that we will see this news article today to know more about the notification on the important provisions kindly refer to our yesterday's video. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. The issue that this news article discusses is regarding the e-flow notification that was issued by the national mission for clean Ganga in 2018. The objective was to ensure minimum environmental flows at locations downstream of the structures of projects which are meant for diversion of river flows for purposes like irrigation, hydropower, domestic, industrial and other requirements. And if you see this notification as also specified minimum ecological flow of water throughout the year. It is for the upper stretches of river Ganga from its origin in the glaciers until Haridwar where it touches the plains. That should be at least 20% minimum monthly average flow of the preceding 10 days between November and March which is the dry season and 25% of the average flow during the months of October, April and May which is the lean season and 30% of the monthly average flow during the monsoon months of June and September. And if you see the initial deadline to ensure proper compliance to the mandated flow was three years that is still the year 2021 but now the national mission for clean Ganga has advanced this deadline to December 2019. And this news article tells that there are 19 power projects which are located along river Ganga. Among them 11 sites were studied and it was found that 8 sites were fully compliant. So most companies do not have the need to take major design changes in order to comply with the new requirements. This is the reason why the date was advanced. This means that now the hydropower projects along the upper stretches of Ganga will have to release more water throughout the year from December 2019. This notification would also require the existing and the upcoming projects to change their design in order to accommodate greater flows. So this is the actual issue now. Now the hydropower companies are reluctant to release this extra amount of water because it will reduce their power generation. Now let us come back to the news article. This news article tells that Alaknanda hydropower company has sued the national mission for clean Ganga and the Uttarakhand state government on this issue. Note that this company is located on the Alaknanda river and it is 330 megawatt project which was commissioned in the year 2014. Now let us see in brief about river Ganga. It originates from the Gangotri glacier which is located in Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand. It originates as River Bhagirathi. Later River Alaknanda joins Bhagirathi at place called Deva Prayag. From Deva Prayag this river is called as River Ganga. Now let us come back to the news article again. Now what are the demands of the company? The company says that their power production and profits will be affected if the flow has to be increased. So this power generation company is seeking a compensation from the government and it has sued the national mission for clean Ganga and Uttarakhand government. The news article tells that the company is claiming losses of nearly 4000 crores. So this is all about the news article. In the context of this news article we need to understand about the national mission for clean Ganga or in short NMCG. It was registered as a society in the year 2011 under the Societies Registration Act of 1860 and know that it acted as an implementation arm of National Ganga River Basin Authority which was constituted under the Environment Protection Act of 1986. Later the central government gave approval to the River Ganga Rejuvenation Protection and Management Authority's order 2016. As per this order it created National Council for River Ganga, Rejuvenation Protection and Management which is also referred to as National Ganga Council. The Prime Minister of India is the chairperson for this authority and this National Ganga Council replaced the already existing National Ganga River Basin Authority. Now this National Ganga Council has the overall responsibility for the superintendents of pollution prevention and also for the rejuvenation of River Ganga Basin. As per the 2016 order National Mission for Clean Ganga was declared as an authority with powers to issue directions under Environment Protection Act of 1986. This National Mission for Clean Ganga will comply with the decisions and directions of the National Ganga Council and it will implement the Ganga Basin Management Plan that was approved by National Ganga Council. Also know that National Mission for Clean Ganga coordinates and carries out all the activities that are necessary for rejuvenation and protection of River Ganga and its tributaries. So as per Environment Protection Act of 1986 there is a 5-tier structure at national, state and district level to take measures for prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution in River Ganga and also to ensure continuous adequate flow of water in order to rejuvenate River Ganga. The first of the 5-tier structure is the National Ganga Council which functions under the chairmanship of Prime Minister of India. Next is the Empower Task Force on River Ganga. The chairman for this task force is the minister in charge of the ministry of Jal Shakti. Then comes National Mission for Clean Ganga. Then at the state level there are state Ganga committees and next at the district levels there are district Ganga committees. All those districts which touches River Ganga and its tributaries will have district Ganga committees. So this is the 5-tier structure as per the Environment Protection Act of 1986. From this news article we have seen about the minimum ecological flow of water that has to be maintained as per the e-flow notification that was issued by the National Mission for Clean Ganga and the objections or the apprehensions raised to this notification by a power generation company from the state of Uttarakhand. And we have also seen about National Mission for Clean Ganga. This discussion is based on the open editorial about the reasons for slowdown in some sectors of Indian economy. This editorial is written by an IAS officer. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this editorial is given here for your reference. In this editorial the author points to the reforms and policies as being the reasons for slowdown in some sectors of Indian economy and also as a reason for causing disruptions. According to the author the new reforms and policies actually aims to weed out or it aims to remove the adverse and disadvantages practices in Indian economy but they are also programmed to cause disruptions in reality. Normally if you see the reforms and policies that are carried out by the government are expected to help the growth of the economy but the author of this editorial is telling that the disruptions that are caused by the new reforms and policies of government are the intended disruptions. That is they catch people of God meaning these disruptions come as a surprise and people are often unprepared for such situations. So from this it is clear that these disruptions reflect the lack of preparedness and unwillingness of the people to accept the reality. The author is noting that the recent temporary slowdown in some sectors of Indian economy may carry lessons that will help India to prepare for such disruptions in the future. So in this context the author has taken an example of the automobile sector. We have been seeing for many days that the slowdown in the automobile sector is due to the demand slowdown which in turn caused a fall in the sales of vehicles. The author has given three reasons for this slowdown in this editorial. Let us see them in brief. The first reason which the author has given is that more people are using public transport and paratransit options in the major cities. Here the term paratransit means alongside of transit. It is a transportation service that supplements the larger public transit systems. Some examples of paratransit are the taxi rides from the metro stations or the bus stations, then the auto rickshaw rides from the metro or bus stations, etc. So all these are called as paratransit systems. So they supplement the larger public transit systems. And the author tells that for many decades there have been discussions about pollution, congestion, and accidents that are caused by the rapidly increasing number of automobiles in the cities. As a solution to these, shifting from owner driven transport systems to the mass transport systems was proposed. The main advantage of these mass transport systems are that they are more environment friendly, they are less polluting, they are cheaper, they are faster, and they are also safer mode of transport. So as a result of this, many cities are building mass rapid transit systems. So more the public transport usage, the less will be the personal transport usage. And this in turn will reduce the purchase of vehicles as well. So there is a very less demand for the personal vehicles and this has hit the automobile sector. Since more people are using public transport and paratransit options in the major cities. The second reason which the author gives is that in today's scenario, the cost of owning a vehicle is very high. It is because the personal vehicles involve so many hassles in the mode of cost such as the rising petrol cost, rising diesel costs, then the vehicle servicing charge, etc. So the author is noting that some people may actually prefer taxes over owning personal vehicles. And this trend is also seen in the developed countries, that is in the developed economies. So in turn now people are not buying the new personal vehicles. This is the second reason. Coming to the third reason, the author tells that why the automobile sector is seeing a slow down is because there is a decline in demand for the new trucks. According to the author, this may be because the trips per truck has increased now and this in turn has reduced the need for new truck. So how did the trips per truck increase? It happened because the interstate check posts were removed. According to a study by Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Limited or INSHOT ICRA in 2018, post the GST, the turnaround time for the long distance trucks reduced by at least one-fifth of the previous turnaround time. Here the term turnaround time is nothing but the amount of time taken by a truck to get ready for a return trip. So when the turnaround time gets reduced, it means that the truck has more time and it can carry or take another trip in a short period. This is how more trips are made possible per truck. And because of this, there is a decline in demand for the new trucks, which is one of the reason for the slow down in the automobile sector. So all these are the three reasons which have been mentioned by the author for the reasons for slow down in the automobile sector. So the author is saying that based on the reforms and policy changes that so far has happened in the automobile sector, we should have expected the vehicle sales to fall. And we should have prepared for alternatives. And in fact, we have seen that the vehicle sales have fallen down. So our reaction to slow down in the automobile sector is indicative of how we might respond to the future shocks. So this is an example from a particular sector, let's say the automobile sector, in the same way we can also expect future shocks