 Akiwara Kaitahu. My name is Kaitaeana Tauru. I hail from Kaitahu in the south and Ngati Kaitahu Nunu in the north. I guess today I'm not going to preach any conclusions but just more for some highlights from some research that I've done this year. I also hope that it's going to raise some awareness on what is an indigenous domain name, the difference between society, multi-society and multi-society online, and if any decision makers actually have a think about how they should perhaps brand their online content, whether they use an indigenous domain name or a non-indigenous domain name. The presentation is also available on my website as well if you'd want to download it. As with any research, there's always sponsors, so I have to acknowledge the sponsors who made the research possible. So for those of you who don't already know, I'll be discussing what an indigenous domain name is, what an international domain name is, public, corporate education and multi-online users' perceptions of indigenous domain names, what they are and how they're used. New Zealand's quite unique in the fact that we have three indigenous domain names. In the world there's only five, so we have three of them. An indigenous domain name can also be stretched out to include any domain name with Maori language in it, or an international domain name that has a Maori macron. The other two indigenous domain names of the world are Native Americans, the NSN.us and NSN.gov. Some academics say that that only equates to 1.5 domain names as US as a country domain name and that the GOV is a generic top-level domain name. I don't see the difference personally. An international domain name is basically a domain name that can use any non-English-Roman characters. They're very popular overseas, mainly in the Chinese speaking countries, India, Japan, India, et cetera. The issue with IDNs though is that they can't be used by default with a lot of web servers and at this stage can't be used in email. So the IDNs use what we call punicode. So the address at the bottom is my website address using a macron on the A on Maori. So in New Zealand we've had IDN usage since July 2010 after I approached the governing body of NSN in New Zealand and questioned why we aren't using IDNs like the rest of the world are. So after some consultation that became available in 2010. At the moment we only have 119 IDNs in the whole .NZ hierarchy. A lot of that the researchers showed that people don't know that it's possible to use a macron and they don't know how to use it. And interestingly enough a survey of all .iwi.NZ registrants and a large proportion of Maori.NZ registrants didn't know that you could use a macron in their domain names. So here's a brief overview of the IDN usage in New Zealand. As you can see .code.NZ is the highest brand. And it's only due to protecting of domain names from corporates and online trademarks etc. The .iwi.NZ domain has two IDN registrations that will be covered a little bit later by the same company. Disappointingly is the lack of macron usage by a New Zealand government where there's only one macron which is used in a bilingual name which I'll cover soon. So in New Zealand there's only three companies that offer the ability to register an IDN and all three of those companies make it very difficult for non-technical people to register IDN domain names. There's also one of the country's largest domain name resellers that doesn't actually offer .iwi.NZ at all. So .iwi.NZ was originally applied for in 1997 as the Kohanga Reo in New Zealand were refused to register a .iwi.NZ or .ac.NZ address because they didn't meet the criteria. So basically they would turn down when they applied for .iwi.NZ there wasn't enough support and at that stage the internet governance body in New Zealand was still maturing and hadn't actually contemplated how best to write a policy to allow new domain names to be created. In 2000 the New Zealand Maori and Society applied for .iwi.NZ on behalf of all Maori. That application was declined and basically the online community called us racist for applying for it. Again in 2002 we re-applied and we were successful. It's important to note that it's .iwi.NZ in New Zealand as the world's fourth international indigenous domain name but it's the first indigenous domain name in the world that was applied for by the indigenous people, for the indigenous people. And it's for anyone who wants to be Maori, who has a Maori product, just anything Maori. So statistically speaking the .iwi.NZ domain name is not very well used. In 2002 there was the number of registrations there about 356 I think it was. The year after you'll see a decline, that was due to cyber squatting and one company registered quite a few different iwi names in the .iwi.NZ area. That company after a little bit of pressure finally gave those names back to the iwi. Many of whom didn't want to use their .iwi.NZ names. The large rise in the usage of .iwi.NZ happened in 2012. And that was largely, an Australian company was offering domain names for $1 per annum registration. And unfortunately an online community thought it would be quite funny to make jokes about Maori and cyber squat names. So that led to a large increase of domain name registrations. It's hard to say exactly how