 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankariya's Academy. In the analysis today, we will be discussing about Fame India II scheme, Real Estate Investment Trusts, Editorial on Energy Sector, the Line of Actual Control and also Parliamentary Privileges. Displayed are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handed in notes in the PDF format and the time stamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description box and they are also provided in the comment section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now, let us move on to the first news article. This news article is about the concerns raised by electric vehicle manufacturers with respect to Fame India Phase II scheme or Fame India II scheme. In this analysis, we will be discussing about Fame India II scheme and finally we will also see the concerns raised by the vehicle makers. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. See, Fame stands for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India. This scheme is part of National Electric Mobility Mission Plan. This mission plan document provides the vision and the roadmap for the faster adoption of electric vehicles and their manufacturing in our country. So, as a part of this National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, the department of heavy industries which comes under Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. This department has launched Fame India I in the year 2015. This Fame India I was in effect till Fame India II came into effect. That is though initially it was mentioned that phase I of Fame India scheme will be approved for a period of two years from 1st April 2015. Fame India I was later extended from time to time till 31st March 2019 and from April 1 2019 the phase II of Fame India scheme was commenced and this phase II of Fame India scheme is proposed to be implemented for a period of three years with effect from 1st April 2019. So even this phase II of Fame India scheme aims to promote electric mobility in our country. Now the total fund outlay has been mentioned to the tune of around 9634 crores for Fame India phase II scheme and for some committed expenditure for phase I under Fame India they have allotted some 366 crores. So totally for Fame India scheme from April 2019 to March 2022 the allocation comes to the tune of around 10,000 crores. Now let's see some of the important objectives of the scheme. It will support electric vehicle industry with incentives which is subsidy benefits will be given to promote their manufacturing and sales. Here when we are seeing incentives we are referring to demand incentives. What are demand incentives? These are incentives that will directly help in demand generation of electric vehicles. So how demand incentives will help in generating demand? This is because these incentives will reduce the cost of acquisition of electric vehicles. So who will receive such demand incentives? See these demand incentives will be available for consumers in the form of upfront reduced purchase price of hybrid and electric vehicles. This is done to enable wider adoption of electric vehicles. At the time of purchasing the electric vehicle the burden will be on original equipment manufacturer and this original equipment manufacturer will be reimbursed later by the government of India. While consumers purchase electric vehicles because of this demand incentive it is also acting as a catalyst for the manufacturers to produce more electric vehicles. Now in the case of three wheelers and electric four wheelers the government has mentioned that the incentives will be applicable mainly to vehicles that are to be used for public transport or registered for commercial purposes. In the case of two wheeler sector the focus will be on private vehicles. Now the second objective of the scheme is to establish a charging infrastructure in major cities of the country. Now these cities will be including metros and other million plus cities, smart cities and cities of hilly states across the country. So the end result will be there will be availability of at least one charging station in a grid of three kilometer cross three kilometer. The scheme also aims to establish charging stations on major highways that connect major city clusters. In such major highways charging stations will be established on both sides of the road at an interval of about 25 kilometers and a tune of rupees 1000 crore has been allocated for setting up charging stations for electric vehicles. Now let us come to the news article. News article mentions that Hero Electric which is one of the leading electric two wheeler maker in India. Now this company has stopped investing to the tune of around 700 crore for a period of one year. The opinion is that frame two scheme has failed to deliver its objective of promoting electric vehicles. Now why they are maintaining this stand? Now this is because it is reported that there are two important criteria under frame two scheme so as to qualify for incentive of rupees 20000 per vehicle. Now one qualification is that the vehicle that is the electric two wheelers should have a minimum range of 80 kilometer per charge and then they should have minimum top speed of 40 kilometer per hour to qualify for the incentive. This is required under frame two scheme. Now if you see frame one scheme low speed two wheelers with top speed up to 25 kilometer per hour even these vehicles were qualified for incentives up to rupees 17000 and in the case of high speed two wheelers they have received incentives to the tune of even 22000. However, because of the qualifying criteria under frame two scheme most of the electric two wheeler models that are produced would not be eligible for incentives. It means these vehicles will not be having the prospect to be purchased by consumers and it is reported that because of these two eligibility criteria under electric two wheelers particularly with respect to top speed of 40 kilometer per hour more than 95% of two wheelers electric two wheelers that are produced have become ineligible for incentive under frame two. So this actually disincentivizes the electric vehicle makers. Dasper