from other sectors as well as per the author. Now based on these observations, the author is noting that the productivity improvement in one sector may actually affect or it may cause catastrophe for another sector. For example, the author has given a very common example. Now we used wheel luggage while we are traveling. So we do not require a porter in a railway station who carries a luggage in the railway stations. So the use of wheel luggage has reduced the need for the porters. Or we can tell that the porters in the railway stations are going out of business. Similar to this example, the author is pointing out that the decline in the coal or petroleum sectors may not automatically imply that the sector is actually facing the slow down or it is in doldrums or depression. From so far what we have discussed, we should know to expect that the decline is because India is moving away from the non-renewable energy sources and India is investing heavily in renewables. So more and more industries are opting for renewable resources now. And as a result of this, the thermal plants will become increasingly stressed. And this in turn will show the decline in the coal and petroleum sector. So here the change is for good and we cannot tell that the coal or petroleum sectors are actually in slow down. To conclude this editorial from all these examples, the author is trying to convey that whenever changes take place, disruption is inevitable. So we should not naively expect the change to be inconsequential or negligible. And the industry also should not hope that the growth in the sector will surpass the disruptive effects of the reform. What we have to actually do is to stay prepared for the disruptions. In the present we can see that there is a disruption because of technology, digitization and also because of the green public policies. And all these will have an impact on several industries in the days to come. Especially the impact will be very severe on the polluting industries. And due to the reforms and policy changes by the government, there will be priority to environment and ethical governance for the national and societal welfare. So the other sectors should be prepared for this. This is what the author is trying to convey from this editorial. To summarize this editorial, the author is given many examples to prove that disruptions will happen and we should stay prepared for the disruptions. This news article is about the penalty that has been imposed by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India on a particular insurance company. Now this news article is not important. What is important to know from exam point of view is about the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India in short IRDAI. So let us discuss in brief about IRDAI. It is a statutory body. When we tell statutory body, that particular body has been established by an act of parliament. In this case, the act is the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India Act 1999. This act also mentions the composition of IRDAI. Section four of this IRDAI Act of 1999 tells that the authority shall consist of the following members, namely a chat person, then whole-time members or full-time members who shall be not more than five and it shall also contain part-time members who shall be not more than four. So overall it is a 10-member team, a chat man, five whole-time members and four part-time members. Now let us see the important duties, powers and functions of IRDAI. Overall this authority has been formed to regulate, promote and ensure the orderly growth of the insurance business and reinsurance business. When we tell insurance, it refers to a contract between two parties. One side there is the insurance company or the insurer and the other side there is an individual or organizations. Now the insurance company or the insurer will compensate the loss or damage that the other party faces. They will pay some amount whenever there is a loss or damage to a particular property based on certain terms and conditions. Now this can be ensured by the insurance companies in exchange for premium or say a particular amount that is being given by the other party, in this case the individual or the organizations to the insurance company who is the insurer. So the individuals or organizations keep paying premium at defined time periods as per the contract and whenever these individuals or organizations face any loss or damage to any property then they will receive compensation. So this is how the insurance business works. Now there are many types of insurance to classify broadly this IRDAI handles life insurance, general insurance and health insurance. Now let us see some of the important duties, powers and functions of IRDAI. One is to protect the interests of the policy holders. The next function is that IRDAI can call for information and it can conduct enquiries and investigations which also includes audits of all those organizations that are connected with the insurance business. And IRDAI promotes and regulates the professional organizations that are connected with insurance and reinsurance business. Then IRDAI also has regulating powers, it regulates the investment of funds by the insurance companies. Then IRDAI also adjudicates disputes between insurers and intermediaries or the insurance intermediaries. Then IRDAI also supervises the functions of the tariff advisory committee. Then IRDAI can also impose penalties as per IRDAI Act of 1999. So this is also one of the function of IRDAI. So these are some of the important duties powers and functions of IRDAI as per section 14 of IRDAI Act of 1999. Based on the powers imposed upon IRDAI, it has imposed penalties on a particular private insurance