many but I can say there was at least 300 names registered by that group. Statistically about 10% of all .iwi.NZ names are either racist or cyber squatted. Hapu prefer to use .iwi.NZ as opposed to .iwi.NZ. There's a lack of interest in .iwi.NZ by companies and government entities. A lot of Maori businesses said it's being too restrictive for the audience. Perceptions of .iwi.NZ as you can see web developers prefer to offer a .co.iwi.NZ or a .com. The .com is usually because it's a lot cheaper to register a domain name and still sell it at the same price as .iwi.NZ. A lot of other people basically view .iwi.NZ as having a limited audience. An overwhelming majority of online Māori prefer to use free URLs such as facebook.com slash wordpress addresses, et cetera, simply because they were free. Māori web designers, the people who we expected would be promoting .iwi.NZ do it on a case-by-case basis. Again, their preference is for .co.iwi.NZ or .com. Dot Māori ranks number five on the list of preferred domain names by Māori web developers. In New Zealand we have 27 companies that can sell .iwi.NZ. There's five who refuse to sell .iwi.NZ for whatever reason. Unfortunately New Zealand's largest and most influential domain name company won't recognise .iwi.NZ at all. As I said before, there's a lot of cyber squatting and a lot of people made good use of that. $1 domain name registrations. In New Zealand we have .iwi.NZ with a macron on the A. By default it will work with any .iwi.NZ web address or email. That was implemented in 2010 with the ADNs. As I said before, it's not email friendly and web servers need to be configured to use it. Out of the 1200 or so .iwi.NZ web addresses that are online have been registered. Only about a quarter of them make use of the macron A. Māori web developers typically don't know it exists. I spoke to one web developer who controls about 125 domain names .iwi.NZ domain names and he wasn't even aware of it. For anyone that does have a .iwi.NZ domain name you can just add a parked domain through C-panel or ask your web developer or host to add it for you. The world's first indigenous domain name .iwi.NZ was created in 1994 by the Internet Governance Body of New Zealand. It was basically a knee-jerk reaction to a request by Ngai Tahu for a representative domain name on the Internet. It's moderated so you have to go through a process of registering to use that .iwi.NZ. The moderation policies at register.iwi.NZ and we have two companies who resell .iwi.NZ that the first company wasn't economic for them to offer IDNs in .iwi so I sought out a second registrar who did have the ability to register IDNs. From the 83-84 iwi who do have .iwi.NZ the majority of them are happy with the policy. They see or we moderate .iwi.NZ to eliminate the cyber squatting which I've already spoken about. It's seen as a good solid brand for iwi and it also protects indigenous knowledge and indigenous culture. So just briefly this is the .iwi.NZ criteria. You have to be a traditional Maori iwi. You have to have some whakapapa about a proof that you are a representative and that you are an iwi. You have to be a legal body which just helps us to with law if there's anyone who tries to be an iwi who aren't that just helps us. It's just saying that iwi need to use appropriate names of their iwi and just recently we're asked to include the MIO a number of iwi couldn't register a .iwi.NZ because they were excluded so we've added that in now. Statistics of .iwi in 2000 Maori took over moderation of .iwi.NZ and so from 2000 onwards you can see the increase in participation. Prior to that there was only two or three iwi that were eligible for .iwi.NZ simply because Maori weren't involved with the moderation policy. Unfortunately again .iwi.NZ is only heard about by word of mouth. There's no advertising, it's not a commercial reality for companies to offer it. So there's 130 iwi who don't use .iwi.NZ with .co.NZ being the alternative for it. Some iwi just redirect their .co or .maori back to their .iwi. So here I'm just going to discuss the New Zealand Government's entities, their attitudes to Indigenous domain names and Te Reo Maori. I've assumed that everyone here is familiar with the Treaty of Waitangi and familiar with the Maori Language Act. So there's five Government domain names which are moderated by Government for Government. None of the moderation policies consider Te Reo Maori as a background usage and there seems to be no consideration for the Treaty of Waitangi or cultural aspects of anything. I've surveyed all the Government entities in New Zealand and the majority of them believed that they could use Te Reo Maori in a domain name or use their bilingual name if they tried. But they all agreed that no-one was 100% certain if they could or not. It wasn't to note that. Some people haven't applied for a bilingual name in .government or anything else simply because it wasn't part of the policy. Again, most Government departments don't use their bilingual name. The reasoning being that the names are too long. It's about branding. But the majority of Government departments do use their bilingual name on their websites for search engine optimisation and in their offline branding. This can cause an issue when it comes to trust