Society of Manufacturers of Electric Vehicle in the period of April to December 2019. If you see the sales of frame two qualified electric two wheelers the number stands just around 3000 whereas the same number in the period of April to December 2018 stands at around 48000 671. What they are saying is that it is because of the criteria for qualification to get incentive that has determined the sales of frame two qualified electric two wheelers. Therefore, the electric two wheeler makers or manufacturers they are demanding for a complete revamp of frame two India scheme particularly with respect to the requirements to avail upfront incentives or demand incentives. So they demand including low speed two wheelers for demand incentives under the scheme. So as to enable mass adoption of electric vehicles in India and also to enable whatever invested so far or whatever vehicles so far produced and also whatever vehicles which received incentive in frame India one scheme can be also considered and included in frame India two scheme as well and also to generate income to the vehicle manufacturers. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this news article. Now let us move on to next news article. This editorial article is based on the energy sector in our country. The author talks about problems in the energy sector and he also provides solutions, suggestions to overcome the problems and how to achieve efficiency in the energy sector. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. So initially the author discusses about the problems in the energy sector. The first and foremost problem is having different ministries and large number of regulators to govern this sector. We have five ministries and departments. One is Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, then Ministry of Coal, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Ministry of Power and Department of Atomic Energy. So these five ministries at present govern the energy sector. Here the Department of Atomic Energy deals with nuclear energy and it works under Prime Minister's office and not under any other ministry. The concerned ministries have different regulators. For example, if you take petroleum and natural gas ministry, it has two regulators. One is Directorate General of Hydrocarbons and then Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board. Having different regulators for each type of fuel and energy source makes the entire processes difficult and complex for various business operations. Now coming to the next two problem it is with respect to data collection. So there are issues with data collection because there are many ministries and regulators. According to the author, no single agency collects energy data in a wholesome and integrated manner. And even when data is available, if you take the data with respect to consumption of energy resource, the data are scarcely available or the data available is very limited. Here data with respect to consumption may refer to the level of consumption, various stakeholders involved in consumption and coming to supply side data who are distributing how much is being distributed. So all those data and these data when collected by agencies of various ministries delays are recorded. So here data collection is also a problem. In addition to these issues, the governance structure of energy sector by having multiple ministries in our country is in almost absolute contrast with most other nations. Some of the nations have their own varied energy governance models. If you take some developed and efficient countries such as United States, Germany, France and United Kingdom, they have productive energy sectors being administered by a single ministry or a single department. In some instances, the energy ministry in some countries is coexisting with other portfolios. These portfolios could be environment, climate change, mines and even industry. If you see these portfolios, they are one way or other way related to energy sector. For instance, if you take the example of United Kingdom, it has Department of Energy and Climate Change. France has Ministry of Environment, Energy and Marine Affairs. So there is a predominance of energy ministries coexisting with other portfolios in different countries. Or we are finding that there is a single ministry or department to deal with energy sector. The present structure of having different ministries in energy sector was also pointed out by KL Car Committee report of 2014 as a problem. This report is titled as Roadmap for Reduction and Import Dependency in the Hydrocarbon Sector by 2013. This report is prepared under the chairmanship of Mr. Vijay Kelkar and the report was released by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. This report highlighted few important points. It noted that there is a lack of high level executive body for the formulation and implementation of a coordinated and integrated energy policy. And this lack of such high level executive body also leads to lack of authority and accountability. Then there is also lack of interministerial and interdepartmental coordination between the energy related bodies. This is with respect to policy making, managing conflicts and optimizing resources. The report then also noted that there is lack of coordination between energy related bodies and other ministerial bodies, for example, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and Ministry of Defense. So the problem comes because whenever there are projects of national importance because of lack of coordination between energy related bodies and other bodies, the approval processes for projects of national importance are hampered or delayed or obstructed. And due to multiple ministries, there is a lack of holistic view in maximizing efficiency of existing resources. And there is lack of holistic view in managing demand as well. So on the whole, the report noted that multiple ministries and agencies are currently involved in managing energy related issues. And this structure of having multiple ministries and agencies are presenting challenges to the coordination and challenges in optimal resource utilization in the energy