 The researchers have developed a simplified model that can accurately predict the open circuit voltage, VOC, of perovskite solar cells, PSCs. This model takes into account the quasi-ferme level splitting, QFLS, interface energy offsets, and non-radiative recombination losses. They found that the QFLS of the active layer plays a dominant role in enhancing VOC of PSCs, additionally, they observed that the VOC of PSCs saturated at higher charge carrier generation rates and higher light intensities. The lower VOC of PSCs with P3HT as the whole transport layer was attributed to its stronger band bending and higher interfacial defects. This article was authored by David Ompong, Kiran Shridhar Ram, Daniel Dodd-Ziaos at SOFIA and others.