company that is mentioned in the news article. So from this news article try to know about insurance regulatory and development authority of India or IRDAI from exam point of view. Next let us see the data point which is regarding Global Innovation Index 2019 and India Innovation Index report 2019. Now you can make use of the data that is given in this data point in your mains answers that are related to innovation in India. If you remember in our July 25th analysis we have discussed in detail about Global Innovation Index 2019. Just to revise in brief know that Global Innovation Index 2019 has been released by the World Intellectual Property Organization, Cornell University and NC together. And this index ranks 129 countries and India's rank was 52 out of 129 countries. Now let us see this horizontal bar chart which compares the rankings between the BRICS nations. Here the BRICS nations are nothing but the countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Out of these five countries you can see that China's leading in innovation. It is ranked 14 out of the 129 countries. Next comes South Africa which is ranked 51st and then comes India which is ranked 52nd. Then Brazil and Russia. So you can see that amongst the BRICS nations China's leading in innovation. So such comparisons of India with BRICS nations or India with certain other regional grouping will give an edge for their answers that you write in the mains examination. Next let us see the map that is given in the data point. Again if you remember on 18th of October we discussed in detail about Niti Ayokes India Innovation Index report 2019. This map is related to this index. During our discussion we saw that the south and the western states are leading in innovation when compared to the north and the eastern states with exception of Delhi and Haryana. And as you can see in this map Delhi leads the country with innovation index of 42.98. Then you can see the southern states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Telangana which are high in innovation index. Also you can see the state of Charkhand which has code low in the innovation index. And during that day discussion we also saw that the innovation framework of this India Innovation Index that has been released by Niti Ayokes as two main dimensions. One is the enablers and the other is the performance. Enablers means the input that we're giving. For example say the human capital nothing but the manpower then investment nothing but the money and the business environment and certain performance indicators like the knowledge output and the knowledge diffusion that is the knowledge dissemination. Certain examples of the indicators for enablers are mentioned here like the number of students of engineering and technology that is in terms of manpower then FDI inflows that is in terms of investment then number of incubators which is an example for business environment. And examples for performance indicators has also been mentioned in the data point like the number of patents file which is the actual output and the number of GI tax nothing but geographical indication tax. So this India Innovation Index has two main dimensions one is the enablers that is the input and the other is the performance nothing but the output and based on this this graph has been given. Now you can split this graph into four blocks. The first block depicts those states which are relatively higher in enablers and also relatively higher in performance. You can see the state of Delhi we just saw that Delhi leads in the Innovation Index with a score of 42.98. You can see that the enablers that is the inputs that are given is high and also the output is high in terms of innovation. Then you can see some best performing states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra etc. Then if you see this block that is the block number two this block contains those states which are lower in enablers that is the input is low but the performance is relatively high. The states of West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh are certain examples and if you take this block number three it depicts those states which are high in enablers that is the inputs that are given to innovation is quite high for example the states of Sikkim, Himachal, Punjab etc but the performance is relatively low. So you can see that there is an outcome gap when compared to inputs and those states where the enablers are also low and performance is also low are the states of Assam and Jharkhand which is the block number four. So you can see that the state-wise performance is mixed when it comes to India Innovation Index and during that day's discussion we also saw that for ranking purposes the states have been categorized into three one the Hill and Northeastern states which is the blue color as depicted in this graph the next is the Union Territories and certain small states which is the orange color and the major states which is in pink color. So from the horizontal bar diagram which is the first diagram which we saw this gives a comparison of the Global Innovation Index 2019 ranking between the BRICS nations and the map depicts the southwest and the northeast divide and this graph gives an idea about the states in terms of the enablers and performance. You may post your answers for the displayed practice question in the comment section below and you can refer the PDF link of the detailed explanation note with answers for today's practice questions which will be made available in the next session video and the PDF link will be available in the description section and also in the comment section of the next session video. With this we come to the end of today's the Hindu News Analysis. Thank you.