sector. And what is the problem as a result of this is that because of this governance structure, the efforts taken to increase energy security are diluted or undermined. As a solution to this problem of multiple ministries, the author has suggested creation of a unified Ministry of Energy based on draft energy policy. The author is a former energy economist with Nithya Yog. As a solution, the author suggests the creation of unified Ministry of Energy. The editorial is titled as the need for a single energy ministry. So if you see the theme of the editorial, it is with respect to this matter, the entire editorial is being discussed. Now this draft national energy policy, which was mentioned by the author is will be soon placed before the cabinet for approval. This draft policy is prepared by Nithya Yog. And it is said that this unified Ministry idea has been advocated in the second draft of this national energy policy developed by Nithya Yog. So how a unified Ministry of Energy may be created. Most probably such a ministry will be created by merging the existing ministries of petroleum and natural gas, coal, new and renewable energy and power. So all these four ministries will be merged into a single ministry or a unified ministry. Here the probability of leaving department of atomic energy is more because the department has implications beyond the scope of energy and also the department deals with national security issues as it deals with nuclear energy. And this proposed unified Ministry is expected to have six agencies under its ambit to handle various aspects of energy sector. The agencies are energy regulatory agency, energy data agency, energy efficiency agency, energy planning and technical agency, energy schemes, implementation agency and energy research and development agency. So how will this single unified Ministry of Energy is to help our country in energy sector. A single unified Ministry will help in having an integrated outlook on energy that will help us to optimize limited resources to meet the goals of energy security, energy sustainability and energy accessibility. A single energy ministry will be helpful to take quicker policy response and it will also help in formulating integrated and wholesome energy policy. Having such a policy or having such coordination is found difficult in the present governance structure. If you see our present government has already taken various steps in unifying the governance structure in the energy sector. One example is appointing a single minister for both ministry of new and renewable energy and ministry of power. If same minister heads both the ministries, it helps to resolve long standing issues faced by conventional and renewable power generators. And it will also help to resolve problems with respect to power balancing and power transmission infrastructure planning. Now having a single minister for both these ministries will work because both the sectors of renewable energy and power are heavily interlinked. So this move by the government, it demonstrates the intention of the political leadership to reform the energy governance structure. Now is this the first time the government is going to merge or unify critical ministries? See this is not the first time for the government to carry out such a task. We already have a recent example that is ministry of Jalsakthi. The ministry of Jalsakthi was formed by merging ministry of water resources, river development and Ganga Rejuvenation and ministry of drinking water and sanitation. So as a conclusion, the author notes that ensuring energy security, energy sustainability and energy accessibility is more important and this can happen only if there is quick and holistic decision making. And such a decision making will also provide a level playing field for various fuels. So all these things can be realized if there is a single ministry to handle the entire energy sector. So the author suggests to accept and implement the recommendations given by Nithya Yog in its national energy policy in its draft national energy policy. See this policy aims to reform the energy governance by proposing a unified ministry of energy. Having such a single ministry for energy will also help India to keep up with the global energy transition and it will also help India to continue to be a leader in adopting cleaner energy sources. Here the energy transition refers to the transition from conventional fossil fuel based energy sources to cleaner energy sources such as solar power, wind power and nuclear energy. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. In the analysis we saw about the various problems in the energy sector. Then we also saw why multiple ministries in the governance structure becomes a problem in energy sector. Then we also saw the solution as suggested by the author and also as proposed in the draft national energy policy prepared by Nithya Yog. We also saw one or two steps that are already taken by the government in unifying the governance structure in the energy sector. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this news article. Now let us move on to next news article. This news article mentions that the draft document for real estate investment trust offering is submitted by Mindspace which is a private company. In the analysis of this news article we will be seeing about real estate investment trust and important SEBI guidelines for real estate investment trust and we will also see why the trusts are important. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. See these real estate investment trusts. They are an investment tool or an investment vehicle for investing in the real estate sector. These trusts are monitored and regulated by securities and exchange board of India. As a result the SEBI ensures adherence to industry practices and the SEBI also safeguards the interest of the investors. These trusts are mutual fund like institutions. It pulls small amounts of money from individual investors. In return the trusts issue units of rates to the investors. The trust will directly invest the pooled money in real estate properties and a portion of the income earned will be given as return to the unit holders of real estate investment trust. Thus the real estate investment trust give the opportunity to investors to hold shares of this trust and earn income or returns. So these trusts are allowed to invest the pooled money mainly in completed and revenue generating assets and they can also invest in other approved investments. These trusts lease a space. It collects rent on the properties then it distributes the income generated as dividends to its shareholders. Now let's see the definition of the term real estate or property as given in the Securities and Exchange Board of India real estate investment trusts regulations 2014. Real estate or property means land and any permanently attached improvements to the land. The attached improvements here includes buildings, sheds, garages, fences, fittings, fixtures, warehouses, car parks, etc. The land and attached improvements may be leasehold or freehold. Leasehold refers to owning the attached property for a fixed term but not owning the land. Freehold refers to owning both the property and also the land on which the property stands. The same regulations also specify that any asset falling under the purview of infrastructure shall not be considered as real estate or property. However, hotels, hospitals, convention centers forming part of composite real estate projects, whether rent generating or income generating and common infrastructure for composite real estate projects, industrial parks and special economic zones. These can be considered as real estate or property. In 2014, SEBI has released the guidelines for public issue of units of rates under SEBI rates regulations 2014. Now let's see some important provisions of this regulations 2014. These regulations provides a framework for registration and regulation of rates. These rates shall be set up as a trust and has to be registered with SEBI and every trust will have parties such as sponsors, trustee and manager. A sponsor is the person or entity responsible for setting up the rate. Trustee ensures that the money is managed in the interest of unit holders or shareholders. Manager is responsible for selecting and operating the properties. The minimum subscription size for units of rate shall be 2 lakhs. This means an investor must at least invest rupees 2 lakhs. In technical definition, rupees 2 lakhs is considered as a small amount and therefore it is said that REITs provides a platform for small investors to invest in real estate. And one important thing is that units of rates shall be mandatorily listed on recognized stock exchanges before the establishment of real estate investment trust. The Indian real estate sector has been facing liquidity crunch. However, as a result of these regulations and formalization of real estate investment opportunities, Indian investors now could have regular income through real estate investment trust because SEBI mandates these trusts to distribute a minimum of 90% of their income earned to investors. And these trusts also reduce the risks to investors. This is because 80% of the pooled money should be invested in completed and revenue generating assets. So earlier, such provisions were not there. Even majority of the investments could have gone to under construction properties or real estates. So many investors could have faced severe financial difficulty or loss of money. Now, because of these rules and regulation by SEBI, the investors are actually safeguarded. As a result, more investment comes to real estate. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this news article. We saw in brief about real estate investment trust, important guidelines with respect to rates as given by SEBI. Now let's move on to next news article. This discussion is based on parliamentary privileges and breach of such privileges. The discussion can be linked to the syllabus that is highlighted here for your reference. The news article mentions that a Rajesh Shabba member has initiated the breach of privileges and contempt proceedings against the Chief Minister of Kerala. Now, you would have heard recently that the Kerala Legislative Assembly has passed a resolution against the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019. This resolution passed by Kerala Legislative Assembly demands to scrap the CAA 2019. So it seems that because of this resolution passed by the Kerala Legislative Assembly, wherein the Chief Minister of Kerala commands the majority, the Rajesh Shabba member has filed a petition with the Chairman of Rajesh Shabba. The petition seeks to initiate breach of privileges and contempt proceedings against the Chief Minister of Kerala. According to the news article, such a proceeding against the Chief Minister of a state has been initiated for the first time in Rajesh Shabba. So in this context, let us first discuss about what do we mean by privileges? What do we mean by breach of privileges? And what do we mean by contempt proceedings? We'll see whether breach of privileges and contempt proceedings mean one and the same. Then we'll see whether there is any provision for initiating such proceedings against the Chief Minister of a state. Here, in general, when we say privileges, it means privileges in the legislature. In our present context, we are referring to parliamentary privileges. Parliamentary privileges are special rights, immunities and exemptions that are enjoyed by three categories. One is the houses themselves, then the committees in these parliamentary houses, then by the individual members of the house. These are rights and immunities without which parliament and its members cannot discharge their functions. So what is the purpose of such privileges? This is to safeguard the freedom, the authority and the dignity of parliament. These privileges are provided to individual members of a legislature so that they can perform in an unhindered manner in the legislature. The privileges are enjoyed by each house collectively. This is because the house also has to protect its members and the house needs to confirm its own authority and dignity. So parliamentary privileges are necessary to ensure and secure the independence and effectiveness of actions of the