between Māori and Government. If a Government department doesn't use their bilingual name completely, if they don't use a bilingual website, then there's some barriers there for Māori to want to share information or to interact with the Government department online. The use of long bilingual names as well could create people should perhaps consider re-evaluating how they create bilingual names so that they can be more web-friendly. In terms of Indigenous domain names, there's three Government departments who have registered their bilingual domain and only one of those departments actually used their name. That's the Ministry of Culture and Heritage. I noticed in the foya that their branding is more dominant for their bilingual name, the Māori named in the English name. The other two bilingual registrations just simply don't work. And it's interesting to note that the Māori Language Commission, who basically the Kaitiaki of Aotearoa Māori also don't use their own orthographic writing conventions in their web address. Te Puni Kōkiri, Te Māungaipāho and Te Pawha also don't use alternative English names and often prefer just to use abbreviations. So out of the 24 registered Māori.id names by Government, there's only seven of them go to a Māori part of the website, a bilingual website, and there's 17 of them just simply aren't used. When it comes to branding, New Zealand Government, aside from using .government, .govt.nz, .co.nz, the preferred branding alternative domain name, you see .maori.nz is 10th out of 20 in the various different domain names. Even our education system, our kura kōpapa Māori, partially bilingual schools don't use .maori or their bilingual name in web addresses. Kura kōpapa Māori are more likely to use an abbreviation as opposed to their whole name, and none of them have used an IDN where it should have been used. Tertiary institutions are exactly the same. None of them appear to use their bilingual name as a web domain name. Only two organisations had a .maori.nz, and one of them had expired this year during the research. There was four other .maori.nz addresses which had been cyber-squatted, and they went to various different things. The overall usage of Tertiary Māori in the .nz is 5,318 Māori words. The majority of those words are New Zealand place names, flora, fauna names. So here's a breakdown of how Tertiary Māori is being used in .nz. It is interesting to note that that .maori.nz and .iwi.nz are the two highest used domains for Māori language. The word Māori being used in a domain name, there's some stats there. Again, it's hard to tell exactly what the word Māori is being used in those. The word o tērōia is also quite common, and it's also a common word used for not-for-profit organisation names, company names, and product names. We asked Māori if they would support a URL shortener, like the bitly URL shortener, and the overwhelming response was that no-one wanted a URL shortener. The scene is corrupting now, Tertiary Māori. But again, there was a huge preference to use social media URLs for website addresses and an overwhelming support for a bilingual domain name system, which I'll cover in a couple of slides. Corporate Attitudes.maiori.nz is wanting. While on the surface, those four addresses may look like the corporations being indigenous friendly, that all four of those names are registered to individuals. All four of those corporations were told that of the breach, the cyber squatting, and they still remain in our people's hands. The New Zealand Government Attitude is similar. The win.maiori.nz a few years ago redirected to an almost exact duplicate of the win's website, but was full of racist, rhetoric and images, which aren't very appropriate. We successfully had that domain name cancelled, and a few years later the name's back again. When I last looked at it yesterday, it wasn't being used. We also have the issue of our Maori leaders and our tribal leaders and politicians. Again, all four of those names there have all been cyber-squatted. At one stage or another, they've gone to different websites which aren't represented by those political parties. The future of indigenous domain names looks positive. Next year we're going to have a new domain dot kiwi which is going to be an alternative to dot NZ. That company has agreed to reserve a bilingual alternative of the current dot NZ domain name system for Maori. They've also reserved all iwi names, god names and a list of other names which could be seen as being offensive or to protect Maori. Sometime next year the dot NZ hierarchy is going to be flattened, so you don't have to register dot code dot NZ or dot Maori dot NZ at some stage next year. This could either have a benefit or be to the extreme detriment of indigenous peoples. We're yet to see that. The ICANN, the International Internet Governance Body have offered new domain names. We've done a feasibility report on dot Maori and dot Aotearoa and it would cost about $2 million to implement them and we don't see there's any real benefit there. We'll be working with other indigenous peoples around the world to see if we can work on a new indigenous top-level domain name, perhaps dot indigie or something similar that will protect indigenous culture and knowledge on the internet. Thank you.