 Hello friends, so after understanding about the various components which can be included in integrated paste management, so another component wherein we are much interested to know that is botanicals in integrated paste management. So in this lecture I am going to cover on these subjects, so first what are botanicals, in brief history of botanicals in paste management, important families which are actually various plants in important family which constitutes the botanicals, then properties of botanical, then classification, then how they are going to act on insect paste. So before that let us see what exactly the botanical insecticides, these are naturally occurring chemicals derived from plants or sometimes even minerals, so sometimes they are also called natural insecticides. From the history perspective these botanicals have been used since many years and there is a record about the use of these botanicals in paste management in important Hindu book that is Rig Veda wherein these plants products were used and likewise even this botanical insecticides were also used in China as early as 1200 BC and in India this our own domestic plant that is Nim which the different parts of Nim that is flowers, fruits, leaves, bark and roots they are actually regarded as Panchamruta by Chara Karushi. So similarly these botanicals have been used extensively during 1700 and 1800 before the invention of synthetic insecticides and among them Tobacco and this Deris that is Rotanine products were largely used for the management of various insect paste across the country including India and this Rotanine was much used and afterwards because of its ill effects on fish and another product that is Sabatilla was used for the management of insect test. Similarly another important botanical that is Pyrithram was first used against insect control in USA during 1858 and another important botanical product that is Nim. So which acts as anti-fidant and looking to its importance so many research have been conducted during early days and one important international symposium was held in Germany during 1980. So let us see which are the families actually they contain principal components of insect sites in plants that is first Malaysia which family consists more than 500 plants which are known to be contain the principal products of insecticides similarly Mitacea, Astracia and so and so forth. So why these botanicals they are very much important in pest management because of they easily break down and thereby there is no residual effects on other non-target insects and some of the botanicals they are fast acting on selective insects similarly they are selective and produce high toxicity to target insects similar to insecticides and they leave least to fight toxicity on plants and another most important in one is they are naturally available and locally available and their cost is less. Based on their physiological activity these botanical insecticides can be grouped into six groups. The first one is repellents since most of the botanicals they act as repellents and among them is one is DEET it is commercially available and used against mosquito flies and other insects and next group is feeding deterrents or they are also referred as antifidents. So the one best known example is azidectin which normally acts as antifident and sometimes even repellents also. Some of the botanicals they do act as toxicants and wherein 100 percent mortality is also possible and some of them is eucalyptus. So this can produce up to 100 percent control in stored grain pest like tribolium confusium and normally these botanicals they are used as natural grain protectants in most of the areas even in India also these botanicals they are much used in management of the stored grain pest. So among them it is most of the custard apple wherein 1 to 2 percent kernel powder or aisle is mixed in management of stored grain pest and similarly some of the botanicals they act as chemosterolants or there is I mean they are going to inhibit reproduction in insects. So that is among them is pyratrum, rottanine and also nicotine they are going to inhibit the production of offspring. Next insect growth and development inhibitors so some of the botanicals they do act as isias that is insect growth regulators among them is the neem which is going to affect most of the leptopterne and colapterne larvae. So this table actually shows the different plants and their scientific name and which family they belong and the principal active component which is present in that plant and also which part of the plant that is being used against the management of insect pests. So one example so citrus wherein the principal active component it is limonene or linole wherein it is obtained from peeling the skin of this citrus fruit that is peel extracts effective against some of the insect pests. So these botanical pests so they are used to control different insect pests and this table shows botanical pestisent that is active component and also against which insects they are effective. So nicotine it is very effective against both the sucking pests and also the chiving insects like caterpillars. Many friends in our next class we will continue this botanicals in pest management wherein we will discuss about the various important botanicals which are available and they are used in pest management and afterwards we will discuss their utilization, drawbacks and other things. Thank you.