parliament and its members. Without these privileges, the houses of parliament cannot maintain their authority, cannot maintain their dignity and honor and they also cannot protect their members from any obstruction in the discharge of their parliamentary responsibilities. See, each house of Indian parliament collectively enjoys certain powers, privileges and immunities and the members of each house of Indian parliament individually also enjoy certain powers, privileges and immunities. These immunities, powers and privileges are considered as essential for them to discharge their functions and duties effectively without any hindrance. Here some privileges are specified in the constitution, some privileges are specified in certain statutes, some are specified in the rules of procedure and conduct of business of houses and some privileges are present based on the parliamentary precedents and conventions. Now let us see the constitutional provisions which deal with these powers and privileges. Article 105 of Indian constitution, it provides for the powers, privileges and immunities of the houses of parliament and it also provides the same for the members of parliament and the committees of parliament. First, this provision provides freedom of speech in parliament. Secondly, no member of parliament shall be liable to any proceeding in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by her or him in parliament or in any committee. Then in respect of publication of any report or paper or votes or proceedings by the authority of either house of parliament. Even in this case also there is immunity to a person from proceedings of any court and as per article 122 of the constitution there is prohibition on the courts to inquire into the proceedings of parliament. The next privilege is given by article 361 capital A of Indian constitution. Now this article mentions that in respect of publication in a newspaper or in respect of substantially true report of the proceedings of either house of parliament, there is immunity to a person from any proceedings either civil or criminal. Such an immunity is given to the member in respect of publication in a newspaper or report of proceedings of either house of parliament. This article is applicable the publication is provided not with malintention or with an intention to harm someone. This immunity is also available in relation to the reports or matters that are broadcasted by means of wireless telegraphy as well. So these were some of the constitutional provisions with respect to powers and privileges of parliament and its members. Now let's see other privileges. There is prohibition of disclosure of decision of a secret housing of the house. Then the houses have the rights to receive immediate information about arrests, detention, convictions, imprisonment and release of a member and within the area of the house there is prohibition of arrest and services of legal process without obtaining the permission of a speaker or chairman that is unless there is permission given by speaker or the chairman or the preceding officer one cannot be arrested in the area of the house that is in the area of house of legislature. Then the evidence that is given before a parliamentary committee and report of parliamentary committee and its proceedings it cannot be disclosed or published by anyone till such a report is laid on the table of the house. So like this there are many privileges to the houses of parliament and its committees and members. Now when any of these rights and immunities are attacked or disregarded by an individual or authority this offense is called as breach of privilege. Here the individual or authority can be anybody and such a attack on the rights and immunities of parliament and its members is punishable as well under the law of parliament. Normally breach of privilege and contempt of the house are interchangeably used but it is incorrect because both are different. Even when we discuss this news article initially we mentioned that Rajeshiva member has initiated breach of privileges and contempt proceedings against the chief minister. So both are different when we say contempt of the house it is defined as any act or omission that obstructs or impedes either house of parliament in the performance of the house's functions. It also refers to any act or omission that obstructs or impedes any member or officers of such house in the discharge of her or his duty. It also refers to any act or omission which has a direct or indirect tendency to produce these two sets of obstructions even though there is no precedent of offense. When we say breach of privilege the matter is pertaining only to privilege within the house and know that all breaches of privilege are contempt of the house and we cannot say all contempt of the house are breaches of privilege. This is because the definition for contempt of the house is wider and includes even the breaches of privilege. That means even though a person has not violated any privilege of the house if the person violates with respect to the definition of contempt of the house then the person can be held guilty of contempt of the house. For example if a person disobeys an order which asks him or her to attend a parliamentary committee it is considered as contempt of the house it is not considered as breach of privilege. So even though a person may or may not have committed breach of privilege the person could have committed contempt of the house. So what is the procedure to decide whether an action is breach of privilege. If a member wants to raise a question that involves breach of privilege of a member or breach of privilege of house or breach of privilege of a parliamentary committee the member can raise the question with the consent of presiding officer only. The member who wishes to raise a question of privilege is required to give notice in writing to the secretary general of the house and this notice in writing has to be given before the commencement of sitting of the day if that question is proposed to be raised that day itself. If the question of privilege is based on a document then such a notice must be accompanied by that document. Once the notice is received by the secretary general of the house the matter will be considered by the presiding officer. The presiding officer may either give consent to raise the question of privilege in the house or the presiding officer may withhold her or his consent to raise the question of privilege in the house. If the presiding officer gives consent then the deciding authority with respect to the question of breach of privilege or contempt of the house is entirely the right of the house. That is the deciding authority is the house once the consent is given by the presiding officer. If the house confirms the breach of privilege or contempt of the house then the house may punish the person who is found guilty. The person can be punished either by reprimand or admonition or by imprisonment for a specific period also. Both reprimand and admonitions refer to a warning given either in verbal or in writing. Here the severity of warning matters if it is more severe it is called as reprimand if it is less severe it is called as admonition. Here if the person who is found guilty is a member of a house then he or she could be awarded two other punishments by the house they are suspension from the serves of the house or expulsion from the house. Now today's question whether a member of Rajasabha can initiate breach of privilege proceedings against the chief minister of a state. Now yes there is possibility because if you see the definition of breach of privilege it mentions that any offense that can be committed by any individual or any authority which attacks or disregards the rights and immunities of houses of parliament its members and its committees. However if we go according to procedures and conventions of parliament no house can sit over judging the proceedings of other house and no state legislature can comment on the proceedings of other state legislature or the house and parliament cannot sit over to judge on the proceedings of state legislature this is based on procedures and conventions in the parliamentary democracy. However a convention has been evolved do we have any convention when contempts are committed by member of parliament against state legislature or when a member of state legislature has committed contempt against a member of parliament or against a member of state legislature of other state we have a convention according to Rajesh Saba in these cases the complaint or the reference has to be received by the presiding officer from a state legislature. This applies for both cases if complaint is made against member of parliament by member of state legislature or if the complaint is made by member of parliament against a member of state legislature. In our case the presiding officer is the chairman of Rajesh Saba. Once the chairman receives a reference from the state legislature here the state legislature of Kerala the chairman will examine the matter calls for the comments from concerned member of the house and if necessary the chairman will decide the case accordingly and the decision will be taken by the chairman of Rajesh Saba in this matter and it will be conveyed to speaker of state legislature or secretary of state legislature of Kerala from where the reference was received. But if you see the news article the procedure of reporting has carried out in contrast with the in contrast with this convention the reference is not made by the state legislature of Kerala rather the reference was directly done by the member of Rajesh Saba. So we have to wait and watch how the parliament is to handle this matter that is how the chairman of Rajesh Saba will handle this matter whether a reference from state legislature of Kerala will be received or in what way this complaint with respect to breach of privilege and contempt proceedings are to be resolved. With this we come to the end of the analysis of this news article. In the analysis we saw what do we mean by parliamentary privileges we saw what is breach of privilege what is contempt of the house we saw the established procedure in parliament with respect to breach of privilege and contempt and we saw finally in brief about the evolved convention in parliamentary democracy when one member of the house is alleged by a member of state legislature or when a member of state legislature is alleged by a member of national legislature. So now let us move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article is about the statement made by the new Indian Army Chief with respect to maintaining peace and tranquility on the line of actual control. In the light of this article we'll be discussing in brief about the line of actual control between India and China. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. See India shares around 3488 kilometer of border with China and the border between India and China has been divided into three sectors western sector middle or central sector and the eastern sector when we say western sector we are referring presently to the union territory of Ladakh that is the border between union territory of Ladakh and China and when we say middle sector or central sector we are referring to the border between India and China in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand and when we say eastern sector we are referring to the border between India and China in the states of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Of the total length of border between India and China around 45 percent is in western sector that is with respect to union territory of Ladakh because here the length is to the tune of around 1597 kilometer. So what do we mean by line of actual control? According to the government statements the line of actual control is a term that is used normally to refer the border between India and China in all the sectors and with respect to the border with China we usually learn about three important boundary lines one is called as Johnson line another line we call as McDonald line when we also see McMohen line here McMohen line is with respect to eastern sector whereas Johnson line and McDonald line is with respect to western sector now the northern border of Aksai Chen territory in the union territory of Ladakh is called as Johnson line the inner border of Aksai Chen is called as McDonald line China maintains that the inner border is actually the border between India and China whereas we claim that the outer border of Aksai Chen is the border between India and China that is the Johnson line is the border between India and China. This line is called as Johnson's line because this This line was proposed by W.H. Johnson who was a civil servant with survey of India during the British Indian government. It was proposed by him in the year 1865. Now with respect to western boundary between India and China, government of India claims that China has occupied more than 38,000 square kilometer in the present union territory of Ladakh. And we have to know one another thing that is on March 3, 1963 Pakistan signed a boundary agreement with China and as a part of this agreement Pakistan has ceded large chunks of territory in Pakistan occupied Kashmir to China. Now this entire Pakistan occupied Kashmir is Indian territory and large chunk of this Indian territory has been given to China on March 3, 1963. So this is with respect to the western boundary between India and China. Now let's come with respect to the eastern boundary. Here the boundary between Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet is called as McMohen Line because this line was proposed by British officer called Henry McMohen and this proposal was carried out in the year 1914 when Shimla Accord was signed between the British Indian authorities and also Tibet representatives. However, even though China participated in this Shimla conference, it did not signed this Shimla Accord or Shimla Convention even though the convention recognized that Tibet forms part of Chinese territory. The Chinese authorities did not sign the convention because of differences with respect to the boundaries between inner and outer Tibet. Here we have to note one thing that China officially do not agree with the McMohen line to be the boundary between India and China because it claims that India has occupied the region of Arunachal Pradesh and that Arunachal Pradesh belongs to China. That is what China claims. Now to the question whether this line of actual control is a delineated line between India and China, the answer is no because there is no commonly delineated line of actual control between India and China. Even though the term line of actual control finds expression in many agreements between India and China, the border between India and China is not fully demarcated and the process of clarifying and confirming the line of actual control is still in progress. Both India and China have different perceptions with respect to line of actual control and as a result of different perceptions, at times transgressions do occur from the Chinese side and government of India takes these matters regularly with the Chinese side through established mechanisms. In the year 2013, both countries signed a Border Defence Cooperation Agreement. Now this agreement aims to facilitate ways and means to implement Border Defence Cooperation. It also has measures to facilitate contacts and also to enhance understanding and cooperation between the Border Defence Forces. And it also mentions the procedures that are to be followed when there is no common understanding of line of actual control. In this context, Article 3 of Border Defence Cooperation Agreement between India and China is important. This article mentions the mechanisms through which the agreement of Border Defence Cooperation shall be implemented. One way is that there shall be flag meetings or border personal meetings along the line of actual control in the India-China border areas. There shall be periodic meetings between offices of relevant military regions of China and Indian Army Commands. And such meetings shall also happen between departments that are responsible for military operations. And there shall be periodic meetings of representatives of Ministry of Defence of both countries. And there shall be meetings of working mechanism for consultation and coordination on India-China border affairs. And finally, there shall be meeting of India-China Annual Defence Dialogue. So these are the five important mechanisms that are mentioned in Article 3 which are known as the ways and means in which the agreement shall be implemented. With this background, let us see the news article. The new Indian Army Chief has stated that maintaining peace and tranquility on line of actual control can set the stage for a final solution to the border issues between India and China. The Chief mentioned that both the western and northern borders are equally important. When we say western border, we are referring to India-Pakistan border. And when we say northern border, we are here referring to India-China border. And here maintaining peace and tranquility requires capacity enhancement of Indian troops in the Indian-China border to maintain peace along the borders. So when there is capacity enhancement of Indian troops and Indian infrastructure, there will be no or lesser Chinese transgressions along the line of control and thereby maintaining peace. The Army Chief has also stressed on the need to improve the security awareness among all the members of Indian Army with special attention on human rights. And one another point that was stressed by the new Indian Army Chief was the need for indigenization of defence equipment. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this news article. We saw in brief about the India-China border, the McMohen Line, Johnson Line, McDonald's Line, Pakistan's agreement with China in 1963. Then we saw few important points with respect to eastern boundary and western boundary between India and China. We have come to the last session, the Practice Questions Discussion session. The first question is with reference to Parliament. They have given two statements asking which of those statements are correct. The first statement, Parliament consists of Council of States, House of the People and the President according to the provisions of the Constitution. This statement is correct as per article 79 of Indian Constitution. This article deals with the Constitution of Parliament. It mentions that there shall be a Parliament for the Union and this Parliament shall consist of the President and two Houses which are to be known as Council of States and House of the People. Here House of the People refers to Lokshaba and Council of States refers to Rajeshabha. First statement is correct. So you can eliminate option B and option D. Now come to second statement. It mentions that the courts cannot inquire into the proceedings of Parliament. This statement is correct as per article 122 of Indian Constitution. Now in addition to some of the powers, privileges and immunities of Parliament and its members as mentioned in article 105, article 122 specifies that the courts cannot inquire into the proceedings of Parliament. So this statement is also correct. So therefore the correct answer for this question is option C both 1 and 2. Now this question is with reference to Fame India 2 Scheme. Two statements are given. They are asking which of the above statements are correct. The first statement states the scheme is to be implemented through demand incentives and establishment of network of charging stations. Now this statement is correct. Here the term demand incentive refers to upfront reduced purchase price of hybrid and electric vehicles. So there is a reduction while purchasing. This is done to enable wider adoption of electric mobility. Therefore the demand incentives directly help in generating demand of electric vehicles as it reduces the cost of acquisition of electric vehicles. This demand incentive will be available for consumers who are buyers or end users. So the first statement here is correct. So you can eliminate option B and option D. Now second statement. It states that it is being implemented by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Now this is wrong. This is because Fame India 2 Scheme is implemented by Department of Heavy Industries which comes under Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. So the correct answer for this question is option A one only. Now this question is with reference to real estate investment trust. Two statements are given. They are asking to select the correct statements given above. The first statement they are mutual fund like instruments which pools money from investors and invest them in real estate properties. Now this statement is correct and is part of the definition of rates. They are regulated by Securities and Exchange Board of India. This statement is correct. They are regulated by SEBI through the regulations called as SEBI Real Estate Investment Trust Regulations of 2014. So both the given statements are correct. Therefore the correct answer for this question is option C. Now this question is with reference to India-China border. They have given two statements asking which of the statements are correct. First statement. Indian states of Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland share border with China. This statement is incorrect because Nagaland do not share border with China. In the eastern sector Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh share border with China. In the middle sector Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand share border with China. In the western sector Union territory of Ladakh share border with China. So first statement is incorrect. You can eliminate option A, option C. Now the second statement. The longest part of India-China border is in Arunachal Pradesh. This statement again is incorrect. This is because of the total length of India-China border of 3488 km, 1597 km that is around 45% is along the Union territory of Ladakh. And the length of border in other states such as Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh are lesser than the number of 1597 km which is along the border of Union territory of Ladakh. So the second statement is also incorrect. So the correct answer for this question is option D neither one nor two. Now this is a mains practice question for ensuring energy security, sustainability and accessibility. A single ministry handling the entire energy sector is the need of the hour. In the light of the above statement discuss the need for a unified ministry of energy. For answering this question you can state the problems that are presently faced because of the governance structure that has multiple ministries regulating energy sector. To tackle these problems we need a unified ministry because some of the problems we face is multi-regulatory agencies and therefore it becomes very difficult and in fact complex for business operations in energy sector and there is also difficulty in data collection and lack of coordination, lack of optimum usage of energy resources have been pointed out by the Kailkar committee report of 2014. So these points you can highlight with respect to present problems because of multiple ministry governance structure. Then you can mention other countries such as USA United Kingdom that they have a single agency handling the entire energy sector and in addition to Kailkar committee report which pointed out the lack of coordination and lack of optimum usage of resources. Nithya Ayyag in its draft national energy policy has suggested to have a unified ministry of energy and having such a unified ministry will help in developing integrated outlook on energy that will help India to optimize our limited energy resources and also to meet the goals of energy security, sustainability and accessibility. It will also help us to take policy decisions quicker and having such a ministry will also help in formulating an integrated and wholesome energy policy with respect to energy sector. And in the end you may say that the government has already started the process of transforming the energy sector by having a single minister for two ministries that is ministry of new and renewable energy and ministry of power. And these are some of the points you can mention in writing answer for this practice mains question. With this we come to the end of today's the Hindu news analysis and the practice questions discussion session. 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